低温地热发电有机朗肯循环的优化

采用(火用)分析方法及PR状态方程,建立了低温地热发电有机朗肯循环的工质优选及主要参数优化热力学方法.比较计算了以10种干流体有机工质为循环工质的低温地热发电有机朗肯循环的输出功率、(火用)效率及其余主要热力性能.结果表明,低温地热发电有机朗肯循环的性能极大地受工质的物性及蒸发温度的影响.总体来看,随着工质临界温度的升...     

基于Ebsilon的中低温地热发电系统分析

基于Ebsilon软件,对某中低温地热发电系统的闪蒸式发电、纯有机朗肯循环以及有机回热朗肯循环发电方式进行了计算与比较,通过筛选以R245fa作为有机朗肯循环工质的计算结果显示:纯有机朗肯循环比闪蒸式发电能源利用效率可以提高62.9%,而回热有机朗肯循环比纯有机朗肯循环的能源利用效率提高8.7%。计算结果可为中低温地热发电系统能源有效利用提供指导。     

烟气余热驱动复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统热力学分析

文章构建了复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统模型,并利用该模型对复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统的热力学性能进行分析,得到了高温级循环质量流量、低温级循环质量流量、冷却水质量流量、高温级循环净输出功率、低温级循环净输出功率、冷却水泵功耗和系统净输出功率等随工质摩尔组分的变化规律。分析结果表明,高温级循环蒸发泡点温度和高温级蒸发器夹点位置会影响复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环各项性能参数随工质摩尔组分的变化趋势,当高温级循环混合物中环戊烷的摩尔组分为0.8,低温级循环混合物中异丁烷摩尔的组分为0.1时,复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统的净输出功率达到最大值,为92.79 kW,比复叠式纯工质有机朗肯循环系统提高了3.83%。     

低温太阳能热力发电有机朗肯循环工质的选择

为了筛选出适宜于低温太阳能热力发电有机朗肯循环的工质,根据 PR 状态方程计算和分析了采用 11 种低沸点有机流体工质的低温太阳能发电朗肯循环的热力性能.结果表明:随着工质临界温度的升高,有机透平进口处的最大蒸发压力基本呈下降趋势;在凝结温度与有机透平进口温度一定的情况下,临界温度越高的流体,其循环热效率越高;使用正已烷和正戊烷能获得较高的循环热效率,凝汽器中的凝结压力比较适中,是比较适合用作低温太阳能热力发电有机朗肯循环的工质.     

有机朗肯循环低品位能回收技术

有机朗肯循环是回收低品位能的有效途径,对有机朗肯循环的工质、膨胀机等关键技术及实际应用情况进行了介绍。     

利用烟气余热的有机朗肯循环与苦咸水淡化联合系统

针对沿海和西北内陆地区淡水紧缺和工业烟气余热的排放问题,设计了一种有机朗肯循环与苦咸水淡化的联合系统对工业烟气余热进行有效回收,以生产淡水和电能。该联合系统将闪蒸法与有机朗肯循环进行有机结合,通过变参数法计算采用戊烷作为工质的有机朗肯循环的循环效率,确定该系统运行的最佳参数,并与水工质朗肯循环进行对比,证明了联合系统的优越性。     

有机朗肯循环的研究进展

有机朗肯循环是一种被认为能有效利用低温热能的技术。科研工作者在不同方面（包括工质、膨胀机、换热器的影响、系统的优化）对有机朗肯循环系统效率的影响进行了大量的研究。本文针对不同热源的工质筛选、膨胀机的特点、系统循环优化以及换热器的影响方面进行了讨论和总结,为有机朗肯循环系统的实际应用提供参考。     

基于proⅡ的回热/无回热朗肯循环的流程模拟

文中介绍了有回热/无回热有机朗肯循环,并对其进行了理论分析和基于pro II软件对朗肯循环的流程模拟。并针对某化工厂80℃左右的热水,以丁烷为工质,探讨了蒸发器冷源的工质的状态为饱和态和过热态对有回热/无回热朗肯循环的膨胀机输出功和朗肯循环的循环热效率的影响。当工质的状态为饱和状态时,对有无回热的朗肯循环影响不大。但是,当工质的状态为过热态时,有回热的朗肯循环的膨胀机输出功和热循环效率比无回热的朗肯循环要大。这说明增加回热器是很有必要的,它可使能量的回收利用大大增加。     

车用内燃机变工况下有机朗肯循环系统性能的分析

通过试验和理论研究,得出了一台车用柴油机在全工况范围内可用排气能量的变化规律,据此设计了一套有机朗肯循环余热回收系统,分别采用纯工质R245fa和非共沸混合工质R416A作为系统的工作介质。针对车用柴油机有机朗肯循环联合系统,提出了有用功提升率评价指标。通过数值计算,研究了不同柴油机工况下,有机朗肯循环系统和联合系统工作性能的变化规律,得出了有机工质质量流量与柴油机可用排气能量的对应关系。研究结果表明:随着柴油机转速和转矩的增加,两种工质(纯工质R245fa和非共沸混合工质R416A)的有机朗肯循环系统的净输出功率均逐渐增加,最大值分别为30.39kW和28.03kW;两种工质的车用柴油机有机朗肯循环联合系统的有用功提升率最大分别为9.00%(纯工质R245fa)和9.70%(非共沸混合工质R416A);采用非共沸混合工质R416A的性能优于采用纯工质R245fa。     

太阳能超临界有机朗肯循环的工质选择和性能分析

选取R123、R134a、R152a、R22和R245fa 5种有机工质作为候选工质进行太阳能超临界有机朗肯循环的计算和分析。结果表明:当膨胀机出口工质过热度一定时,太阳能超临界有机朗肯循环的热效率高于亚临界工况,且R123在系统热效率方面表现出比其他工质更加明显的优势,是一种较理想的有机工质。以R123为例,蒸发器出口温度一定时,随着蒸发压力的升高,有机朗肯循环的工质流量不断增大。蒸发压力一定时,随着蒸发器出口温度的升高,工质流量不断减小,循环热效率先增后减,存在一个最佳的蒸发器出口温度,此时循环热效率最大。     

A supercritical Rankine cycle using zeotropic mixture working fluids for the conversion of low-grade heat into power

A supercritical Rankine cycle using zeotropic mixture working fluids for the conversion of low-grade heat into power is proposed and analyzed in this paper. Unlike a conventional organic Rankine cycle, a supercritical Rankine cycle does not go through the two-phase region during the heating process. By adopting zeotropic mixtures as the working fluids, the condensation process also happens non-isothermally. Both of these features create a potential for reducing the irreversibilities and improving the system efficiency. A comparative study between an organic Rankine cycle and the proposed supercritical Rankine cycle shows that the proposed cycle can achieve thermal efficiencies of 10.8-13.4% with the cycle high temperature of 393 K-473 K as compared to 9.7-10.1% for the organic Rankine cycle, which is an improvement of 10-30% over the organic Rankine cycle. When including the heating and condensation processes in the system, the system exergy efficiency is 38.6% for the proposed supercritical Rankine cycle as compared to 24.1% for the organic Rankine cycle.     

A comparative thermodynamic analysis of Kalina and organic Rankine cycles for hot dry rock: a prospect study in the Gonghe Basin

Hot dry rock is a new type of geothermal resource which has a promising application prospect in China. This paper conducted a comparative research on performance evaluation of two eligible bottoming cycles for a hot dry rock power plant in the Gonghe Basin. Based on the given heat production conditions, a Kalina cycle and three organic Rankine cycles were tested respectively with different ammonia-water mixtures of seven ammonia mass fractions and nine eco-friendly working fluids. The results show that the optimal ammonia mass fraction is 82% for the proposed bottoming Kalina cycle in view of maximum net power output. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that wet fluids should be supercritical while dry fluids should be saturated at the inlet of turbine, respectively. The maximum net power output of the organic Rankine cycle with dry fluids expanding from saturated state is higher than that of the other organic Rankine cycle combinations, and is far higher than the maximum net power output in all tested Kalina cycle cases. Under the given heat production conditions of hot dry rock resource in the Gonghe Basin, the saturated organic Rankine cycle with the dry fluid butane as working fluid generates the largest amount of net power.     

A review of thermodynamic cycles and working fluids for the conversion of low-grade heat

This paper presents a review of the organic Rankine cycle and supercritical Rankine cycle for the conversion of low-grade heat into electrical power, as well as selection criteria of potential working fluids, screening of 35 working fluids for the two cycles and analyses of the influence of fluid properties on cycle performance. The thermodynamic and physical properties, stability, environmental impacts, safety and compatibility, and availability and cost are among the important considerations when selecting a working fluid. The paper discusses the types of working fluids, influence of latent heat, density and specific heat, and the effectiveness of superheating. A discussion of the 35 screened working fluids is also presented.     

Process integration of organic Rankine cycle

An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) uses an organic fluid as a working medium within a Rankine cycle power plant. ORC offers advantages over conventional Rankine cycle with water as the working medium, as ORC generates shaft-work from low to medium temperature heat sources with higher thermodynamic efficiency. The dry and the isentropic fluids are most preferred working fluid for the ORC. The basic ORC can be modified by incorporating both regeneration and turbine bleeding to improve its thermal efficiency. In this paper, 16 different organic fluids have been analyzed as a working medium for the basic as well as modified ORCs. A methodology is also proposed for appropriate integration and optimization of an ORC as a cogeneration process with the background process to generate shaft-work. It has been illustrated that the choice of cycle configuration for appropriate integration with the background process depends on the heat rejection profile of the background process (i.e., the shape of the below pinch portion of the process grand composite curve). The benefits of integrating ORC with the background process and the applicability of the proposed methodology have been demonstrated through illustrative examples.     

Absorption power cycles for low‐temperature heat sources using aqueous salt solutions as working fluids

There are many low‐temperature heat sources; however, current technologies for their utilization have a relatively low efficiency and high cost. The leading technology in the low‐temperature domain for heat‐to‐work conversion is the organic Rankine cycle (ORC). Absorption power cycles (APCs) are a second option. Nearly all currently known APCs, most importantly the Kalina cycle, use a water‐ammonia mixture as their working fluids. This paper offers a theoretical exploration of the possibility of utilizing aqueous solutions of three salts (lithium bromide, lithium chloride and calcium chloride), known mainly from absorption cooling, as working fluids for APCs. The cycles are compared with a typical steam Rankine cycle, a water‐ammonia APC, and (subcritical) ORCs with a range of working fluids explored. The analysis includes a parasitic load for heat rejection by a cooling tower or air‐cooled condenser. The absorption cycles exhibit better performance than all Rankine‐based cycles analysed in temperatures below 120°C. For the LiBr‐based APC, a detailed thermal design of the cycle is provided for 100°C water as a heat source and a sensitivity analysis is performed of the parameters controlling the main cycle. Mechanical design considerations should not pose a problem for small power units, especially in the case of expansion machines, which are often problematic in ORCs. The salt‐based APCs also carry environmental benefits, as the salts utilized in the working fluids are non‐toxic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Challenges and opportunities of Rankine cycle for waste heat recovery from internal combustion engine

Internal combustion engines (ICEs) are the major consumers of crude oil, and thus improvements in the fuel consumption performance of ICEs would be significant for global energy conservation and emission reduction. Owing to the constraints in the engine structure and combustion efficiency, more than half of the fuel combustion heat in ICEs is wasted. Therefore, ICE waste heat recovery (ICE-WHR) shows huge potential. Rankine cycle (organic or inorganic) provides a promising solution for ICE-WHR, which could balance efficiency and practicality. In this review, recent advances in Rankine cycles for ICE-WHR are summarized and discussed. To evaluate results from various existing studies, a uniform evaluation standard, thermodynamic perfection, was proposed based on the benchmark of the heat source based ideal thermodynamic cycle(H-iCycle), which is determined by achieving ideal thermal matching to external boundary conditions. Based on this, the effects of three major factors (cycle configuration, working fluid, and key components) on the performance of Rankine cycle can be investigated. In addition, a discussion of several application concerns, including backpressure, weight, power output type, off-design performance dynamic response, and control, enables us to gain a comprehensive understanding and assessment of Rankine cycles in ICE-WHR. With respect to working fluids, C_xH_yO_z and siloxanes with high critical temperature (such as cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, and MM) have a satisfactory thermal matching with waste heat sources. Basic Rankine cycles using these working fluids could yield a high thermodynamic perfection of up to 54.1%. With respect to the cycle configuration, cascade Rankine cycles and dual-pressure Rankine cycles are expected to achieve the highest thermodynamic perfection of 62.3%. Finally, major challenges and perspectives for the future development of Rankine cycles in ICE-WHR are discussed. Four promising research directions suggested in this review include the active design of desirable working fluids, advanced cycle configuration design based on “energy utilization according to quality,” integrated scheme research at three levels (component, system, and energy management), and advanced coordinative control.     

Thermal matching performance of a geothermal ORC system using zeotropic working fluids

The thermal matching performance analysis is conducted for a geothermal organic Rankine cycle system using zeotropic mixtures as working fluids. The constant isentropic efficiency is replaced by internal efficiency of an axial flow turbine with given size for each condition, and the zeotropic mixtures of isobutane and isopentane is used as working fluids of the organic Rankine cycle, in order to improve thermal match in evaporator and condenser. The results showed the use of zeotropic mixtures leads to the prominent thermodynamic first law and second law efficiencies, especially at high minimum temperature difference in evaporator (Δt₁), and there exists an optimal thermal performance at some certain mole fraction of isopentane in zeotropic mixtures (x) and Δt₁. The geothermal organic Rankine cycle with x of 0.2 and Δt₁ of 16 K shows the maximal thermodynamic first law and second law efficiency in this research. The geothermal organic Rankine cycle system using zeotropic mixtures shows the optimal overall thermal performance at some certain x, which is not necessary to be the point with the maximal temperature glide. The use of zeotropic mixtures is not always lead to a high thermal to electricity efficiency compared to the pure working fluid, and its overall net power output of P_ORC is even lower than the pure working fluids compositions at some certain x.     

分液冷凝有机朗肯循环系统R245fa/HFOs工质选择研究

有机朗肯循环是中低品位热能高效利用的有效技术之一,分液冷凝有机朗肯循环（LSCORC）是基于分液冷凝传热强化的新型热力循环。为寻找新型环保替代工质,建立LSCORC系统的热力学模型,以最大化净输出功为目标,重点考虑了雅各布数、冷热源换热匹配对系统性能的影响,对R245fa/HFOs工质进行了对比筛选。结果表明：工质的雅各布数越大,其净输出功越小;在基础工况下,R245fa/R1336mzz(Z)的热力性能及热经济性表现最佳;当热源参数变化时,雅各布数较小工质的性能表现普遍优于雅各布数较大的工质组合;当冷源参数变化时,在分液冷凝器两个流程中温度滑移和冷源温升匹配越好的工质组合,其系统净输出功越大。