改进响应面法计算钢筋混凝土框架体系可靠度

钢筋混凝土框架结构体系可靠度是评定结构抗震性能的重要指标,也是对既有结构进行加固的评估基础。以框架底层柱端极限弯矩承载力作为参考变量可有效评估框架结构体系可靠度,该方法采用Pushover静力推覆分析,通过研究框架结构底层柱端极限弯矩承载能力对Pushover曲线的影响规律,由Pushover曲线上的基准点推广得到结构失效响应面,从而计算出结构体系可靠度。应用该方法对一榀钢筋混凝土框架进行了体系可靠度计算,计算结果与直接响应面法和蒙特卡洛法分析结果进行对比,结果表明,该方法计算快捷,且能够很好地评估出框架体系抗震可靠度。     

Digital Image Correlation and Noise‐filtering Approach for the Cracking Assessment of Massive Reinforced Concrete Structures

This paper describes the use of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques for the cracking assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) massive beams and walls. DIC is known to provide accurate and detailed information on displacement and strain fields. Non‐contact measurements can be used to evaluate concrete cracking of destructive tests carried out on a wide range of specimen scales. When applied to large RC structures tested outdoors or in difficultly controllable conditions, DIC‐based methods may lead to erroneous results. In this study a post‐processing procedure is presented to cope with noisy full‐field measurements. The proposed cracking assessment approach is validated on a large experimental campaign. Four points bending tests are carried out on RC beams: firstly on full‐scale rectangular beams and then on mock‐ups scaled down by 1/3. In addition, fours RC walls are tested under in‐plane cyclic shear up to failure. Digital images taken throughout the tests are processed by DIC techniques to provide in‐plane displacement and strain fields. Full‐field measurements are post‐processed by the noise‐filtering technique and the cracks patterns are identified. Crack widths are measured and compared with measurements obtained from conventional point‐based sensors (linear variable differential transformer LVDT and fibre‐optic FO transducers). The proposed DIC‐based post‐processing provides accurate estimation of cracks width for most of the tests. The analyses carried out on the two groups of RC beams show a scale‐effect on the cracks width.     

Numerical derivation of pressure–impulse diagrams for prediction of RC column damage to blast loads

Pressure–impulse (P–I) diagrams are commonly used in the preliminary design or assessment of protective structures to establish safe response limits for given blast-loading scenarios. Current practice in generating the pressure–impulse diagram for structure components is primarily based on the simplified single degree of freedom (SDOF) model. The damage criterion is usually defined in terms of deformation or displacement response. Under blast loads, structures usually respond at their local modes, the equivalent SDOF system derived using the fundamental structure response mode might not be suitable. Moreover, structure is often damaged owing to brittle shear failure. In this case, the deformation-based damage criterion might not be able to give an accurate indication of local damage of a structural component. In this paper, a new damage criterion for RC column is defined based on the residual axial load-carrying capacity. A numerical method to generate pressure–impulse diagram for RC column is proposed. Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effects of column dimension, concrete strength, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratio on the pressure–impulse diagram. Based on the numerical results, analytical formulae to predict the pressure–impulse diagram for RC column are derived. A case study shows that the proposed analytical formulae can be easily used to generate pressure–impulse diagram for RC columns accurately. The results are also compared with those obtained from the SDOF approach. It is shown that the proposed method gives better prediction of pressure–impulse diagram than the SDOF approach.     

Automatic generation of stochastically dominant failure modes in frame structures for reliability studies

Structural system design for reliability requires failure probability prediction as bounds or as a unique value. The analysis here refers to plane frame, both steel and reinforced concrete (RC), modelled as a combination of series and parallel systems from the reliability standpoint. Using the concept of failure path probability, stochastically dominant failure modes are identified heuristically taking into account the infinite and limited rotation capacity of steel and RC sections. This paper highlights the advantage of using this strategy as it does away with regeneration of failure modes for RC frames as has been attempted earlier. The heuristic also ensures that no failure mode with a reliability level that can be chosen during the analysis is missed, which contributes significantly to system failure probability.     

Reliability analysis of structures using neural network method

In order to predict the failure probability of a complicated structure, the structural responses usually need to be estimated by a numerical procedure, such as finite element method. To reduce the computational effort required for reliability analysis, response surface method could be used. However the conventional response surface method is still time consuming especially when the number of random variables is large. In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN)-based response surface method is proposed. In this method, the relation between the random variables (input) and structural responses is established using ANN models. ANN model is then connected to a reliability method, such as first order and second moment (FORM), or Monte Carlo simulation method (MCS), to predict the failure probability. The proposed method is applied to four examples to validate its accuracy and efficiency. The obtained results show that the ANN-based response surface method is more efficient and accurate than the conventional response surface method.     

混凝土框架结构火灾连续倒塌数值分析模型

连续倒塌是整体结构的力学行为,为了研究火灾作用下混凝土框架结构整体抗倒塌性能,建立了用于分析钢筋混凝土构件火灾反应的杆系纤维梁模型和板构件的分层壳模型。在构件层次,模型将各积分点的截面划分为若干纤维(层),纤维(层)被赋予不同的材料属性以考虑钢筋和混凝土的贡献,并通过平截面假定来定义构件变形和纤维(层)应变之间的协调关系;在材料层次,模型将温度-应力路径离散为若干加载步,然后在每个加载步内计算纤维(层)在温度和应力耦合作用下的各种应变分量。通过与一系列试验对比,说明了该模型在模拟混凝土梁、柱和楼板时的准确性和高效性。为了模拟整体结构倒塌过程中的不连续位移场,在模型中引入了构件破坏准则和单元生死技术,可以考虑构件破坏造成的内力重分布对整体结构力学响应的影响。最后,通过一个整体框架结构的火灾倒塌模拟,分析其连续倒塌过程和机理。     

基于自适应点估计和最大熵原理的结构体系多构件可靠度分析

准确而高效地求解结构体系中多个构件的可靠度水准对结构维护和优化具有重要意义,目前已有学者将蒙特卡洛法和响应面法用于此类可靠度分析。然而,蒙特卡洛法所需结构分析次数取决于失效概率的量级,通常计算成本较高。而响应面法的所需结构分析次数取决于杆件数量,当其数量较多时同样有较高的成本。鉴于此,该文提出了一种基于自适应点估计和最大熵原理的结构体系多构件可靠度分析方法,其所需的结构重分析次数上限与杆件数量无关,计算过程简便无需迭代。首先,通过引入自适应交叉项判定和双变量降维近似模型求解各杆件的前四阶矩;然后,根据各杆件的前四阶矩,采用最大熵原理求解各杆件的可靠度指标;最后,通过多个算例对比了蒙特卡洛法、响应面法和建议方法的精度和效率。结果表明建议方法所需的结构重分析次数远少于蒙特卡洛法和响应面法,实现过程简便,且精度能够满足工程要求。     

Experimental study on scaling of RC beams under close-in blast loading

Damage effects analysis and assessment of buildings under blast loading is an important problem concerned by the area of explosion accident analysis, blast-resistant design, anti-terrorist and military weapon design.The damage character of RC beam under close-in blast loading is investigated through experiments. The damage modes and damage levels of RC beams are studied under different blast loads. The results show that the spallation area increases with the decrease of the scaled distance. The concrete beams are prone to be damaged in flexure mode with concrete crushed on the front face, concrete spallation on the back surface and concrete flake off on the side surface. The scaling of the dynamic response of reinforced concrete beams subjected to close-in blast loadings is also studied. The test results showed a similar macrostructure damage and fracture in all experiment conditions. But the local damage degree of RC beams with smaller size has been reduced a little as compared with that of beams with larger size. Based on the results, empirical equations of the center deflection to height ratio are proposed to correct scaling model considering size effects.     

Pitting corrosion and structural reliability of corroding RC structures: Experimental data and probabilistic analysis

A stochastic analysis is developed to assess the temporal and spatial variability of pitting corrosion on the reliability of corroding reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The structure considered herein is a singly reinforced RC beam with Y16 or Y27 reinforcing bars. Experimental data obtained from corrosion tests are used to characterise the probability distribution of pit depth. The RC beam is discretised into a series of small elements and maximum pit depths are generated for each reinforcing steel bar in each element. The loss of cross-sectional area, reduction in yield strength and reduction in flexural resistance are then inferred. The analysis considers various member spans, loading ratios, bar diameters and numbers of bars in a given cross-section, and moment diagrams. It was found that the maximum corrosion loss in a reinforcing bar conditional on beam collapse was no more than 16%. The probabilities of failure considering spatial variability of pitting corrosion were up to 200% higher than probabilities of failure obtained from a non-spatial analysis after 50 years of corrosion. This shows the importance of considering spatial variability in a structural reliability analysis for deteriorating structures, particularly for corroding RC beams in flexure.     

Design provisions for crack spacing and width in RC elements externally bonded with FRP

Verification of serviceability is a key issue in reinforced concrete (RC) elements; for RC elements externally bonded with fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) laminates and sheets cracking phenomena are usually verified by adopting the same approach used for steel RC elements. The available code provisions for crack width and spacing in steel RC elements are reviewed in this paper in order to ascertain the reliability of their application to RC elements strengthened with FRP sheets. Experimental results belonging to test programmes performed by the authors and other researchers on RC elements externally bonded with FRP were compared with existing code provisions in terms of crack width and spacing.A new formula for crack spacing, calibrated on the experimental results, is proposed for use in the expression given by the published version of EC2 for calculating crack width in RC elements externally bonded with FRP.     

Behavior and modeling of confined concrete cylinders in axial compression using FRP rings

This study suggests a secondary dense lateral reinforcement for reinforced concrete (RC) columns that are located between the primary lateral reinforcement and concrete surface, which are used to delay the buckling of longitudinal reinforcement and increase the ductility of RC columns. ‘Dense’ means that the spacing of the lateral reinforcement is smaller than the maximum gravel size. This study conducted axial compressive tests on concrete cylinders confined by dense reinforcement in order to improve the effectiveness of the dense lateral reinforcement. FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) rings were used for the reinforcement since they are corrosion resistant. The dense reinforcing method with FRP rings can successfully increase the peak strength of the concrete and the failure strain. The stress–strain curves of the confined concrete became almost bilinear with hardening behavior, which were similar to that of the concrete confined by the jackets of FRP sheets. This study also provides models of stress–strain in an axial direction and lateral strain. Based on the models, this study analyzes the confining effectiveness of the FRP rings on concrete.     

近爆作用下钢筋混凝土板动态破坏的数值模拟研究

当爆炸在结构构件表面发生时,产生的冲击波将会对结构构件造成损伤和破坏,而准确预测潜在的爆炸对结构构件造成的损伤是进行重要建筑物和防护结构抗爆设计的基础。为研究近爆作用下钢筋混凝土板的抗爆性能,采用AUTODYN软件建立了混凝土和钢筋的三维分离式实体模型,数值模型考虑了应变率对钢筋和混凝土材料动力本构特性的影响以及炸药-空气-结构之间的流固耦合相互作用,分析了不同炸药量作用下钢筋混凝土板的损伤机理和破坏特征,合理展现了钢筋混凝土板从混凝土开裂、碎片形成、部分钢筋屈服断裂到板局部震塌的动态演变过程。随着炸药量的增大,钢筋混凝土板的破坏模式逐渐由整体弯曲破坏转变为局部的冲切破坏     

爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土结构的动态响应与破坏模式的数值分析

在爆炸荷载(尤其是脉冲荷载)作用下,除了常见的弯曲破坏形态之外,钢筋混凝土结构还可能发生直剪破坏和弯剪破坏。如何准确地预测爆炸荷载作用下的钢筋混凝土结构动态响应和破坏特征是当前抗爆结构领域十分关注的课题之一。该文介绍作者近年来在这方面的一些研究成果,主要有:将三参数形式的应变速率型材料模型推广应用于二维状态下的混凝土本构关系,建立了弹粘塑性混凝土结构有限元分析方法;基于Timoshenko梁理论和弹粘塑性理论,分别采用有限差分法和有限元法,建立了土中浅埋钢筋混凝土结构动力响应和破坏模式的有限差分和有限元分析方法。对爆炸荷载作用下的典型钢筋混凝土结构计算结果表明:基于Timoshenko梁理论的有限差分分析方法和有限元分析方法能较好地模拟梁的动态响应和弯曲、弯剪以及直剪的破坏模式,而二维弹粘塑性混凝土结构有限元分析方法只能较好地模拟梁的弯曲破坏模式。     

火灾下钢筋混凝土简支板力学响应机理

拉力膜理论针对的是板大变形下开裂状态的研究,对于火灾下板发生大变形尚未开裂的机理缺乏合理的解释。为此该文采用合理的材料热工性能和热-力耦合本构关系,应用ABAQUS有限元软件对火灾下钢筋混凝土简支单向板和双向板的温度场和热力耦合场进行了三维实体有限元分析,在实验验证的基础上深入探讨火灾下混凝土和钢筋的应力变化规律以及钢筋混凝土简支板的力学响应机理。分析结果表明：简支板发生了激烈的应力重分布现象,其变形过程经历弹性、弹塑性、塑性以及受拉开裂四个阶段,在弹塑性和塑性阶段板底混凝土双向受压的倒拱效应使得双向板抗火性能优秀;当火灾下钢筋混凝土简支板实验没有达到力学响应的受拉开裂阶段时,板底直接受火区域不会出现开裂现象;与单向板相比,双向板进入塑性与受拉开裂阶段的时间大幅度延长,且塑性与受拉开裂阶段变形速率减缓,因此其抗火性能更优。     

Corrosion cracking prediction updating of deteriorating RC structures using inspection information

It is well known that the corrosion-induced cracking of reinforced concrete (RC) structures varies in time and space due to the inherent spatial variability of concrete cover, concrete strength, surface chloride concentration and other material, environmental and dimensional properties. A model for predicting the likelihood and extent of RC corrosion-induced cracking considering spatial variability is reviewed. The uncertainties of predictions can be reduced by the effective use of information obtained from visual inspections regarding structural performance, such as cracking proportion and crack width. The paper uses a spatial time-dependent reliability analysis combined with visual inspection data to predict the likelihood and extent of RC corrosion-induced cracking. In this study, RC slabs and beams are used to illustrate the influence of inspection information updating on the future likelihood and extent of corrosion-induced cracking. Concrete strength, concrete cover and the surface chloride concentrations are modelled as spatial variables. Monte-Carlo simulation is employed to calculate the updated cracking proportions. The analysis considers various inspection scenarios which include different inspection intervals, inspection times, cracking proportion and crack width. It was found that the occurrence or observance of cracking changes the future cracking prediction significantly.     

考虑压-拉薄膜效应的围框约束RC板极限抗力分

合理估算大变形条件下梁板构件的极限抗力,对工程设计计算具有重要意义。传统的RC （reinforced concrete）板极限抗力一般由小变形条件下的受压薄膜效应得到,然而RC板构件的灾变断裂大部分出现在大挠度阶段,因此考虑压-拉薄膜效应的极限抗力分析尤为重要。该文将RC板从加载到断裂全过程分为板端受压上升段、混凝土开裂下降段和钢筋拉伸上升段,根据正截面抗弯的钢筋混凝土弹塑性模型得到基于受压薄膜效应的荷载-挠度全曲线。利用经典的挠曲线微分方程并引入抗弯刚度软化系数对挠度进行修正,结合能量原理推导出大变形条件下基于受拉薄膜效应的RC板极限抗力,进一步得到考虑压-拉薄膜效应的荷载-挠度全曲线。计算结果表明,考虑压-拉薄膜效应的RC板极限抗力分析方法可以更合理地预测荷载-挠度全过程,计算结果与相关试验吻合良好,为合理评估RC板的极限承载力提供参考。     

Reliability based design optimization using response surfaces in application to multidisciplinary systems

Traditionally, reliability based design optimization (RBDO) is formulated as a nested optimization problem. For these problems the objective is to minimize a cost function while satisfying the reliability constraints. The reliability constraints are usually formulated as constraints on the probability of failure corresponding to each of the failure modes or a single constraint on the system probability of failure. The probability of failure is usually estimated by performing a reliability analysis. The difficulty in evaluating reliability constraints comes from the fact that modern reliability analysis methods are themselves formulated as an optimization problem. Solving such nested optimization problems is extremely expensive for large scale multidisciplinary systems which are likewise computationally intensive. In this research, a framework for performing reliability based multidisciplinary design optimization using approximations is developed. Response surface approximations (RSA) of the limit state functions are used to estimate the probability of failure. An outer loop is incorporated to ensure that the approximate RBDO converges to the actual most probable point of failure. The framework is compared with the exact RBDO procedure. In the proposed methodology, RSAs are employed to significantly reduce the computational expense associated with traditional RBDO. The proposed approach is implemented in application to multidisciplinary test problems, and the computational savings and benefits are discussed.     

Reliability of reinforced concrete structures under fatigue

This paper focuses on time-variant reliability assessment of deteriorating reinforced concrete structures under fatigue conditions. A strategy combining two time scales, namely the micro-scale of instantaneous structural dynamics (or statics) and the macro-scale of structural lifetime, is proposed. Non-linear response of reinforced concrete structures is simulated by means of the finite element method with adequate material model. A phenomenological fatigue damage model of reinforced concrete is developed and calibrated against experimental results available in the literature. Reliability estimates are obtained within the response surface method using the importance/adaptive sampling techniques and the time-integrated approach. The proposed assessment strategy is illustrated by an example of a concrete arch under fatigue loading. The obtained results show a general inapplicability of local and linear fatigue models to system level of structures.     

Reliability analysis of non-linear reinforced concrete frames using the response surface method

In this paper, a formulation to compute the reliability of reinforced concrete structures, in which physical and geometrical non-linearities are taken into account, is described. The adopted non-linear model allows the representation of the mechanical behaviour of concrete structures at the failure stage, which is governed by possible large displacement effects, softening behaviour of concrete and tension stiffening effects. On the other hand, the reliability model is based on adaptive failure surfaces representing the mechanical model responses. The failure surface is obtained by fitting the internal force ultimate state of the structure using a quadratic polynomial. The structural reliability index is estimated by the Rackwitz and Fiessler algorithm, which has shown to converge after a reduced amount of iterations. A parametric numerical analysis of columns and frames is presented for practical applications, where the partial safety factors proposed by international codes of practice are associated with reliability indexes.     

爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土柱动态响应分析的宏观模型

目前常用于爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土柱动态响应分析的精细化模型,建模复杂、计算效率低,难以在大规模计算中应用。该文研究了纤维模型在模拟爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土柱动态响应和破坏的缺陷,针对该缺陷在纤维模型的基础上引入弹簧单元,建立了爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土柱动态响应分析的宏观模型,并给出了模型参数的确定方法。最后以某典型钢筋混凝土柱为例,分别通过精细化模型和宏观模型对其在不同爆炸工况下的动态响应和破坏进行对比分析,结果表明,提出的宏观模型在计算效率高的同时,能够明显弥补纤维模型的缺陷,达到和精细化模型相近的分析结果。