摇摆对气-液两相流流型及空泡份额的影响

对摇摆状态下竖直上升管内气-液两相流的流型及空泡份额变化进行了实验和理论研究.研究发现,摇摆使两相流的流型发生改变,使泡状流提前转变为弹状流,使搅混流的区域加宽.实验还发现,在弹状流型区摇摆状态下两相流的空泡份额小于非摇摆状态下的空泡份额.通过对两相流滑速比的分析并应用分相流的动量方程,合理解释了产生这种结果的原因.     

起伏非线性振动下倾斜上升管内气液两相流流型转变分析

本文对不同起伏非线性振动条件下倾斜上升管内气液两相流流型及转变规律进行实验研究,借助高速摄影仪对起伏非线性振动状态下气液两相流的流型进行分类。结果表明,倾斜上升管气液两相流有弥散泡状流、起伏弹状流、准弹状流和液环式环状流4种。对弥散泡状流向起伏弹状流和准弹状流向液环式环状流的转变机理进行分析,在稳定状态转变机理的基础上引入振动参数,建立了考虑振动加速度的关系式。本文建立的流型转变关系式与实验结果吻合较好。     

文丘里气泡发生器内气液两相流流型及压降实验研究

针对一类文丘里气泡发生器内气液两相流动的流型及压降开展了实验研究。通过可视化实验观测区分了气泡发生器内3种基本流型,包括泡状流、弹状流和柱状流。实验发现,随着两相流从弹状流转变为柱状流,气泡发生器内压降迅速增大。通过对压力信号的时频分析,证明气泡发生器出口位置最有利于压力信号的在线监测。从压力信号中提取了与流型转变紧密相关的概率密度函数相对峰度和功率谱密度差异系数,并分别应用于弹状流-柱状流和泡状流-弹状流流型转变的识别。由于已有的压降模型无法准确预测文丘里气泡发生器的整体压降,为此本研究提出了新的压降预测方法。新关联式考虑了气泡发生器内部分单液相流过程以及流型转变对压降预测的影响,预测值与实验测量结果吻合较好,相对均方根偏差约为10.74%。     

含内热源有序饱和多孔介质通道内蒸汽-水两相流型可视化实验研究

采用均一球体形成多孔介质通道,通过高速摄像系统获得了多孔介质通道内两相流动影像数据,识别出多孔介质通道内蒸汽-水两相流动流型存在形式,并研究了部分参数对流型转变的影响规律。结果表明,多孔介质通道内的汽-液两相流型有泡状流、泡状-弹状混合流、弹状流、弹状-环状混合流以及环状流5种;随着入口过冷度的增加,泡状流向过渡流转变以及过渡流向环状流转变时所对应的汽相表观速度呈现出逐渐增大的趋势;随着压力的升高,泡状流向过渡流转变以及过渡流向环状流转变时所对应的汽相表观速度呈现出逐渐减小的趋势。      

空气-水在垂直非圆截面通道内流型研究

采用可视化方法研究了水力直径分别为15mm和10mm的两种正方形截面、14.43mm的三角形截面以及14mm的圆形截面通道内空气-水垂直上升流动,表观气速0.04～80m/s,表观水速0.001～6m/s.观察到了泡状流、弹状流、块状流、环状流和弥散泡状流等常见流型.此外,在表观气速很大而表观水速很小时,在非圆截面通道内发现了爬动流,证实了非圆截面直通道内存在"二次流"现象,且对气-液两相流动的相分布有较大影响,证明截面形状对两相流流型及其转变具有重要影响.由实验得到了流型转变界限,并首次获得了包括爬动流的两相流流型图.比较本文的实验结果及与前人的研究结果对比发现,水力直径的大小对两相流流型的转变具有一定影响.     

竖直和倾斜条件下气-液两相流型转变研究

以去离子水和空气为两相介质,研究了竖直和倾斜条件下气-液两相流型,发现通道内存在弥散泡状流、泡状流、弹状流、搅拌流和环状流5种流型。通过对流型间转变特性的机理分析,构建了竖直和倾斜条件下各流型的转变准则,与实验数据进行了对比,符合很好。     

垂直上升矩形流道内气液两相流流型图的数值模拟

两相流流型在分析换热、流动不稳定性以及临界热流密度方面具有基础性作用.本文基于VOF(Volume of Fluid)多相流模型,对垂直上升矩形流道内气液两相流动进行数值模拟,表观气速0.1～110 m/s,表观液速0.1～3.2 m/s.得到了流道内气液两相流的主要流型:泡状流、弹状流、搅混流和环状流,分析了流道内截面含气率分布与流型的对应关系,以及截面含气率与气液两相流容积含气率的关系;分析了各种流型下的压降分布特性,并绘制了基于气液表观动能通量的不同流量下气液两相流的流型图,直观的表示出各种流型的分布区域及各流型间的流型转换边界,与已发表文献的实验结果对比符合较好.     

基于漂移流模型的矩形通道内泡状流-弹状流转变准则

以空气和水为工质,对竖直向上矩形通道(40 mm×1.41 mm,40 mm×10 mm)两相流流型特性进行了可视化研究。气液相表观速度分别为0.01~0.59 m/s和0.02~3.72 m/s。基于3个经典的泡状流向弹状流转变准则,考虑矩形通道的尺寸效应,导出了泡状流向弹状流转变时的临界空泡份额为0.23。以窄边宽度2.5 mm为界,将矩形通道分为小通道和常规通道两类,对泡状流向弹状流转变准则进行修正,修正准则能很好地预测实验值。为进一步验证修正准则的准确性和适用性,将修正准则与Mishima、Wilmarth和Sadatomi等的实验数据进行了对比,结果显示修正准则同样具有较好的预测效果。     

基于非监督机器学习方法的竖直环形流道流动沸腾流型研究

研究流动沸腾两相流动形态对封闭反应堆安全分析程序关键本构模型具有重要意义。本文基于非监督机器学习流型识别方法，提出将两相流物理知识融入数据驱动的机器学习模型，并构建输入特征的挑选原则：(1)机器学习在输入特征中捕捉到的应为流型相关信息；(2)机器学习的聚类准则应包络该流型下输入特征的所有可能性。依据挑选原则分析电导探针信号生成的汽泡分布特征，确定汽泡弦长累积分布函数数据可用于非监督机器学习流型判断。依据流型识别结果，获得了竖直环形流道内流动沸腾的二维局部流型特性，发现高位局部流型出现在流道中心位置并偏向内加热壁面；并判别了流道截面的全局流型，结果表明流动沸腾泡状流至弹状流的流型转变出现在空泡份额约为0.14位置。     

摇摆对水平管内气液两相流流型的影响

本文对水平放置在摇摆台架,随台架做偏离水平位置的左右往复运动的管内空气-水两相流流型进行了实验研究.实验发现,低流速时,摇摆状态下水平管内流动变得很小稳定,流型发生周期性的改变:当水平管处于倾斜向上或倾斜向下状态时,管内流型分别有些近似于非摇摆的稳态倾斜上升或倾斜下降管内流型,并且流型转变要经历一个发展的过程,发展快慢与气相和液相流速大小有关;而在高液相或高气相流速时,摇摆状态下与非摇摆稳定状态下的两相流流型相近,主要有泡状流、间歇流(弹状流和准弹流)和环状流.根据可视观察以及气液界面在一个摇摆周期内的整体特征和部分时间段的局部特征,定义了不同流动条件下气液两相流的流型,给出了摇摆状态下水平管内气液两相流流型图.     

Vertically Downward Two-Phase Flow, (I)

Fully developed vertically downward two-phase flow of air-water mixture was investigated on void distribution and average void fraction among the three basic flow regimes; bubbly, slug and annular flows. The annular flow further was divided into two regimes of falling film flow and annular drop flow. Test channel is in form of inverted U-tube and tests were carried out at 100 tube diameters downstream from the curved part. Distributions of local void fraction were measured by means of a conductance needle probe method and the average void fraction was obtained from numerical integration of the measured local void fraction According to the results, profiles of local void fraction in bubby and slug flows showed characteristic natures with a peak in the middle region between the center and the wall of tube The average void fraction in downward flow depended greatly on the flow regimes. Accordingly correlation for each flow regime was developed to predict the average void fraction, based on flow mechanisms and experiments. The correlations were compared with experimental results for atmospheric air-water flow and showed satisfactory agreement.     

基于竖直圆管空气-水两相流实验的相间曳力模型研究

研究两相流相间阻力特性对系统程序关键本构模型封闭具有重要意义。本文基于竖直圆管开展了空气-水两相流实验,采用四探头电导探针对空泡份额、气泡弦长和界面面积浓度等气泡参数的径向分布进行了测量。结果表明空泡份额和气泡弦长呈现“核峰型”分布,而界面面积浓度并没有表现出随流速的单调关系。进一步开发了泡状流和弹状流的相间曳力模型,考虑了液相表观流速与管径对气泡尺寸分布的影响,建立了临界韦伯数与不同液相流速的关系。计算得到的空泡份额和界面面积浓度与实验数据整体符合较好,验证了模型的可靠性,为两相流相间阻力特性研究提供参考意义。     

Analysis of Gas-liquid Two-phase Flow Pattern Transition in Inclined Rising Pipe under Fluctuant Nonlinear Vibration Condition

The flow pattern and transition law of gas-liquid two-phase flow in inclined rising pipe under different fluctuant nonlinear vibration conditions were studied experimentally. The flow patterns of gas-liquid two-phase flow under fluctuant nonlinear vibration condition were identified by using high-speed camera. The results show that there are four kinds of patterns in inclined rising pipe with diffuse bubble flow, fluctuant slug flow, proto slug flow and liquid-ring annular flow. The mechanisms of the transition from diffuse bubble flow to fluctuant slug flow, proto slug flow to liquid-ring annular flow were derived, the vibration parameter was added on the basis of the steady state transition mechanism and the flow pattern transition formulae considering the vibration acceleration were established. The results show that the flow pattern transition formulae established in this paper agree well with the experimental results.     

Vertically Downward Two-Phase Flow, (II)

Following Part (I) of the present paper, which presented the experimental results obtained on the void distribution and average void fraction shown by nearly fully-developed, vertically downward two-phase flow of air-water mixture, this Part (?) covers the flow regime transition criteria among the three basic flow regimes : bubbly, slug and annular flows. The annular flow further was divided into two subregions of falling film flow and annular drop flow. The general situation of the transition criteria is as follows : (1) bubbly-to-slug flow transition occurs when the local void fraction in the central region of the tube is 0.3; (2) slug-to-annular drop flow transition criterion is given as a case which equations giving average void fraction for the slug flow and the annular flow are simultaneously satisfied; (3) slug-to-falling film flow transition occurs when the pressure difference between the crest of large wave and the bottom overcomes the surface tension; (4) the occurrence of liquid droplets from wave crests gives the transition criterion between the falling film flow and the annular drop flow.

These criteria were correlated to predict each flow regime boundary respectively considering flow mechanisms or from experimental results. The correlations obtained were compared with published flow regime maps for atmospheric air-water flow and showed satisfactory agreement.     

竖直下降两相流相界面结构输运特性

竖直下降两相流具有与竖直上升两相流不同的相界面结构特征及输运特性。本文对竖直下降管内的气水两相流进行了实验研究,运用微型四头电导探针对7.5、31.5及55.5倍管径横截面处的空泡份额、相界面浓度、气泡直径、气泡频率及气泡速度等相界面结构参数的局部分布进行了测量。分析获得了相界面结构参数的沿程变化规律,并研究了气相表观流速对相界面结构发展的影响及一维相界面结构输运特性。发现竖直下降泡状流的升力指向管中心,导致相界面结构参数基本呈中心峰值分布;气相表观流速的增大会提高空泡份额和相界面浓度分布的峰度;竖直下降两相流在距入口31.5倍管径处基本达到充分发展。     

Flow Behavior and Phase Distribution in Two-Phase Flow around Inverted U-Bend

Experimental results are presented on the flow behavior, phase distribution, average void fraction and slip ratio in air-water two-phase mixture flowing through an inverted U-bend. The curved test section of transparent acrylic resin tubing with 24 mm I. D. was used, comprising a riser, an inverted U-bend with radius of 96 mm, and a downcomer. From the visual observation, a flow map was derived, which indicates the relation between the flow patterns and velocities. Distributions of local void fraction along a diameter lying in the central plane of the bend and over the whole cross section of bend tube were measured, and those distribution mechanisms were explained by the effect of centrifugal and gravitational forces. The average void fraction around the bend was obtained by numerical integration of the measured local void fraction, and the slip ratio was calculated using the average void fraction.     

单棒通道流动振荡诱发沸腾临界可视化实验研究

为深入分析沸腾两相流动振荡诱发沸腾临界的影响特性,本文以去离子水为工质,横截面19 mm×19 mm、中心为外径9.5 mm的单棒通道为研究对象,通过在不同热工参数下开展沸腾两相流动特性可视化实验研究,结合汽泡行为和汽-液界面特性,分析流动振荡诱发沸腾临界的影响特性。研究结果表明,低压力、低质量流速和低入口过冷度下,极易出现流动振荡,并导致沸腾临界提前发生,此时的临界热流密度与稳定工况下相比明显偏低;随着壁面热流密度不断增加,流道中两相流型先后出现泡状流、弹状流、合并弹状流、搅混流、剧烈搅混流、不稳定环状流;当流动出现剧烈振荡时,流道存在回流;发生沸腾临界时流道压降波动最大,对应的流型为不稳定环状流。因此,单棒通道内流动振荡可能会导致沸腾临界提前发生。      

窄矩形通道内搅混流和环状流相界面参数的计算方法

空泡份额和界面浓度是两相流动中重要的相界面参数,准确获取窄矩形通道内搅混流和环状流工况下空泡份额和界面浓度是构建和完善两流体模型的关键。本文针对横截面为65 mm×2 mm的矩形通道开展了气液两相流动特性可视化实验研究,气相折算速度j_g＝1～9 m/s,液相折算速度j_f＝0.1～1.5 m/s,流型包含搅混流和环状流。提出了基于高速摄像法获取搅混流和环状流下空泡份额和界面浓度的分析计算方法,利用该方法所得空泡份额与窄矩形通道内经验关系式计算值的相对偏差约在10%以内。此计算方法可为研究复杂流型下窄矩形通道内的相界面参数提供理论依据。     

Measurement of void fraction in bubbly-slug flow with a constant electric current method

In several void fraction measurement methods, a constant electric current method which is one of conductance methods is focused in the present study. By using this method, void fraction can be measured with higher temporal resolution. However, it has been mainly applied to annular flow in previous studies. In the present study, Maxwell's estimation, Bruggemann's estimation, low void fraction approximation and new estimations which consider the bubble shape are applied in order to measure more accurately void fraction of dispersed bubbly flow and slug flow. To understand the effect of bubble shapes and flow patterns, void fraction was measured by the constant electric current method for a rising single spherical bubble and a rising single slug bubble without a forced convection. In addition, void fraction was also measured in bubbly flow and bubbly-slug flow with a forced convection. Then, effects of flow patterns on the proposed estimations of void fraction and the accuracy of their estimations were discussed with the measurement results. From the result, the new estimations which consider a bubble shape are more accurate than the previous estimation in a slug bubble and bubbly-slug flow.