Co3O4@NC的制备及其电化学性能

过渡金属氧化物是一种超级电容器电极材料。采用共沉淀法制备了立方体Co类普鲁士蓝(Co-PBA)纳米材料,先将Co-PBA在氮气中进行退火,PBA衍生为掺氮的碳纳米盒,得到产物Co@NC,再在空气中250℃下退火,得到Co₃O₄@NC纳米复合材料。Co-PBA材料的微观结构为盒状并均匀分布,平均尺寸约为500 nm。在三电极体系下测试其电化学性能,循环伏安(CV)测试结果显示在不同电流密度下曲线具有相似的形状,拥有良好的对称性,说明该材料制备的电极在充放电时的可逆性较好。Co₃O₄@NC复合材料在电流密度1 A/g时的比电容为1 000.02 F/g,在电流密度5 A/g下充放电2 500次后电容保持率为97.29%,保持了良好的循环稳定性。实验结果表明,Co₃O₄@NC复合材料是一种很有前途的超级电容器电极材料。     

CaMoO4/GO复合材料的制备及其超级电容器性能

采用水热法成功合成了CaMoO₄/氧化石墨烯(GO)纳米复合材料。通过材料的表面形貌、晶体结构和电化学性能研究合成的纳米复合材料。结果表明,CaMoO₄/GO电极在电流密度0.5 A/g时比电容高达571.82 F/g,并且在1 A/g的电流密度下,经过1000次循环后的比电容保持率仍为84%。为了测试电极材料的实际应用效果,全固态超级电容器(ASC)分别使用CaMoO₄/GO和活性炭(AC)作为正极和负极进行组装。组装的ASC在功率密度1710.3 W/kg下显示出25.18 W·h·kg^-1的能量密度,并且能通过串联4个ASC为红色发光二极管供电。上述结果表明CaMoO₄/GO电极材料在高性能储能设备的应用中具有非常大的潜力。     

MXene/聚吡咯复合材料的制备及其超电性能研究

新型材料MXene(过渡金属二维碳化物,氮化物和碳氮化物)由于其良好的电化学活性而被广泛应用于储能材料。聚吡咯因其具有稳定的导电性而常用作超级电容器材料。通过原位聚合法成功制备MXene(Ti_3C_2T_x)和聚吡咯(PPy)复合材料。利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对Ti_3C_2T_x/PPy复合电极材料进行表征,结果表明PPy均匀地包覆在Ti_3C_2T_x表面。这种独特的复合材料展现良好的协同作用,有效提高了电子和离子的传输速率。电化学测试表明:Ti_3C_2T_x和聚吡咯质量比为2∶1时复合材料表现出最好的电化学性能,当电流密度为1 A·g~(-1)时,Ti_3C_2T_x/PPy-2的比电容达到139 F·g~(-1),并且拥有较好的倍率性能。结果表明Ti_3C_2T_x/PPy复合材料可用于制备超级电容器电极材料。     

聚吡咯包覆的硒化铁复合材料电极的制备及其电化学性能

以普鲁士蓝(PB)作为前驱体,通过固相烧结法在氮气环境中制备FeSe₂材料,结合聚吡咯(PPy)优良的导电性能,利用原位氧化聚合法包覆聚吡咯,设计出了FeSe₂@PPy复合材料。在三电极体系中,以2 mol/L KOH溶液为电解液、FeSe₂@PPy复合材料为工作电极、Hg/HgO电极为参比电极,FeSe₂@PPy复合材料表现出了优良的电化学性能：在0.5 A·g^-1电流密度下的比电容高达1 177 F·g^-1。同时也测量了FeSe₂@PPy复合材料电极的循环性能：在0.5 A·g^-1电流密度下,经过3 000次充放电测试后比电容保持率为90.5%。电化学测试结果表明该复合材料在超级电容器应用方面具有一定的优势。     

FeCo2S4/Ni(OH)2的合成及超电容性能研究

将多组分活性材料组合成新的结构用作电极材料是提高超级电容器性能的一种有效措施。采用典型的两步水热法与电沉积法制备了FeCo2S4/Ni(OH)2复合纳米材料,并表征其物理及电化学性能。结果表明,FeCo2S4纳米花被电沉积上的Ni(OH)2纳米片包围,形成三维互连网状结构,有利于电极材料与电解液的充分接触。所得的FeCo2S4/Ni(OH)2复合电极材料显示出极高的比电容(当电流密度为1 A·g^-1时,比电容达1588.2 F·g^-1)、优异的倍率性能及循环稳定性。此外,以FeCo2S4/Ni(OH)2为正极、活性炭为负极组装了非对称超级电容器。结果显示,非对称超级电容器具有高能量密度及良好的循环稳定性。     

CoFe类普鲁士蓝纳米立方的合成及超电容性能

利用化学共沉淀法,制备Co Fe类普鲁士蓝纳米立方(Co Fe PBA)超级电容器电极材料。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品进行物理表征;利用循环伏安法(CV)、恒电流充放电法以及交流阻抗法(EIS)对样品的电化学性能进行研究。结果表明:Co Fe PBA材料为具有面心立方结构的棱长约400 nm的立方颗粒,且表面光滑、颗粒均匀,在氯化钴和铁氰化钾摩尔比为2:1时,产物Co Fe PBA电化学性能最佳,于中性介质1 mol/L硫酸钠溶液中,在1 A/g电流密度下,比电容能达到444.4 F/g,电流密度增大至5 A/g时,比电容仍能保持在423.1 F/g,2000次充放电循环后,在1 A/g电流密度下比电容保持在439 F/g,容量衰减小于2%。     

自组装NiO/还原氧化石墨烯复合材料及其超级电容性能研究

通过水热法制备得到α-Ni(OH)₂,在甲酰胺溶剂中,通过机械振荡结合超声对其进行剥离,得到厚度约为1.1 nm的Ni(OH)₂纳米片,与氧化石墨烯(GO)悬浮液混合后,静电自组装得到Ni(OH)₂/GO,经高温热处理获得NiO/还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)复合材料。同时研究了NiO/rGO的结构、形貌及其用作超级电容器电极材料的电化学性能。形貌表征显示NiO/rGO呈层-层形貌,N₂吸-脱附实验表明复合材料存在介孔结构。在KOH电解液中,1 A/g电流密度下NiO/rGO的比容量为1564 F/g,远高于初始Ni(OH)₂和单纯的NiO;组装的NiO/rGO//石墨烯水凝胶(GH)非对称超级电容器(ASC)器件,充放电电位窗口为0～1.6 V,10 A/g电流密度下经1000次充放电循环的比容量保持率达84.2%。     

钴酸锰/泡沫镍复合电极材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

利用两步法成功制备出两种MnCo_2O_4纳米等级结构材料,研究了其电化学性能。结果证实得到的纳米片为MnCo_2O_4纳米等级结构,并均匀生长在泡沫镍基底上,电化学性质测试表明,这种纳米片/泡沫镍复合电极表现出优异的电化学性质。这种优异的性质与介孔的Mn Co2O4纳米片这一新颖的结构有密切的关系,5 A/g时的比电容值高达475 F/g。MnCo_2O_4/泡沫镍复合材料是一种非常有潜力的超级电容电极材料,MnCo_2O_4纳米材料结构和形貌对超级电容器电极材料的电化学性质有较大的影响。     

聚苯胺-MnFe类普鲁士蓝复合材料的超电容性能

MnFe类普鲁士蓝(MnHCF)作为超级电容器电极材料具有高比电容和优良的循环稳定性,但导电性不佳限制了其应用,通过将其与聚苯胺等高电导率材料复合可以极大改善这一问题。传统的两步制备方法工艺繁琐,干扰因素较多。本研究利用MnO_2纳米棒作原材料在室温下一步合成了聚苯胺-MnFe类普鲁士蓝复合材料(PANI-MnHCF)。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品进行物理表征,使用循环伏安法(CV)、恒电流充放电法以及交流阻抗法(EIS)对样品电化学性能进行测试。结果表明:成功合成了堆砌为规则块状结构的PANI-MnHCF。在0.5 mol/L中性Na_2SO_4电解液中,1 A/g电流密度下,比电容达276.4 F/g;电流密度增大至5 A/g后,比电容仍能保持225.2 F/g;2000次充放电循环测试后,容量保持率为70.2%。     

高性能超级电容器用氧化钌/氮掺杂多孔碳复合材料的研究

采用快速、简便的两步合成法,将RuO_2纳米粒子均匀地负载在氮掺杂多孔碳(NPCs)上,形成RuO_2/NPCs复合材料。首先以壳聚糖为前驱体,SiO_2纳米颗粒为硬模板,制备出比表面积高、呈三维多孔结构的氮掺杂多孔碳材料;在此基础上,将RuO_2纳米粒子通过溶胶-凝胶法均匀负载到NPCs碳骨架的表面和孔隙中,得到RuO_2/NPCs-800复合材料。研究结果表明,RuO_2均匀负载在NPCs的碳骨架上,有效地提高了复合材料的导电性;同时,电化学性能测试显示,RuO_2对复合材料的电化学性能有显著提高,当电流密度为0.5 A/g时,RuO_2/NPCs-800复合材料的比电容高达411.5 F/g,相当于同等条件下NPCs(123.9 F/g)的3.3倍;同时显示较好的循环稳定性,在5 A/g电流密度下,5000次循环后,只有6.3%比电容降低。     

Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Networks for High Energy Density Supercapacitors Derived from Polyaniline Coated Bacterial Cellulose

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is used as both template and precursor for the synthesis of nitrogen‐doped carbon networks through the carbonization of polyaniline (PANI) coated BC. The as‐obtained carbon networks can act not only as support for obtaining high capacitance electrode materials such as activated carbon (AC) and carbon/MnO₂ hybrid material, but also as conductive networks to integrate active electrode materials. As a result, the as‐assembled AC//carbon‐MnO₂ asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits a considerably high energy density of 63 Wh kg^?1 in 1.0 m Na₂SO₄ aqueous solution, higher than most reported AC//MnO₂ asymmetric supercapacitors. More importantly, this asymmetric supercapacitor also exhibits an excellent cycling performance with 92% specific capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. Those results offer a low‐cost, eco‐friendly design of electrode materials for high‐performance supercapacitors.     

Fabrication of Hybrid Supercapacitor by MoCl5 Precursor-Assisted Carbonization with Ultrafast Laser for Improved Capacitance Performance

Hybrid supercapacitors use electric double-layer capacitance and Faradaic pseudocapacitance as energy storage mechanisms. This type of supercapacitor is becoming a prime candidate for next-generation energy storage devices, with advantages in terms of energy density, specific capacitance, and life cycle. However, reducing the electrode area and increasing the specific capacitance of hybrid supercapacitors remain challenging. In this study, a MoCl₅ Precursor-assisted Ultrafast Laser Carbonization (MPAULC) method to fabricate symmetric hybrid supercapacitors with improved capacitance and reduced size is proposed. The method uses an ultrafast laser to induce the formation of carbon/MoO₃ composite with the assistance of the MoCl5 precursor. This ultrafast laser carbonization method exhibited high processing precision. The role of the precursor in laser processing is studied using time-resolved imaging and temperature calculations. The specific area capacitance of the C/MoO₃ hybrid supercapacitor is 11.85 mF cm⁻², 9.2 times higher than that of the laser-induced carbon supercapacitor without precursor. The MPAULC method provides a reliable pathway for fabricating miniaturized hybrid supercapacitors with carbon/metal oxide composite electrodes on polymer substrates.     

Self-Supported Ni<Subscript>0.85</Subscript>Se Nanosheets Array on Carbon Fiber Cloth for a High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitor

In this work, Ni_0.85Se nanosheets array electrode material was prepared with carbon fiber cloth (CFC) as a substrate. Owing to their special structure, the Ni_0.85Se nanosheets array exhibits an outstanding energy storage property with a superior specific capacitance (820 F/g) and great rate capability (83.17%). Moreover, the Ni_0.85Se electrode presents an great cycling performance with 82.63% retention after 10,000 cycles. The asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was fabricated based on Ni_0.85Se positive and activated carbon (AC) negative electrode materials, with KOH/PVA gel as the electrolyte, respectively. A highest energy density of 29 W h kg^?1 was achieved at a power density of 779 W kg^?1 under the optimal potential range of 1.6 V. Furthermore, the Ni_0.85Se//AC ASC devices demonstrate a great cycling performance of 81.25% capacitance retention after 5000 charge–discharge cycles. These excellent performance provide strong evidence to confirm the conclusion that Ni_0.85Se nanosheets array used as electrode materials in supercapacitors and Ni_0.85Se//AC asymmetric supercapacitors hold significant potential in the field of energy storage.     

碳纳米管-氢氧化镍复合电极电化学电容器

采用催化裂解法制备了碳纳米管并进一步制备了碳纳米管薄膜电极。基于该种材料的超电容器电极比容量为36 F/g。研究了在碳纳米管薄膜基体上使用电化学方法沉积氢氧化镍的新工艺,制备出碳纳米管/氢氧化镍复合电极。伏安特性曲线以及直流充放电实验证明复合电极的单电极比容量达到63 F/g,交流阻抗谱证明复合电极具有优良的阻抗特性。     

A High Energy Density Asymmetric Supercapacitor from Nano‐architectured Ni(OH)2/Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

The demand for advanced energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and lithium‐ion batteries has been increasing to meet the application requirements of hybrid vehicles and renewable energy systems. A major limitation of state‐of‐art supercapacitors lies in their relatively low energy density compared with lithium batteries although they have superior power density and cycle life. Here, we report an additive‐free, nano‐architectured nickel hydroxide/carbon nanotube (Ni(OH)₂/CNT) electrode for high energy density supercapacitors prepared by a facile two‐step fabrication method. This Ni(OH)₂/CNT electrode consists of a thick layer of conformable Ni(OH)₂ nano‐flakes on CNT bundles directly grown on Ni foams (NFs) with a very high areal mass loading of 4.85 mg cm^?2 for Ni(OH)₂. Our Ni(OH)₂/CNT/NF electrode demonstrates the highest specific capacitance of 3300 F g^?1 and highest areal capacitance of 16 F cm^?2, to the best of our knowledge. An asymmetric supercapacitor using the Ni(OH)₂/CNT/NF electrode as the anode assembled with an activated carbon (AC) cathode can achieve a high cell voltage of 1.8 V and an energy density up to 50.6 Wh/kg, over 10 times higher than that of traditional electrochemical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs).     

模板法制备超级电容器活性炭电极材料

以硅溶胶为模板剂,酚醛树脂为炭源,采用模板法制备了超级电容器活性炭电极材料。利用SEM和BET对实验制备的活性炭进行了分析和表征。以实验研制的活性炭为电极材料,通过循环伏安和恒流充放电测试对其电容性能进行了研究。结果表明:实验研制的活性炭的比表面积为1840m2/g,在7.5×10–3A/cm2的电流密度下,其比容达到290F/g。     

5V型活性炭基超电容器的研制

详细探讨了活性炭基超电容器的电化学特性。直流充放电、循环伏安以及交流阻抗等实验显示了采用二次刻蚀方法制备的活性炭材料具有良好的容量性能和功率特性,活性物质的比容量为173.2 F/g,在大功率充放电条件下以活性物质为电极的电容器的比能量大于5.0 Wh / kg。采用新型工艺开发的 5 V小型电容器电容量达到3 F以上且电容器电阻低于120 mΩ,具有良好的电化学特性。     

Dual Support System Ensuring Porous Co–Al Hydroxide Nanosheets with Ultrahigh Rate Performance and High Energy Density for Supercapacitors

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are promising supercapacitor electrode materials due to their high specific capacitances. However, their electrochemical performances such as rate performance and energy density at a high current density, are rather poor. Accordingly, a facile strategy is demonstrated for the synthesis of the integrated porous Co–Al hydroxide nanosheets (named as GSP‐LDH) with dual support system using dodecyl sulfate anions and graphene sheets as structural and conductive supports, respectively. Owing to fast ion/electron transport, porous and integrated structure, the GSP‐LDH electrode exhibits remarkably improved electrochemical characteristics such as high specific capacitance (1043 F g^?1 at 1 A g^?1) and ultra‐high rate performance capability (912 F g^?1 at 20 A g^?1). Moreover, the assembled sandwiched graphene/porous carbon (SGC)//GSP‐LDH asymmetric supercapacitor delivers a high energy density up to 20.4 Wh kg^?1 at a very high power density of 9.3 kW kg^?1, higher than those of previously reported asymmetric supercapacitors. The strategy provides a facile and effective method to achieve high rate performance LDH based electrode materials for supercapacitors.     

热处理对纳米α-MnO2电容特性的影响

采用化学沉淀法制备出超级电容器用纳米MnO2电极材料,研究了热处理工艺对MnO2电容性能的影响。结果表明,产物主相为α-MnO2,粒度分布较均匀,在50～100 nm;热处理温度和时间对MnO2的电容性能有着重要影响。将在300℃热处理3 h的MnO2与活性炭电极组成非对称超级电容器,循环充放电500次,容量仅衰减2.24%;在电流密度为500 mA/g时,比电容量达302.52 F/g。