Dominant Deformation Mechanisms in Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy

The coaddition of Zn and Ca has great potential to improve the ductility of Mg alloys. Herein, the mechanical properties of an extruded Mg-Zn-Ca solid-solution alloy were studied by quasi-in situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)-assisted slip trace analysis. The dominant deformation mechanisms of the Mg-Zn-Ca alloy were studied, and the origins of enhanced ductility were systematically revealed. The results indicate that most grains deformed by basal slip. In addition, multiple non-basal slip traces were detected (particularly prismatic, pyramidal I <  a > , and pyramidal I <  c +  a > slip traces), and their activation frequency was promoted with increasing tensile strain. The enhanced participation of non-basal slip systems is believed to play a critical role in achieving homogeneous plastic deformation, thus effectively promoting the ductility of the Mg-Zn-Ca alloy. Furthermore, first-principle calculations revealed that the coaddition of Zn and Ca significantly reduces the unstable stacking fault energy for non-basal slip, which contributes to the activation of non-basal slip systems during plastic deformation.     

Microstructure,Tensile Properties and Work Hardening Behavior of an Extruded Mg–Zn–Ca–Mn Magnesium Alloy

A new Mg-2.2 wt% Zn alloy containing 1.8 wt% Ca and 0.5 wt% Mn has been developed and subjected to extrusion under different extrusion parameters.The finest(～0.48 μm) recrystallized grain structures,containing both nano-sized MgZn_2 precipitates and α-Mn nanoparticles,were obtained in the alloy extruded at 270℃/0.01 mm s~(-1).In this alloy,the deformed coarse-grain region possessed a much stronger texture intensity(～32.49 mud) relative to the recrystallized fine-grain region(～13.99 mud).A positive work hardening rate in the third stage of work hardening curve was also evident in the alloy extruded at 270℃,which was related to the sharp basal texture and which provided insufficient active slip systems.The high work hardening rate in the fourth stage contributed to the high ductility extruded at 270℃/1 mm s~(-1).This alloy exhibited a weak texture,and the examination of fracture surface revealed highly dimpled surfaces.The optimum tensile strength was achieved in the alloy extruded at 270℃/0.01 mm s~(-1),and the yield strength,ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure were～364.1 MPa,～394.5 MPa and～7.2%,respectively.Fine grain strengthening from the recrystallized fine-grain region played the greatest role in the strength increment of this alloy compared with Orowan strengthening and dislocation strengthening in the deformed coarse-grain regions.     

A High-Ductility Mg–Zn–Ca Magnesium Alloy

A new kind of Mg–2 Zn–0.6 Ca(wt%) alloy was fabricated by casting and hot extrusion as a high-ductility structural material. The extruded alloy exhibits a superior elongation of ～30%, yield strength of 130 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 280 MPa along the extrusion direction at room temperature. Microstructure, texture and tensile properties of the extruded alloy were investigated in details. The remarkable improvement of ductility is ascribed to the weakened basal texture, refined grains and a small number of second phase in the alloy.     

稀土Nd对α相Mg-Li合金热挤压织构的影响

研究了挤压态Mg-5Li-3Al-2Zn-XNd(X=0,0.4,2.0,质量分数,%)合金的显微组织及其织构演变情况。结果表明,Nd的加入有利于合金在变形过程中启动非基面滑移。当Nd添加量为2.0%时,(0002)极图中显示出了Mg合金中罕见的非基面织构类型(ND向TD右侧偏转约30°)。非基面滑移系的出现一方面与加入Nd后合金的c/a值进一步减小有关,又与大量弥散分布在合金中的Al-RE相对基面织构的弱化有关。另外,由于稀土元素的加入对Mg合金的层错能的改变也有一定作用。     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Mg-Li ALLOY WITH Ca ADDITION

Mg-9wt%Li-2wt%Zn alloy was prepared and studied in this article. The addition of Ca to the alloy from 0.1wt% to 1wt% can refine the α-Mg and the best effect of refinement occurs when Ca content is 0.4wt%-0.5wt%. The billets can be rolled to thin sheets at room temperature, from which it is obvious that the addition of Ca improves alloys ormalin. while it decreases with the excess addition of Ca. The results also show that the ultimate tensile strength （UTS） and yield strength （YS） of the alloy with lwt% Ca may rise by 28% and 25%, respectively, however, the elongation decreases. It is clarified that the adsorption of proper Ca on the grain boundaries refines α-Mg and improves the tensile properties, but the presence of excess Ca and stable Ca2Mg6Zn3phase worsens the elongation.     

In Situ Electron Backscatter Diff raction Analysis for Microstructure Evolution and Deformation Models of Mg–Ce Alloy During Uniaxial Loading

Previous studies showed that signifi cant increases in elongation in Mg–Ce alloys due to the Ce addition and the solute drag eff ect by Ce addition were ascribed to the non-basal dislocation slip activating and the texture altering. The microstructure evolution and deformation models of extruded Mg-0.5 wt%Ce alloy rods under uniaxial tension have been studied using in situ electron backscatter diff raction. The basal and non-basal slips were characterized by using slip line trace analysis. The results provide evidence for that pyramidal slip activated during deformation, besides basal slip and extension twinning, which contributes to the texture weakening and ductility increasing in Mg-0.5 wt%Ce alloy.     

变形镁合金中的织构及其优化设计

针对变形镁合金存在的典型织构以及织构优化设计方面的研究工作和进展进行综合评述。镁合金由于基面滑移和{1 012}孪生是最容易开动的变形模式,在变形镁合金中容易形成挤压丝织构及轧制板织构。通过引入剪切变形,改变成型过程中外加应力的取向,能够有效地改变变形镁合金的织构,同时通过添加微量稀土元素Nd、Ce和Y等,能够明显弱化或随机化变形镁合金织构。织构随机化后的镁稀土合金具有较好的强韧性,合金的变形各向异性得以改善。添加稀土元素后会改变稀土元素与Mg原子间的键能,改变稀土元素周围Mg-Mg原子之间的结合能等,增加非基面滑移的可能性,减弱基面滑移及{1 012}孪生所占的比率,有效地弱化镁合金的织构。     

Effect of Different Ageing Processes on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast Al–3Li–2Cu–0.2Zr Alloy

The effect of different ageing processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al–3 Li–2 Cu–0.2 Zr alloy was investigated using transmission electron microscopy and tensile tests. The results showed that the mean size of δ′-Al_3 Li particles and the number density of Cu-rich precipitates both increased with increasing ageing temperature from 150 to 190 °C for 24 h, resulting in increasingly high strength. In contrast, the ductility deteriorated with the increase in ageing temperature as a result of the intensified planar slip. The duplex low-to-high ageing treatment(120 °C for 6 h followed by 160 °C for 24 h) was shown to be beneficial to the ductility compared with the corresponding single-stage ageing treatment(160 °C for 24 h). The reduced slip length induced by the precipitation of θ′-Al 2 Cu phases was found to be mainly responsible for this ductility improvement.     

Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Cast Mg-3Nd-3Gd-xZn-0.5Zr Alloys

The microstructure, aging behavior and mechanical properties of cast Mg-3Nd-3Gd-xZn-0.5Zr (x = 0, 0.5, 0.8, 1 wt%) alloys are investigated in this work. Zn-Zr particles with different morphologies form during solution treatment due to the additions of Zn. As the Zn content increases, the number density of Zn-Zr particles also increases. Microstructural comparisons of peak-aged studied alloys indicate that varying Zn additions could profoundly influence the competitive precipitation behavior. In the peak-aged Zn-free alloy, β’’ phases are the key strengthening precipitates. When 0.5 wt% Zn is added, besides β’’ precipitates, additional fine β₁ precipitates form. With the addition of 0.8 wt% Zn, the peak-aged 0.8Zn alloy is characterized by predominantly prismatic β₁ and scanty basal precipitate distributions. The enhanced precipitation of β₁ should be primarily attributable to the presence of increased Zn-Zr dispersoids. When Zn content further increases to 1 wt%, the precipitation of basal precipitates is markedly enhanced. Basal precipitates and β₁ phases are the key strengthening precipitates in the peak-aged 1Zn alloy. Tensile tests reveal that the relatively best tensile properties are achieved in the peak-aged alloy with 0.5 wt% Zn addition, whose yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation are 179 MPa, 301 MPa and 5.3%, respectively.     

Effect of Vanadium Nitride (VN) Particles on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Extruded AZ31 Mg Alloy

The effect of vanadium nitride (VN) particles additives on microstructure and mechanical properties of the extruded AZ31 Mg alloy was systematically investigated. The experimental results revealed that the addition of 0.5 wt% VN decreased the average grain size of AZ31 Mg alloy from 6.4 to 4.9 µm. With the increase in VN content, the refining effect would weaken because excessive VN particles would negatively affect the dynamic recrystallization process of the alloys. The scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy indicated that AlN, VN and Al-V-N particles with different morphologies were distributed in the streamline along the extrusion direction during the extrusion process. The mechanical properties of AZ31 Mg alloy vary with the addition of VN. The extruded AZ31 + 0.5 wt% VN Mg alloy possesses an excellent combination of high strength and ductility. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the extruded AZ31 + 0.5 wt% VN Mg alloy were increased without sacrificing ductility. This is mainly due to the grain refinement caused by double-heterogeneous nucleation particles. With a further increase in VN content, the presence of excessive VN particles increases the stress concentration, and the initiation source of microcracks in the alloy during alloy deformation makes the cracks more easily propagated and results in a decrease in the ductility of the extruded alloy.     

Effect of Forging on Microstructure,Texture, and Uniaxial Properties of Cast AZ31B Alloy

The effect of open-die hot forging on cast AZ31B magnesium alloy was investigated in terms of the evolution of microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties. A refined microstructure with strong basal texture was developed in forged material. A significant increase in tensile yield and ultimate strengths by 143 and 23%, respectively, was determined as well. When tested in compression at room temperature, the forged alloy displayed significant in-plane asymmetry and unchanged yield strength compared to the cast alloy owing to the activation of \(\left\{ {10\bar{1}2} \right\}\left\langle {10\bar{1}1} \right\rangle\) extension twins in both the cast and forged conditions. However, the ultimate compressive strength for the forged material increased by 22 percent compared to the as-cast material. Microstructure and texture analysis of the fracture samples confirmed that the deformation of the forged samples was dominated by slip during tension and twin in compression. In comparison, both slip and twin were observed in the cast samples for similar testing conditions. The increase in strength of forging was attributed to the refinement of grains and the formation of strong basal texture, which activated the non-basal slip on the prismatic and pyramidal slip systems instead of extension twin.     

Enhanced mechanical properties and formability of hot-rolled Mg–Zn–Mn alloy by Ca and Sm alloying

In order to broaden the application of wrought Mg alloy sheets in the automotive industry, the influence of Ca and Sm alloying on the texture evolution, mechanical properties, and formability of a hot-rolled Mg–2Zn–0.2Mn alloy was investigated by OM, XRD, SEM, EBSD, tensile tests, and Erichsen test. The results showed that the average grain size and basal texture intensity of Mg–2Zn–0.2Mn alloys were remarkably decreased after Ca and Sm additions. 0.64 wt.% Ca or 0.48 wt.% Sm addition significantly increased the tensile strength, ductility and formability. Moreover, the synergetic addition of Sm and Ca improved the ductility and formability of Mg–2Zn–0.2Mn alloy, which was due to the change of Ca distribution and further reduction of the size of Ca-containing particles by Sm addition. The results provided a possibility of replacing RE elements with Ca and Sm in Mg alloys which bring about outstanding mechanical properties and formability.     

微量TiC/ZrC对TZM合金室温及高温性能与组织的影响

采用粉末冶金方法制备Mo-Ti-Zr-TiC/ZrC合金,研究微量TiC/ZrC对合金性能与组织的影响。结果表明,添加微量TiC/ZrC后合金性能得以明显提高,TiC/ZrC添加量为0.4%(质量分数,下同)时,合金室温抗拉强度分别达到最高值。同时,微量TiC/ZrC显著提高了合金的高温强度,添加的微量碳化物粒子促进了合金高温拉伸过程中韧窝的形成,使合金高温拉伸由穿晶解理和韧窝断裂的混合断裂模式向韧窝断裂转变。     

纳米银粉体新法制备及其表征

采用均匀沉淀和高温热分解相结合的方法制备了纳米银粉体,分析了粉体形成机理,研究了pH值、烧结温度和时间对粉体粒径和形貌的影响;采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜表征了纳米银粉体结构、组成、大小和形貌.结果表明,pH=7、烧结温度300℃、烧结2h的条件下可得到分散性好、颗粒均匀,粒径50 nm的粉体.本制备方法原料易得、成本低、设备及工艺简单,反应副产物易回收且可用作肥料,整个过程满足清洁生产的要求.     

Effects of Neodymium and Calcium on the Thermal Stability of AZ71 Magnesium Alloys

The effects of an addition of 0–2 wt% Nd on thermal stability of 0–3 wt% Ca-containing modified AZ71 magnesium alloys was investigated. The ignition temperature was found to increase from that of AZ71, 574, to 825 °C with the addition of 0.5 wt% Ca and 1 wt% Nd. The ignition temperature was further increased to 1114 °C when 3 wt% Ca was added. The Ca- and Nd-added AZ71 was isothermally maintained at a temperature of 500 °C in air for 12 h. The MgO–CaO–Nd₂O₃ formed on the surface to improve the thermal stability of the AZ71–xCa–yNd alloys. While both the tensile strength and ductility decreased with the Ca concentration in the alloy, an addition of 1 wt% Nd was found able to alleviate the degradation effects of Ca on the tensile strength and ductility at 170 °C. Both solid solution formation and precipitation strengthening contributed to the increase in toughness. AZ71 containing 0.5–2 wt% Ca and 1 wt% Nd provides the optimum combination of ignition resistance and mechanical properties.     

CrFeCoNiB0.05Tix高熵合金的显微组织和力学性能

采用机械合金化和放电等离子烧结工艺制备了CrFeCoNiB_0.05Ti_x(x=0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0)高熵合金材料,通过X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜观察和能谱分析以及维氏硬度测试和压缩强度测试等,研究了Ti含量对高熵合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,CrFeCoNiB_0.05Ti_x(x=0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0)高熵合金由FCC、BCC和α相组成。当x=1.0时,合金由BCC结构转向HCP结构并析出新相Laves相,其具有最高硬度416.54 HV0.2。当x=0.8时,合金达到最大抗压强度586.3 MPa。     

异步轧制Mg-3Zn-2(Ce/La)-1Mn合金的微观组织及织构演变

为了研究镁合金经异步轧制后的微观组织及织构演变,使用4种不同异速比对挤压态的Mg-3Zn-2(Ce/La)-1Mn合金进行异步轧制试验。结果表明:相对于初始的挤压态样品,异步轧制后的组织更均匀细小;随着异速比的增大,再结晶晶粒数量增多,第二相破碎,晶粒和第二相粒子的尺寸减小,组织的均匀化程度提高;样品中主要存在两种第二相,即α-Mn相和Mg_xZn_y-Mn-(Ce/La)相;锥面滑移及基面滑移在异步轧制过程中扮演着重要的角色,且基面取向出现了从RD向TD的30°~45°偏转,织构逐渐趋于随机化。强剪切应变的引入、锥面滑移以及基极的偏转对织构的随机化具有显著的影响。     

Microstructure and properties of hydrogenated TB8 alloy

Thermohydrogen processing can enhance workability, decrease flow stress and deforming temperature of titanium alloys. In this study, thermohydrogen processing was carried out for metastable b-type TB8 alloy. The microstructures of hydrogenated TB8 alloy were investigated based on scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electronic microscopy(TEM) as well as X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis. The results reveal that d hydride phase forms in the hydrogenated TB8 alloy, but the amount of b phase increases with hydrogen content increasing. Single b phase appears when the hydrogen content reaches 0.7 wt%. The alloying elements redistribute in the hydrogenated TB8 alloy, and hydrogen leads to the reduction of the alloying elements in b phase. The room-temperature compression tests were performed on a MTS809 machine. It is found that the room-temperature yield strength of hydrogenated TB8 alloy decreases. And minimum yield strength is obtained at a hydrogen content of 0.5 wt%. The ductility does not decrease within 0.7 wt%hydrogen content. These results provide theoretical basis for improving the formability and promoting the applications of TB8 alloy.     

High Strength and Ductility of a MgAg/MgGdYAg/MgAg Sandwiched Plate Produced by High-Pressure Torsion

Due to their unique precipitation behavior, magnesium-rare earth (Mg-RE) alloys exhibit excellent strength and high thermal stability. However, owing to the negative blocking effect of precipitation on dislocation slipping, the plasticity and ductility of Mg-RE alloys become deteriorate after aging treatment. In this work, a novel strategy to improve the combination of strength and ductility by designing a laminate heterostructured Mg alloy is proposed. High-pressure torsion (HPT) processing is employed to fabricate a clean and well-bonded interface between MgGdYAg and MgAg alloys. The two alloys have huge differences in precipitation hardening, and ductility is improved due to two facts. For one thing, the density of the second phases in the MgAg alloy is much lower than that of MgGdYAg alloy; for another, the non-basal 〈c + a〉 slipping is continuously activated during deformation. Through this mechanism, the uniform elongation of the heterostructured MgAg/MgGdYAg/MgAg alloy is improved to 7.1%.     

锆对铸造3104铝合金微观结构和力学性能的影响

研究了不同锆添加量的3104合金的析出组织和力学性能。结果表明,随着Zr含量的增加,合金晶粒尺寸减小,当Zr质量分数大于或等于0.25%时,合金晶粒最小(20μm)。同时,晶粒形状由羽毛状变为等轴状。此外,Zr还可以通过形成Si相和其它金属间化合物来改善合金中Si和Mn元素的分布。维氏硬度分析表明,Zr的加入会降低Al-Mn-Fe 3104合金的硬度。此外,根据拉伸试验结果,当Zr质量分数不高于0.25%时,随着Zr含量的增加,合金的抗拉伸强度和延伸率都有所提高。适当的Zr含量可以起到钉扎位错和阻碍滑移的作用,提高合金的强度和韧性。