Intensity-based statistical features for classification of lungs CT scan nodules using artificial intelligence techniques

A computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) system for effective and accurate pulmonary nodule detection is required to detect the nodules at early stage. This paper proposed a novel technique to detect and classify pulmonary nodules based on statistical features for intensity values using support vector machine (SVM). The significance of the proposed technique is, it uses the nodules features in 2D & 3D and also SVM for the classification that is good to classify the nodules extracted from the image. The lung volume is extracted from Lung CT using thresholding, background removal, hole-filling and contour correction of lung lobe. The candidate nodules are extracted and pruned using the rules based on ground truth of nodules. The statistical features for intensity values are extracted from candidate nodules. The nodule data are up-samples to reduce the biasness. The classifier SVM is trained using data samples. The efficiency of proposed CAD system is tested and evaluated using Lung Image Consortium Database (LIDC) that is standard data-set used in CAD Systems for Lungs Nodule classification. The results obtained from proposed CAD system are good as compare to previous CAD systems. The sensitivity of 96.31% is achieved in the proposed CAD system.     

基于支持向量机和距离度量的纹理分类

针对图象纹理分类问题，提出了一种将支持向量机和距离度量相结合，以构成两级组合分类器的分类方法，用该方法分类时，先采用距离度量进行前级分类，然后根据图象的纹理统计特征，采用欧氏距离来度量图象之间的相似性，若符合条件，则给出分类结果，否则拒识，并转入后级分类器，而后级分类器则采用一种新的模式分类方法－支持向量机进行分类，该组合分类方法不仅充分利用了支持向量机识别率高和距离度量速度快的优点，并且还利用距离度量的结果去指导支持向量机的训练和测试，由纹理图象分类的实验表明，该算法具有较高的效率和识别精度，同时也对推动支持向量机这一新的模式分类方法的实际应用具有积极意义。     

视觉显著性的眼底图像视盘检测

目的 青光眼是导致失明的主要疾病之一,视盘区域的形状、大小等参数是青光眼临床诊断的重要指标。然而眼底图像通常亮度低、对比度弱,且眼底结构复杂,各组织以及病灶干扰严重。为解决上述问题,实现视盘的精确检测,提出一种视觉显著性的眼底图像视盘检测方法。方法 首先,依据视盘区域显著的特点,采用一种基于视觉显著性的方法对视盘区域进行定位;其次,采用全卷积神经网络（fully convolutional neural network,FCN）预训练模型提取深度特征,同时计算视盘区域的平均灰度,进而提取颜色特征;最后,将深度特征、视盘区域的颜色特征和背景先验信息融合到单层元胞自动机（single-layer cellular automata,SCA）中迭代演化,实现眼底图像视盘区域的精确检测。结果 在视网膜图像公开数据集DRISHTI-GS、MESSIDOR和DRIONS-DB上对本文算法进行实验验证,平均相似度系数分别为0.965 8、0.961 6和0.971 1;杰卡德系数分别为0.934 1、0.922 4和0.937 6;召回率系数分别为0.964 8、0.958 9和0.967 4;准确度系数分别为0.996 6、0.995 3和0.996 8,在3个数据集上均可精确地检测视盘区域。实验结果表明,本文算法精确度高,鲁棒性强,运算速度快。结论 本文算法能够有效克服眼底图像亮度低、对比度弱及血管、病灶等组织干扰的影响,在多个视网膜图像公开数据集上进行验证均取得了较好的检测结果,具有较强的泛化性,可以实现视盘区域的精确检测。     

视网膜图像中的黄斑中心检测

目的 在眼底图像分析中,准确的黄斑中心定位对于糖尿病性视网膜病变的计算机辅助诊断系统具有重要的意义。然而,由于光照不均匀、计算量大及病变的干扰给黄斑中心定位带来了巨大的挑战。因此,为了实现更为准确且高效的黄斑中心检测,提出一种基于血管投影和数学形态学的黄斑中心检测方法。方法 首先,基于数学形态学,提出一种自动的血管检测方法。其次,利用视盘区域的血管分布实现视盘中心的自动定位。再次,根据视盘和黄斑的解剖学结构先验信息,提取感兴趣区域。最后,在感兴趣区域内,通过数学形态学和特征提取定位黄斑中心。结果 本文提出的方法在两个标准的糖尿病视网膜病变数据库DIARETDB0和DIARETDB1上分别取得了96.92%和96.63%的成功率,且总成功率达到96.35%。此外,平均的执行时间分别为8.236 s和8.912 s。结论 实验结果表明,本文方法能快速和准确地定位黄斑中心且其性能明显地优于现有的黄斑中心检测方法。     

基于多分类SVM-KNN的实体关系抽取方法

实体关系抽取是信息抽取领域的重要研究课题之一。传统的实体关系抽取研究注重于从实体对出现的上下文中提取词法和语义等特征,然后利用分类器(如SVM)进行实体关系抽取,但该类方法忽略了分类器对实体抽取性能的影响。针对SVM分类器对超平面附近样本分类正确率低的问题,本文设计了一种基于双投票机制的SVM模糊样本选择方法。在此基础上,对确定区域样本直接使用SVM分类器进行分类,并利用KNN算法对模糊区域样本进行二次分类。在SemEval-2010评测任务提供的实体关系抽取数据上进行实验,实验结果表明该方法能较大提高实体关系抽取的性能。     

Retinal optic disc localization using convergence tracking of blood vessels

Optic disc localization is of great diagnostic value related to retinal diseases, such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. However, the detection process is quite challenging because positions of optic discs vary from image to image, and moreover, pathological changes, like hard exudates or neovascularization, may alter optic disc appearance. In this paper, we propose a robust approach to accurately detect the optic disc region and locate the optic disc center in color retinal images. The proposed technique employs a kernelized least-squares classifier to decide the area that contains optic disc. Then connected-component labeling and lumination information are used together to find the convergence of blood vessels, which is thought to be optic disc center. The proposed method has been evaluated over two datasets: the Digital Retinal Images for Vessel Extraction (DRIVE), and the Non-fluorescein Images for Vessel Extraction (NIVE) datasets. Experimental results have shown that our method outperforms existing methods, achieving a competitive accuracy (97.52 %) and efficiency (1.1577s).     

多核多示例学习的糖尿病视网膜病变诊断

目的 在传统糖尿病视网膜病变（糖网）诊断系统中,微动脉瘤和出血斑病灶检测的精确性决定了最终诊断性能。目前的检测诊断方法为了保证高敏感性而产生了大量假阳性样本,由于数据集没有标注病灶区域导致无法有效地建立监督性分类模型以去除假阳性。为了解决监督性学习在糖网诊断中的问题,提出一种基于多核多示例学习的糖网病变诊断方法。方法 首先,检测疑似的微动脉瘤和出血斑病灶区域,并将其视为多示例学习模型中的示例,而将整幅图像视为示例包,从而将糖网诊断转化为多示例学习问题;其次,提取病灶区域的特征对示例进行描述,并通过极限学习机（ELM）分类算法过滤不相关示例以提升后续多示例学习的分类性能;最后,构建多核图的多示例学习模型对健康图像和糖网病变图像进行分类,以实现糖网病变的诊断。结果 通过对国际公共数据集MESSIDOR进行糖网病变诊断评估实验,获得的准确率为90.1%,敏感性为92.4%,特异性为91.4%,ROC（receiver operating characteristic）曲线下面积为0.932,相比其他算法具有较大性能优势。结论 基于多核多示例学习方法在无需提供病灶标注的情况下,能够高效自动地对糖网病变进行诊断,从而既能避免医学图像中标注病灶的费时费力,又可以免除分类算法中假阳性去除的问题,获得较好的效果。     

LuNet-LightGBM: An Effective Hybrid Approach for Lesion Segmentation and DR Grading

Diabetes problems can lead to an eye disease called Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), which permanently damages the blood vessels in the retina. If not treated early, DR becomes a significant reason for blindness. To identify the DR and determine the stages, medical tests are very labor-intensive, expensive, and time-consuming. To address the issue, a hybrid deep and machine learning technique-based autonomous diagnostic system is provided in this paper. Our proposal is based on lesion segmentation of the fundus images based on the LuNet network. Then a Refined Attention Pyramid Network (RAPNet) is used for extracting global and local features. To increase the performance of the classifier, the unique features are selected from the extracted feature set using Aquila Optimizer (AO) algorithm. Finally, the LightGBM model is applied to classify the input image based on the severity. Several investigations have been done to analyze the performance of the proposed framework on three publically available datasets (MESSIDOR, APTOS, and IDRiD) using several performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. The proposed classifier achieves 99.29%, 99.35%, and 99.31% accuracy for these three datasets respectively. The outcomes of the experiments demonstrate that the suggested technique is effective for disease identification and reliable DR grading.     

基于三支决策的两阶段实体关系抽取研究

实体关系抽取作为信息抽取研究的重要研究课题之一,对知识图谱数据层的构建有着重要的意义。提出一种基于三支决策的两阶段分类技术实现实体关系抽取,首先构建SVM三支决策分类器实现第一阶段实体关系抽取,采用softmax多分类函数作为三支决策概率函数,然后采用KNN分类器对三支决策分类后的中间域样本进行二阶段分类。以ACE2005的语料作为实验数据,将三支决策两阶段分类结果与传统SVM方法分类结果进行比较,实验结果表明,基于三支决策的两阶段实体关系抽取方法取得了很好的分类效果。     

Automated assessment of breast tissue density in digital mammograms

Mammographic density is known to be an important indicator of breast cancer risk. Classification of mammographic density based on statistical features has been investigated previously. However, in those approaches the entire breast including the pectoral muscle has been processed to extract features. In this approach the region of interest is restricted to the breast tissue alone eliminating the artifacts, background and the pectoral muscle. The mammogram images used in this study are from the Mini-MIAS digital database. Here, we describe the development of an automatic breast tissue classification methodology, which can be summarized in a number of distinct steps: (1) preprocessing, (2) feature extraction, and (3) classification. Gray level thresholding and connected component labeling is used to eliminate the artifacts and pectoral muscles from the region of interest. Statistical features are extracted from this region which signify the important texture features of breast tissue. These features are fed to the support vector machine (SVM) classifier to classify it into any of the three classes namely fatty, glandular and dense tissue.The classifier accuracy obtained is 95.44%.     

基于Krogager分解和SVM的极化SAR图像分类

目标分解包括基于Sinclair矩阵的相干目标分解和基于Mueller矩阵的部分相干目标分解,Krogager分解即属于相干目标分解,它可以将任一对称Sinclair矩阵分解为球散射体、二面角散射体和螺旋体3个分量,这是极化合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像特征提取的有效途径。把3个分量的分解系数作为极化散射特征,由其组成样本向量,运用基于统计学习理论的支持向量机(Support Vector Machines,SVM)设计多类分类器,提出了一种极化SAR图像分类算法,并对实测极化SAR数据进行分类实验。结果表明,将Krogager分解和SVM分类器结合起来,对极化SAR图像进行分类是可行和有效的,并且选择不同的参数得到的分类结果差别很大,验证了参数选择在SVM分类器中的重要作用。     

色多普勒超声肾动脉血流信号曲线分类研究

彩色多普勒超声是肾动脉狭窄的首选筛查工具,目前临床上主要依靠人工判别来诊断肾动脉狭窄,对操作者具有很强的依赖性。在肾动脉多普勒超声图像的基础上,通过提取肾动脉血流信号曲线、提取曲线特征,继而基于SVM构建分类器,对肾动脉血流信号曲线进行分类,取得了较高的分类精度,并与最大似然分类器进行了分类实验比较,在肾动脉狭窄的计算机辅助诊断方向进行了有意义的探索。     

一种基于核主成分分析和组合分类器的虹膜识别方法

提出了一种新的虹膜特征提取与识别方法,该方法利用核主成分分析 （KPCA）在高维空间具有较强的特征选择能力来提取虹膜图像的纹理特征。采用了一种距 离度量和支持向量机相结合的两级分类方法,前级采用欧式距离来度量图像间的相似性,若 符合条件,给出分类结果,否则拒绝,并转入后一级分类器——支持向量机分类,以减少进 入支持向量机的样本数目,该组合分类方法充分利用了支持向量机识别率高和距离度量速度 快的优点。实验结果表明,该方法提高了虹膜识别率,是一种有效的虹膜识别方法。     

基于主动学习支持向量机的文本分类

提出基于主动学习支持向量机的文本分类方法,首先采用向量空间模型（VSM）对文本特征进行提取,使用互信息对文本特征进行降维,然后提出主动学习算法对支持向量机进行训练,使用训练后的分类器对新的文本进行分类,实验结果表明该方法具有良好的分类性能。     

An automated decision-support system for non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy disease based on MAs and HAs detection

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has become a serious threat in our society, which causes 45% of the legal blindness in diabetes patients. Early detection as well as the periodic screening of DR helps in reducing the progress of this disease and in preventing the subsequent loss of visual capability. This paper provides an automated diagnosis system for DR integrated with a user-friendly interface. The grading of the severity level of DR is based on detecting and analyzing the early clinical signs associated with the disease, such as microaneurysms (MAs) and hemorrhages (HAs). The system extracts some retinal features, such as optic disc, fovea, and retinal tissue for easier segmentation of dark spot lesions in the fundus images. That is followed by the classification of the correctly segmented spots into MAs and HAs. Based on the number and location of MAs and HAs, the system quantifies the severity level of DR. A database of 98 color images is used in order to evaluate the performance of the developed system. From the experimental results, it is found that the proposed system achieves 84.31% and 87.53% values in terms of sensitivity for the detection of MAs and HAs respectively. In terms of specificity, the system achieves 93.63% and 95.08% values for the detection of MAs and HAs respectively. Also, the proposed system achieves 68.98% and 74.91% values in terms of kappa coefficient for the detection of MAs and HAs respectively. Moreover, the system yields sensitivity and specificity values of 89.47% and 95.65% for the classification of DR versus normal.     

Financial distress prediction using support vector machines: Ensemble vs. individual

Financial distress prediction (FDP) is of great importance to both inner and outside parts of companies. Though lots of literatures have given comprehensive analysis on single classifier FDP method, ensemble method for FDP just emerged in recent years and needs to be further studied. Support vector machine (SVM) shows promising performance in FDP when compared with other single classifier methods. The contribution of this paper is to propose a new FDP method based on SVM ensemble, whose candidate single classifiers are trained by SVM algorithms with different kernel functions on different feature subsets of one initial dataset. SVM kernels such as linear, polynomial, RBF and sigmoid, and the filter feature selection/extraction methods of stepwise multi discriminant analysis (MDA), stepwise logistic regression (logit), and principal component analysis (PCA) are applied. The algorithm for selecting SVM ensemble's base classifiers from candidate ones is designed by considering both individual performance and diversity analysis. Weighted majority voting based on base classifiers’ cross validation accuracy on training dataset is used as the combination mechanism. Experimental results indicate that SVM ensemble is significantly superior to individual SVM classifier when the number of base classifiers in SVM ensemble is properly set. Besides, it also shows that RBF SVM based on features selected by stepwise MDA is a good choice for FDP when individual SVM classifier is applied.     

Hybrid signal processing and machine intelligence techniques for detection,quantification and classification of power quality disturbances

This paper presents an advanced signal processing technique known as S-transform (ST) to detect and quantify various power quality (PQ) disturbances. ST is also utilized to extract some useful features of the disturbance signal. The excellent time–frequency resolution characteristic of the ST makes it an attractive candidate for analysis of power system disturbance signals. The number of features required in the proposed approach is less than that of the wavelet transform (WT) for identification of PQ disturbances. The features extracted by using ST are used to train a support vector machine (SVM) classifier for automatic classification of the PQ disturbances. Since the proposed methodology can reduce the features of disturbance signal to a great extent without losing its original property, it efficiently utilizes the memory space and computation time of the processor. Eleven types of PQ disturbances are considered for the classification purpose. The simulation results show that the combination of ST and SVM can effectively detect and classify different PQ disturbances.     

基于连续小波和支持向量机分类音乐类型

音乐类型分类主要包括两个阶段：特征提取和分类。文中在研究小波变换理论基础上,采用连续小波分析方法提取音乐特征参数。支持向量机是专门针对有限样本情况下的一种分类方法。它是建立在统计学习理论的VC维理论和结构风险最小原理基础上,根据有限的样本信息在模型的复杂性和学习能力之间寻求最佳折衷,以期获得最好的推广能力。采用指数径向基函数（脚）内核,分类正确率可达85％,比传统的混合高斯模型和K近邻分类器,分类性能分别提高了21％和23％。实验结果表明,采用小波和支持向量机方法是一种相当有效的音乐类型分类方法。     

基于Cameron分解和SVM的极化SAR图像分类

Cameron分解先将极化散射矩阵分解为互易分量和非互易分量,再将互易分量进一步分解为对称分量和非对称分量,这是极化合成孔径雷达图像特征提取的有效途径。由四个分量的范数组成样本向量,运用基于统计学习理论的支持向量机设计分类器,提出了一种极化SAR图像分类算法,并对实测极化SAR数据进行分类实验。结果表明,将Cameron分解与SVM结合起来应用于极化SAR图像分类的算法是可行和有效的,通过选择不同的参数对分类结果影响很大,验证了参数选择在SVM分类器中的重要作用。     

一种视网膜血管自适应提取方法

为了快速有效地提取视网膜血管，根据视网膜图像的灰度分布特征，提出了一种新的基于自适应阈值化的血管提取方法。该方法是首先把图像划分成很多同样尺寸的小子图像，然后在每个子图像中分别计算局部阈值，并用该阈值分割该子图像。因为视网膜图像中血管和背景在局部范围内都比较均匀，所以在每个子图像中都存在一个局部阈值能够将其中的血管分割出来。采用的局部阈值计算方法不仅允许子图像可以取得很小，而且能够保证得到平方误差最小意义下的最优阈值。在阈值计算过程中，还用到一种基于过零点边缘检测技术的边缘追踪算法。最后还提出一种基于区域生长的特征综合方法，即通过综合两次阈值化分割得到的血管结构来清除碎片。多幅视网膜图像的实验证明，该方法的计算速度很快，并且可以提取包括细血管在内的绝大部分血管。