High-temperature oxidation and hot corrosion behavior of two kinds of thermal barrier coating systems for advanced gas turbines

High-temperature oxidation and hot corrosion tests were conducted at 800 to 1100 °C under isothermal and thermal-cycle conditions for two kinds of thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems with different compositions of ceramic top coat: Y₂O₃-stabiIized zirconia (YSZ) and CaO-SiO₂-ZrO₂ (C₂S-CZ). Qualitative and quantitative failure analyses were carried out to clarify the failure mechanisms of TBC systems. In high-temperature oxidation up to 1100 °C, the YSZ-TBC system was subjected more easily to spalling of the ceramic top coat. This is attributed to the localized oxidation along the ceramic top coat/metallic (NiCrAlY) bond coat interface, as compared with the case of the C₂S-CZ-TBC system. Thus, the most significant oxidation damage resulted in the YSZ system under the thermal-cycle condition. On the other hand, for hot corrosion by Na₂SO₄-NaCI molten salt up to 1000 °C, the C₂S-CZ system was more reactive with the molten salt to form a new phase layer composed of both the metallic bond coat constituents, such as aluminum and chromium, and corrosive species such as oxygen at the inner region of the ceramic top coat. Furthermore, effects of both the heat treatment, in particular the atmosphere after plasma spraying, and the chromium content of the bond coat were investigated for each coating system.     

Thermal barrier coatings issues in advanced land-based gas turbines

The Department of Energy’s Advanced Turbine Systems (ATS) program is aimed at fostering the devel-opment of a new generation of land-based gas turbine systems with overall efficiencies significantly be-yond those of current state-of-the-art machines, as well as greatly increased times between inspection and refurbishment, improved environmental impact, and decreased cost. The proposed duty cycle of ATS ma-chines will emphasize different criteria in the selection of materials for the critical components. In par-ticular, thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) will be an essential feature of the hot gas path components in these machines. The goals of the ATS will require significant improvements in TBC technology, since these turbines will be totally reliant on TBCs, which will be required to function on critical components such as the first-stage vanes and blades for times considerably longer than those experienced in current applications. Important issues include the mechanical and chemical stability of the ceramic layer and the metallic bond coat, the thermal expansion characteristics and compliance of the ceramic layer, and the thermal conductivity across the thickness of the ceramic layer.     

Thermal barrier coating life modeling in aircraft gas turbine engines

Analytical models for predicting ceramic thermal barrier coating (TBC) spalling life in aircraft gas tur-bine engines are presented. Electron beam/physical vapor-deposited and plasma-sprayed TBC systems are discussed. An overview of the following TBC spalling mechanisms is presented: (1) metal oxidation at the ceramic/metal interface, (2) ceramic/metal interface stresses caused by radius of curvature and inter-face roughness, (3) material properties and mechanical behavior, (4) component design features, (5) tem-perature gradients, (6) ceramic/metal interface stress singularities at edges and corners, and (7) object impact damage. Analytical models for TBC spalling life are proposed based on observations of TBC spall-ing and plausible failure theories. Spalling was assumed to occur when the imposed stresses exceed the material strength (at or near the ceramic/metal interface). Knowledge gaps caused by lack of experimen-tal evidence and analytical understanding of TBC failure are noted. The analytical models are considered initial engineering approaches that capture observed TBC spalling failure trends.     

附加屏蔽气体的大气等离子喷涂对热障涂层性能影响

对比研究了附加屏蔽气体的大气等离子喷涂和普通大气等离子喷涂对热障涂层组织结构和性能的影响．结果表明,附加屏蔽气体的大气等离子喷涂粘结层表面未熔或半熔粒子较少,涂层中氧化物夹杂和孔隙率降低,热障涂层在1080℃下具有更好的抗氧化性能．附加屏蔽气体的大气等离子喷涂的热障涂层具有更好的抗氧化性能的原因,在于外加保护气氛减轻了...     

等离子喷涂热障涂层的热循环氧化行为研究

本文采用大气等离子喷涂在HA188合金基材上制备NiCrAlY+YSZ热障涂层，并进行了1100 oC、1120 oC和1150 oC三个温度点的高温循环氧化行为对比研究。结果表明，随着考核温度的升高，热障涂层热循环失效寿命显著下降，失效主要是由YSZ/NiCrAlY界面附近YSZ 层中裂纹形成和扩展导致。循环失效后的YSZ与制备态的相结构一样，均为非平衡四方相t"-ZrO2，未发生t"→c+m相变。在热循环过程中，YSZ/NiCrAlY界面形成的热生长氧化物层（Thermally Grown Oxide, TGO）增厚基本符合“抛物线”规律，并且YSZ中裂纹的产生和扩展与TGO的增厚直接相关。     

A chromia forming thermal barrier coating system

Conventional thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems consist of an insulating ceramic topcoat, a bond coat for oxidation protection and the underlying superalloy designed to combat the oxidising conditions in aero‐ and land‐based gas turbines. Under high‐temperature oxidation, the use of an alumina forming bond coat is warranted, thus all current TBC systems are optimised for the early formation of a dense, protective thermally grown oxide (TGO) of alumina. This also offers protection against Type I hot corrosion but a chromia layer gives better protection against Type II corrosion and intermediate temperatures, the conditions found in land‐based gas turbines. In this paper the authors present the first known results for a chromia forming TBC system. Tests have been performed under oxidising conditions, up to 1000 h, at temperatures between 750 °C and 900 °C, and under Type I (900 °C) and Type II (700 °C) hot corrosion conditions up to 500 h. Under all these conditions no cracking, spallation or degradation was observed. Examination showed the formation of an adherent, dense chromia TGO at the bond coat / topcoat interface. These initial results are very encouraging and the TGO thicknesses agree well with comparable results reported in the literature.     

Improvement of thermally grown oxide layer in thermal barrier coating systems with nano alumina as third layer

A thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer is formed at the interface of bond coat/top coat. The TGO growth during thermal exposure in air plays an important role in the spallation of the ceramic layer from the bond coat. High temperature oxidation resistance of four types of atmospheric plasma sprayed TBCs was investigated. These coatings were oxidized at 1000 °C for 24, 48 and 120 h in a normal electric furnace under air atmosphere. Microstructural characterization showed that the growth of the TGO layer in nano NiCrAlY/YSZ/nano Al₂O₃ coating is much lower than in other coatings. Moreover, EDS and XRD analyses revealed the formation of Ni(Cr,Al)₂O₄ mixed oxides (as spinel) and NiO onto the Al₂O₃ (TGO) layer. The formation of detrimental mixed oxides (spinels) on the Al₂O₃(TGO) layer of nano NiCrAlY/YSZ/nano Al₂O₃ coating is much lower compared to that of other coatings after 120 h of high temperature oxidation at 1000 °C.     

Thermal conductivity of a zirconia thermal barrier coating

The conductivity of a thermal-barrier coating composed of atmospheric plasma sprayed 8 mass percent yttria partially stabilized zirconia has been measured. This coating was sprayed on a substrate of 410 stainless steel. An absolute, steady-state measurement method was used to measure thermal conductivity from 400 to 800 K. The thermal conductivity of the coating is 0.62 W/(m×K). This measurement has shown to be temperature independent.     

微弧等离子喷涂制备莫来石/金属复合热障涂层

运用微弧等离子喷涂制备了莫来石/金属复合热障涂层.研究了涂层的微观结构、结合强度、隔热性能和抗热震性能.复合涂层结构为莫来石颗粒被包裹在金属层片状结构中;涂层的结合强度大于30 MPa.随着涂层中莫来石含量的增加,涂层的隔热性能有所提高,随涂层表面温度的升高,涂层的隔热温度也不断提高,涂层的最高隔热温度为125℃.1 150℃的水淬热震试验表明,基体变形是导致涂层失效的重要原因之一,随着涂层中莫来石含量的增加,涂层的抗热震次数先增加后减小,粉末中莫来石含量为40%的涂层的抗热震性能最好,抗热震次数最多为72次.     

Some aspects of thick thermal barrier coating lifetime prolongation

Much research has been performed in the field of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying of ZrO₂-Y₂O₃. The necessity of efficient thermal insulation, corrosion resistance, and sufficient lifetime under thermomechanical loads promotes the development of TBCs of several millimeters in thickness. However, some problems arise with the production of thick TBCs, such as poor adhesion and low thermal shock resistance. These problems are not observed clearly when the TBCs are, for example, 300 μm thick. This article presents strategies of thick TBC lifetime optimization by different cooling systems. Attempts have been made to improve thermal shock resistance (TSR) by applying thicker coatings with graded porosity, but they failed. Besides metallographical evaluation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, microcracks and porosity were determined. Furthermore, the results of bond strength and burner rig tests are presented, and forthcoming experimental tasks are outlined.     

Thermal shock testing of thermal barrier coating/bondcoat systems

Various methods of thermal shock testing are used by aircraft and industrial gas turbine engine (IGT) manufacturers to characterize new thermal barrier coating systems in the development stage as well as for quality control. The cyclic furnace oxidation test (FCT), widely used in aircraft applications, stresses the ceramic/bondcoat interface, predominantly through thermally grown oxide (TGO) growth stress. The jet engine thermal shock (JETS) test, derived from a burner rig test, creates a large thermal gradient across the thermal barrier coating (TBC), as well as thermomechanical stress at the interface. For IGT applications with long high-temperature exposure times, a combination of isothermal preoxidation and thermal shock testing in a fluidized bed reactor may better represent the actual engine conditions while both types of stress are present. A comparative evaluation of FCT, JETS, and a combined isothermal oxidation and fluidized bed thermal shock test has been conducted for selected ceramic/bondcoat systems. The results and the failure mechanisms as they relate to the TBC system are discussed. A recommendation on the test method of choice providing best discrimination between the thermal shock resistance of the ceramic layer, the ceramic/bondcoat interface, and even substrate related effects, is given. This paper was presented at the 2nd International Surface Engineering Congress sponsored by ASM International, on September 15–17, 2003, in Indianapolis, Indiana, and appeared on pp. 520–29.     

热障涂层的研究现状与发展趋势

热障涂层是一类高温防护涂层,由于其应用的广泛性,已成为近年来涂层研究领域的热点之一。对热障涂层国内外的研究进展进行了综述,重点阐述热障涂层成分的选择、热障涂层的结构设计、热障涂层的制备工艺、热障涂层的失效机理、寿命预测以及热障涂层的发展趋势。     

Long crack behavior in a thermal barrier coating upon thermal shock loading

The behavior of macroscopic long cracks in the ceramic top coat of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) system subjected to thermal shock loading and the influence of the cracks on the coating durability were investigated experimentally and numerically. Thermal shock testing was conducted until coating failure. Comparisons were made with coating samples without macroscopic cracks. The experimental results revealed that the presence of macroscopic cracks reduces the life of the TBC. The finite-element method, with a fracture mechanics approach, was applied to analyze preexisting long cracks, and the calculations correlate well with the experimental findings. It was found that the life of the coating is reduced with crack length as well as with maximum cycle temperature. It was also found that the stress-intensity factors for long cracks are initially high and decrease with the number of temperature cycles, which indicates that rapid crack growth occurs during the first number of cycles.     

热障涂层的三维界面形貌与热应力关系

使用等离子喷涂方法制备出双层热障涂层(粘结层为Ni-Cr-Al-Y,陶瓷层为ZrO2).使用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,采用间接耦合分析的方法,模拟计算了喷涂过程中陶瓷层/粘结层间三维结构椭圆界面的应力场分布,得出了粘结层表面三维椭球形貌单元位置和尺寸与热应力分布之间的关系.模拟结果表明,涂层制备后,椭球形貌单元位置和...     

预氧化处理对热障涂层热冲击性能及残余应力的影响

采用等离子喷涂工艺在镍基高温合金基体上制备了热障涂层(底层为MCrAlY,面层为ZrO2+ 8％ Y2O3),通过控制高真空烧结炉的氧分压对涂层进行预氧化处理,分析了预氧化处理对热障涂层热冲击性能和涂层应力状态的影响.结果表明,预氧化处理提高了粘接层的致密度,涂层组织变得均质化,降低了粘结层由于凸起尖角产生复杂应力的概率;有效干预热生长氧化物(TGO)的生长过程,降低了TGO的生长速度;热障涂层残余应力随热冲击次数的增加而增大,但经过预氧化处理的涂层应力增长幅度较缓慢,经过400次热冲击后的残余应力为492.5 MPa,未经过预氧化处理涂层热冲击350次后应力值为650.1 MPa.     

等离子喷涂双层热障涂层沉积过程的数值模拟

运用ANSYS1O.O有限元分析软件对等离子喷涂典型双层热障涂层沉积过程的温度和应力变化过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明,喷涂过程中,基体背面温度呈台阶状上升,涂层颗粒的温度大幅度周期波动,涂层颗粒的应力随之大幅度周期波动;喷涂结束后,涂层内的残余应力趋于稳定,x方向的最大拉应力存在于陶瓷层与粘结层结合面的边缘;最大y方向拉应力和层间应力都存在于陶瓷层和粘结层的结合面上.涂层的结合面边缘是应力集中部位,结合面的中部应力分布均匀.陶瓷层表面x方向的最大拉应力为423.7MPa.

Abstract：

Nmnerical simulation was performed by finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate the temperature and stress in a typical duplex thermal barrier coating. During the spraying process, the temperature of the back surface of substrate increases step by step, both the temperature and the stress of the coating fluctuate periodically within a wide range. After the deposition, the specimen was cooled to the room temperature slowly. The stresses become constant values, and the maximum radial tensile stress exists at the interface between the ceramic layer and the bonding layer, and the maximum axial and shear stresses exist at the interface, where is the concentrated stress area. The stresses of the middle interfaces are uniform. The maximum tensile stress on the ceramic layer surface is 423.7 MPa.     

Damage mechanisms and lifetime behavior of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating systems for gas turbines — Part II: Modeling

A phenomenological lifetime prediction tool for plasma-sprayed ZrO₂ based thermal barrier coating systems with MCrAlY bondcoat is presented. The analytical model uses a two step approach for calculating the development of delamination cracks: The initial crack growth is considered to be proportional to the thickness of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) scale on the bondcoat. After exceeding a critical TGO thickness, crack propagation is governed by linear elastic fracture mechanics taking into account stresses induced by thermal mismatch and by TGO growth. Validation using experimental data from thermal cycling tests with high temperature dwell times from few seconds up to 96 h gave evidence of the good predictive quality of the model.     

等离子喷涂梯度热障涂层的抗热震性能

对比研究了等离子喷涂梯度热障涂层与双层热障涂层,试验中梯度热障涂层选用不同比例的NiCoCrAlY与ZrO₂-8%Y₂O₃复合粉末作为梯度过渡层材料,并对两种结构的热障涂层进行了抗热震性能试验。抗热震试验结果表明,梯度热障涂层的抗热震寿命明显高于双层热障涂层的抗热震寿命。     

热障涂层界面形貌和尺寸对热应力的影响

为了研究航空发动机热障涂层的失效机制,以及涂层界面间的三维形貌对涂层热应力的影响,使用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,计算了陶瓷层/粘结层结合界面间6种三维凹坑和凸起形貌单元形状以及尺寸对界面主应力σyy分布的影响规律.结果表明,形貌单元对界面应力有明显的影响,凹坑形貌界面上应力为压应力,凸起应力为拉应力,在形貌最低和最高...     

Oxidation and thermal fatigue of EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings on tube superalloy substrate

Two-layer structure thermal barrier coatings （TBCs） （NiCoCrAIY （bond coat）＋（6%-8%, mass fraction） Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2（YSZ top coat）） were deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition （EB-PVD） on tube superalloy substrates. The samples were investigated by isothermal oxidation and thermal shock tests. It is found that the mass gains of the substrate with and without TBCs are 0.165 and 7.34 mg/cm^2, respectively. So the TBCs system is a suitable protection for the substrate. In thermal shock tests the vertical cracks initiate at the top coat and grow into the bond coat, causing the oxidation of the bond coat along the cracks. Failure of the TBCs system occurs by the spallation of the YSZ from the bond coat, and some micro-cracks are found at the location where the fragment of the YSZ top coat spalled from.