Meta-heuristic approaches for minimizing error in localization of wireless sensor networks

Sensor node localization is considered as one of the most significant issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and is classified as an unconstrained optimization problem that falls under NP-hard class of problems. Localization is stated as determination of physical co-ordinates of the sensor nodes that constitutes a WSN. In applications of sensor networks such as routing and target tracking, the data gathered by sensor nodes becomes meaningless without localization information. This work aims at determining the location of the sensor nodes with high precision. Initially this work is performed by localizing the sensor nodes using a range-free localization method namely, Mobile Anchor Positioning (MAP) which gives an approximate solution. To further minimize the location error, certain meta-heuristic approaches have been applied over the result given by MAP. Accordingly, Bat Optimization Algorithm with MAP (BOA-MAP), Modified Cuckoo Search with MAP (MCS-MAP) algorithm and Firefly Optimization Algorithm with MAP (FOA-MAP) have been proposed. Root mean square error (RMSE) is used as the evaluation metrics to compare the performance of the proposed approaches. The experimental results show that the proposed FOA-MAP approach minimizes the localization error and outperforms both MCS-MAP and BOA-MAP approaches.     

基于改进离散果蝇优化算法的WSN广播路由算法

为解决无线传感网络（WSN）节点能量限制和广播路由的能耗问题,提出一种基于改进离散果蝇优化算法（DFOA）的WSN广播路由算法。首先,将交换子和交换序引入到果蝇优化算法（FOA）中,得到DFOA,拓展FOA的应用领域;然后,利用莱维（Lévy）飞行对果蝇随机探索的步长进行控制,增加DFOA的样本多样性,并用轮盘赌选择对种群的位置更新策略进行改进,避免算法陷入局部最优;最后利用改进DFOA对WSN路由能耗寻优,找到能耗最小的广播路径。仿真结果表明,改进DFOA获得的广播能耗更低,在不同的网络规模下,均优于对比算法（原DFOA、模拟退火遗传算法（SA-GA）、蚁群优化（ACO）算法和粒子群优化（PSO）算法）。改进DFOA能增加种群多样性,增强跳出局部最优的能力,提高网络性能。     

Energy-Efficient Routing Using Novel Optimization with Tabu Techniques for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a group of limited energy source sensors that are installed in a particular region to collect data from the environment. Designing the energy-efficient data collection methods in large-scale wireless sensor networks is considered to be a difficult area in the research. Sensor node clustering is a popular approach for WSN. Moreover, the sensor nodes are grouped to form clusters in a cluster-based WSN environment. The battery performance of the sensor nodes is likewise constrained. As a result, the energy efficiency of WSNs is critical. In specific, the energy usage is influenced by the loads on the sensor node as well as it ranges from the Base Station (BS). Therefore, energy efficiency and load balancing are very essential in WSN. In the proposed method, a novel Grey Wolf Improved Particle Swarm Optimization with Tabu Search Techniques (GW-IPSO-TS) was used. The selection of Cluster Heads (CHs) and routing path of every CH from the base station is enhanced by the proposed method. It provides the best routing path and increases the lifetime and energy efficiency of the network. End-to-end delay and packet loss rate have also been improved. The proposed GW-IPSO-TS method enhances the evaluation of alive nodes, dead nodes, network survival index, convergence rate, and standard deviation of sensor nodes. Compared to the existing algorithms, the proposed method outperforms better and improves the lifetime of the network.     

可充电无线传感网络能量均衡路由算法

针对可充电无线传感网络中的能量均衡路由问题,提出在稳定功率无线充电和监测数据收集网络场景下的多路径路由算法和机会路由算法,以实现网络的能量均衡。首先,通过电磁传播理论构建了无线传感节点的充电和接收功率关系模型;然后,考虑网络中无线传感节点的发送能耗和接收能耗,基于上述充电模型将网络能量均衡的路由问题转化为网络节点运行时间的最大最小化问题,通过线性规划得到的各链路流量用以指导路由中数据流量分配;最后,考虑一种更加现实的低功耗的场景,并提出了一种基于机会路由的能量均衡路由算法。实验结果表明,与最短路径路由（SPR）和期望周期最短路由（EDC）算法相比较,所提出的两种路由算法均能有效提高采集能量的利用率和工作周期内的网络生命周期。     

An Integrated Optimization Enabled Sensor Deployment Model in Wireless Sensor Network

ABSTRACT

Target coverage (TCOV) and network connectivity (NCON) are the most basic problems affecting robust data communication and environmental sensing in a wireless sensor network (WSN) application. This article proposes an intelligent Context Aware Sensor Network (CASN) for the process of sensor deployment in WSNs. Accordingly, the process is sub-divided into two phases. In the initial phase, optimal TCOV is performed; whereas, in the second phase, the proposed algorithm establishes NCON among the sensors. The objective model that meets both TCOV and NCON is evaluated as the minimization problem. This problem is solved by a new method that hybridizes the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm and the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) together, which is known as the Onlooker Probability-based WOA (OP-WOA) for the determination of optimal sensor locations. In addition, the adopted OP-WOA model is compared with the Genetic Algorithm (GA), the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), the ABC algorithm, Differential Evolution (DE), FireFly (FF), the WOA, and the Evolutionary Algorithm (EA)-based TCOV and NCON models. Finally, the results attained from the execution demonstrate the enhanced performance of the implemented OP-WOA technique.     

Differential Evolution with Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm Enabled Multi-Hop Routing Protocol

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has evolved into a key technology for ubiquitous living and the domain of interest has remained active in research owing to its extensive range of applications. In spite of this, it is challenging to design energy-efficient WSN. The routing approaches are leveraged to reduce the utilization of energy and prolonging the lifespan of network. In order to solve the restricted energy problem, it is essential to reduce the energy utilization of data, transmitted from the routing protocol and improve network development. In this background, the current study proposes a novel Differential Evolution with Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm Enabled Multi-hop Routing Protocol (DEAOA-MHRP) for WSN. The aim of the proposed DEAOA-MHRP model is select the optimal routes to reach the destination in WSN. To accomplish this, DEAOA-MHRP model initially integrates the concepts of Different Evolution (DE) and Arithmetic Optimization Algorithms (AOA) to improve convergence rate and solution quality. Besides, the inclusion of DE in traditional AOA helps in overcoming local optima problems. In addition, the proposed DEAOA-MRP technique derives a fitness function comprising two input variables such as residual energy and distance. In order to ensure the energy efficient performance of DEAOA-MHRP model, a detailed comparative study was conducted and the results established its superior performance over recent approaches.     

An Optimized Novel Trust-Based Security Mechanism Using Elephant Herd Optimization

Routing strategies and security issues are the greatest challenges in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Cluster-based routing Low Energy adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) decreases power consumption and increases network lifetime considerably. Securing WSN is a challenging issue faced by researchers. Trust systems are very helpful in detecting interfering nodes in WSN. Researchers have successfully applied Nature-inspired Metaheuristics Optimization Algorithms as a decision-making factor to derive an improved and effective solution for a real-time optimization problem. The metaheuristic Elephant Herding Optimizations (EHO) algorithm is formulated based on elephant herding in their clans. EHO considers two herding behaviors to solve and enhance optimization problem. Based on Elephant Herd Optimization, a trust-based security method is built in this work. The proposed routing selects routes to destination based on the trust values, thus, finding optimal secure routes for transmitting data. Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed EHO based routing. The Average Packet Loss Rate of the proposed Trust Elephant Herd Optimization performs better by 35.42%, by 1.45%, and by 31.94% than LEACH, Elephant Herd Optimization, and Trust LEACH, respectively at Number of Nodes 3000. As the proposed routing is efficient in selecting secure routes, the average packet loss rate is significantly reduced, improving the network’s performance. It is also observed that the lifetime of the network is enhanced with the proposed Trust Elephant Herd Optimization.     

基于蚁群优化的WSN功率自适应路由算法

为节省节点能量开销,延长无线传感器网络(WSN)的生命周期,在研究蚁群优化算法的基础上,提出一种基于蚁群优化的功率自适应路由算法。在蚂蚁寻路时考虑节点的传输方向、剩余能量和节点间距离。寻找到一条最优路径后,根据相邻两节点间的距离调整节点的发射功率,避免功率过大造成能量浪费。仿真实验结果表明,在节点非均匀分布的情况下,该算法能够有效节省网络开销,延长网络生命周期。     

蚁群优化的无线传感器网络分簇方法研究

分簇算法是无线传感器网络中减少网络能量消耗的一种重要方法。为了有效使用无线传感器节点有限的能量,将蚁群优化算法应用于无线传感器网络的路径选择,利用蚁群的动态适应性和寻优能力,在分簇产生的簇头节点之间找到最优路径,进而达到均衡网络负载、延长整个网络寿命的目的。模拟仿真实验结果表明了该算法的可行性和有效性。     

Genetic-Chicken Swarm Algorithm for Minimizing Energy in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology is the real-time application that is growing rapidly as the result of smart environments. Battery power is one of the most significant resources in WSN. For enhancing a power factor, the clustering techniques are used. During the forward of data in WSN, more power is consumed. In the existing system, it works with Load Balanced Clustering Method (LBCM) and provides the lifespan of the network with scalability and reliability. In the existing system, it does not deal with end-to-end delay and delivery of packets. For overcoming these issues in WSN, the proposed Genetic Algorithm based on Chicken Swarm Optimization (GA-CSO) with Load Balanced Clustering Method (LBCM) is used. Genetic Algorithm generates chromosomes in an arbitrary method then the chromosomes values are calculated using Fitness Function. Chicken Swarm Optimization (CSO) helps to solve the complex optimization problems. Also, it consists of chickens, hens, and rooster. It divides the chicken into clusters. Load Balanced Clustering Method (LBCM) maintains the energy during communication among the sensor nodes and also it balances the load in the gateways. The proposed GA-CSO with LBCM improves the lifespan of the network. Moreover, it minimizes the energy consumption and also balances the load over the network. The proposed method outperforms by using the following metrics such as energy efficiency, ratio of packet delivery, throughput of the network, lifetime of the sensor nodes. Therefore, the evaluation result shows the energy efficiency that has achieved 83.56% and the delivery ratio of the packet has reached 99.12%. Also, it has attained linear standard deviation and reduced the end-to-end delay as 97.32 ms.     

无线传感器网络中位数查询抽样算法研究

提出一种基于无线传感器网络的中位数查询抽样算法SAMQ。在SAMQ中,网络中各节点将分布式产生各自的样本集,然后将样本集聚集传递后汇集到根节点形成全网的样本集,最后使用这个远小于全网数据集规模的、可用于代表全网数据集结构的样本集,迅速获得中位数查询的近似结果,从而无需将各传感器节点的所有数据都传输至根节点,同时采用了共享无线通道的方式进行通信,减少了网络数据丢包。理论分析和实验结果显示该算法功耗低、误差较小,能有效地延长网络的生命周期。     

基于粒子群优化的非均匀分簇路由算法

为了解决无线传感器网络分簇路由算法中存在的“热区”问题和簇头选取问题,设计了一种自适应粒子群优化的非均匀分簇路由算法。首先通过候选节点与汇聚节点之间的距离计算竞争半径并构造出大小不等的多个簇,然后根据簇规模引入优化的粒子群算法,评价节点剩余能量和节点之间的距离等因素选取最终簇头,以剩余能量较多的簇头作为下一跳,形成以汇聚节点为根节点的多跳路由。仿真结果表明,与LEACH算法和EEUC算法相比,所提算法网络生存期分别延长了34%和16%,平均能量消耗分别减少了22%和12%,有效地减少了网络节点的能量消耗。     

基于粒子群优化的WSN非均匀分簇路由算法

分簇算法对大规模无线传感器网络(WSN)远程监控系统具有较好的节能性,簇首间通过多跳通信的方式将数据传送至基站,靠近基站的簇首由于需要转发大量其他簇首的数据而负载过重,可能因过早耗尽能量而失效,这将导致整个网络分割。针对现有无线传感器网络分簇算法存在的能耗不均衡问题,提出一种基于粒子群优化的非均匀分簇算法(PSO-UCA)。它采用PSO算法将所有节点划分为多个规模大小非均匀的簇,靠近基站的簇的规模小于远离基站的簇,因此靠近基站的簇首可为簇间的数据转发预留能量。仿真结果表明,与LEACH算法相比较,该分簇算法可使网络的生存时间延长30%。     

半径可调的无线传感器网络三维覆盖算法

针对三维无线传感器网络区域中节点覆盖的问题,提出一种半径可调的无线传感器网络三维覆盖算法（3D-CAAR）。该算法利用虚拟力作用实现无线传感器网络的节点均匀部署,同时结合传感器节点的半径可调覆盖机制,判断节点与被覆盖区域中目标点之间的距离。引入能耗阈值,使得节点根据自身情况调节节点感知半径,从而降低无线传感器网络的整体能耗,提高了节点利用率。最后,通过与传统基于人工势场的三维部署算法（APFA3D）、基于与未知目标精确覆盖的三维算法（ECA3D）仿真实验对比,3D-CAAR的事件集覆盖效能明显较高,能有效解决三维无线传感器网络中对目标节点的覆盖问题。     

基于改进蛙跳算法的WSN移动节点部署研究

针对传统无线传感移动节点部署方法存在节点分布不均匀、覆盖不完全等问题,提出一种基于改进混合蛙跳算法(SFLA)的移动节点部署方法。根据节点位置信息建立部署模型,利用改进SFLA算法求解该模型,将得到的解作为节点最终位置。仿真实验结果表明,相对于微粒群、虚拟力、基本混合蛙跳算法,改进SFLA算法可提高网络覆盖率和降低移动节点能耗。     

无线传感器网络中能量保护策略的研究

无线传感器网络是一组带有无线收发装置的传感器节点组成的临时性的网络自治系统,由于无线传感器网络的节点是用有限寿命的电池来提供的,因此能量保护策略成为该网络所有协议层的关键问题。从节点级、链路级和网络级3个层次总结和评估了适用于无线传感器网络的能量保护策略;在网络层提出了基于信道接入分簇算法的路由协议,并简述了该算法的主要实现过程;通过OPNET仿真给出相关结果。     

Dynamic cluster head for lifetime efficiency in WSN

Saving energy and increasing network lifetime are significant challenges in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. In this paper, we propose a mechanism to distribute the responsibility of cluster-heads among the wireless sensor nodes in the same cluster based on the ZigBee standard, which is the latest WSN standard. ZigBee supports ad hoc on-demand vector （AODV） and cluster-tree routing protocols in its routing layer. However, none of these protocols considers the energy level of the nodes in the network establishing process or in the data routing process. The cluster-tree routing protocol supports single or multi-cluster networks. However, each single cluster in the multi-cluster network has only one node acting as a cluster head. These cluster-heads are fixed in each cluster during the network lifetime. Consequently, using these cluster-heads will cause them to die quickly, and the entire linked nodes to these cluster-heads will be disconnected from the main network. Therefore, the proposed technique to distribute the role of the cluster head among the wireless sensor nodes in the same cluster is vital to increase the lifetime of the network. Our proposed technique is better in terms of performance than the original structure of these protocols. It has increased the lifetime of the wireless sensor nodes, and increased the lifetime of the WSN by around 50% of the original network lifetime.     

双重约束条件下的WSN路由选择

经典的基于QoS（Quality of Service,服务质量）的WSN（Wireless Sensor Network,无线传感器网络）路由算法往往只考虑了单一的条件限制,如能量、通信跳数、延时等。而在一个复杂的WSN环境中,对于QoS 的需求通常综合了多种条件。这使得现有的路由算法难以选择出实际情况下的最优路由。一种基于动态规划问题的算法被提出,用来解决这一问题。当算法选择最小延时路由时,节点能量和链路丢失率将被作为约束条件。经过证明,算法具有最优性。     

基于密钥连通的WSN簇头选择安全算法

分析无线传感器网络中密钥管理和分簇路由协议存在的安全漏洞,利用模糊推理系统,将簇头与簇内节点的共享密钥数作为重要评判指标,建立一种基于密钥连通的簇头选择安全算法。不同于传统的模糊推理算法,该算法实现了分簇路由协议与密钥管理方案的良好结合,与典型分簇算法相比,能有效降低并均衡簇内的通信能耗、增强通信安全。     

Internet of Things Enabled Energy Aware Metaheuristic Clustering for Real Time Disaster Management

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a major element of Internet of Things (IoT) networks which offer seamless sensing and wireless connectivity. Disaster management in smart cities can be considered as a safety critical application. Therefore, it becomes essential in ensuring network accessibility by improving the lifetime of IoT assisted WSN. Clustering and multihop routing are considered beneficial solutions to accomplish energy efficiency in IoT networks. This article designs an IoT enabled energy aware metaheuristic clustering with routing protocol for real time disaster management (EAMCR-RTDM). The proposed EAMCR-RTDM technique mainly intends to manage the energy utilization of nodes with the consideration of the features of the disaster region. To achieve this, EAMCR-RTDM technique primarily designs a yellow saddle goatfish based clustering (YSGF-C) technique to elect cluster heads (CHs) and organize clusters. In addition, enhanced cockroach swarm optimization (ECSO) based multihop routing (ECSO-MHR) approach was derived for optimal route selection. The YSGF-C and ECSO-MHR techniques compute fitness functions using different input variables for achieving improved energy efficiency and network lifetime. The design of YSGF-C and ECSO-MHR techniques for disaster management in IoT networks shows the novelty of the work. For examining the improved outcomes of the EAMCR-RTDM system, a wide range of simulations were performed and the extensive results are assessed in terms of different measures. The comparative outcomes highlighted the enhanced outcomes of the EAMCR-RTDM algorithm over the existing approaches.