中国城乡地区的生态卫生

在今后的几十年中，中国的城市污水处理领域将需要上百亿美元的投资。当前通过增加城市环境投资来改善水质的做法受到了全球专家的赞许，但是在将卫生策略与高度非逆转投资结合在一起之前，中国应该考虑替代卫生概念的可用性。许多科学家、政策顾问及实业家都高度重视生态卫生，因为从生态和经济意义上讲生态卫生比传统卫生体系更具持续性。通过分析中国的水资源现状、环保法规及水务投资等，指出实施生态卫生工程的必要性，并提出了城市生态卫生的价值链。根据中国城市生态卫生试点项目的经验，详细说明了有关的政策问题。     

源分离技术的国内外研发进展及应用现状

污水末端处理的最大缺陷是以大量清洁水稀释人粪、尿等排泄物,并经管道收集、输送后进行集中处理。现代生活中卫生而不生态的水冲便器不仅浪费和污染大量水资源,而且也彻底阻断了营养物质回归土地的生态之路。因此,污水末端处理方式日益受到质疑。粪便与尿液从源头分离可从根本上改变末端处理的弊端,原生态的生活习惯可通过粪、尿液分离便器达到既生态又卫生的目的。从尿液源分离概念及优越性入手,首先概述了包括生态卫生(ECOSAN)在内的源分离技术最新研究进展。其次,总结并讨论了源分离技术在国内外的工程应用实例。最后,对源分离技术的未来发展进行了展望。     

天津市生态环境修复水资源保障非工程措施分析

生态环境修复是一个具有生态、环境和自然属性的概念,既反映了水资源和水环境的承载能力、水生态系统的可持续功能,也反映了水生态系统保障社会可持续发展的能力。本研究侧重于对生态环境修复水资源保障非工程措施进行分析,力求探索出切实可行的非工程措施,为生态环境水资源管理提供借鉴。     

大坝“灰色足迹”概念及评价体系探讨

大坝能够改变水资源天然分配不均的状况,在防洪、供水和发电等方面具有重要的作用.但是,大坝建设在促进经济社会发展的同时,也引起了一系列的生态与环境问题,进而制约我国经济社会发展.忽视水利水电工程生态负面效应和对水利水电工程的生态作用进行全面否定的观点都是片面的.针对水利水电工程的生态特点,首次提出大坝的"灰色足迹"理念,构建大坝的"灰色足迹"评价指标体系,探讨江河开发的灰色结果.     

生态化居住区景观艺术设计初探

针对居住区生态设计的概念进行了阐述,结合居住区生态设计原则,从水资源的优化和植物资源的优化两方面入手,介绍了居住区景观生态设计途径,包括节水灌溉技术、雨水收集、水资源循环利用、乡土植物的利用等,以建设真正的生态居住区。     

生态城市规划的理念与实践——以中新天津生态城总体规划为例

阐述对生态概念的理解,指出中新天津生态城的示范意义,采用了"先底后图"的规划方法和生态主导型规划方法,从公共政策、平面布局理念、控制导则3个层面突出"生态"的主导地位,在"自然生态格局、用地布局模式、绿色交通理念、生态社区模式、文化保护理念、水资源利用理念和能源利用理念"7个方面总结平面布局理念的创新点。     

给排水管网及污水再生利用系统优化研究

当前,城市对水资源的需求量在不断增加,使建设水资源集约型工作更加紧迫。文章以我国某市新区的给水工程、污水工程等为例进行分析,对城市建设中给水管网建设、雨水生态利用、污染管网建设和污水资源再利用工程等方面内容进行了探究,提出优化方案,可供参考。     

水资源资产负债表的编制探讨

编制自然资源资产负债表是推动生态文明建设的关键制度前提,水资源资产负债表作为其中不可或缺的部分,其编制对丰富资产负债表的内容、推进生态文明建设具有重要意义。在国内外自然资源研究的基础上,对水资源资产负债表三大要素进行了详细论述和科学界定,并结合水资源存量与流量并重的特点,利用实物量与价值量相结合的双重计量法核算水资源,遵循"数量、质量、价值量并重"等原则,构建了我国水资源资产负债表基本框架。     

居住小区再生水供水系统的优化设计研究

结合某大型居住区的特点,分别对再生水集流方式、水量平衡计算、中水处理站位置以及工艺方案进行了研究,并提出了较为合理的方案.为达到再生水"先观后用"的目的,将再生水工程与人工景观带充分结合,处理站出水达标后,进入人工景观带,在景观带内经过人工生态及慢滤系统后,供给各用水点,扩大了可利用的水资源范围和水的有效利用程度,实现了水资源可持续发展和利用.     

中新天津生态城的市政排水泵站生态设计

中新天津生态城的市政排水泵站在遵循生态设计总体思路的基础上,充分利用"四新"技术,工程中应用了水资源循环利用、水流三维计算流体力学模拟、屋顶光伏发电、变频控制及离子除臭、监控管理系统等新技术,积累了宝贵经验,可为类似工程提供参考和借鉴。     

Assessment of greywater reuse as a potential mitigation measure for water shortages and sanitation problems in senior high schools

The study assessed water shortages and its effects on sanitation in Senior High Schools using structured questionnaires involving water availability, water use pattern and perception of greywater reuse. Additionally, an observation of the sanitation situation was done to validate the responses. The study found that water availability was an issue as this caused students to use more than an hour round trip to access water resulting in poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Meanwhile, an average greywater generation rate of 14.5 L per person per day, is always disposed of despite its potential reuse. Greywater reuse was accepted by respondents as 59% proposed reusing it if available for non‐potable applications (94%) such as toilet cleaning and flushing. This is because, there is a significant association between cleanliness of the toilet facilities and usage (P < 0.05). Respondents who declined greywater reuse cited health risks (58%), uncomfortable feeling (37%) and cultural issue (5%).     

国外世博会在环卫方面的做法及对上海世博会环卫规划的启示

为促进上海世博会环卫规划的编制工作,通过介绍分析国外世博会环卫设施建设、运营和后续利用方面的做法,从垃圾管理、保洁和公厕配置等方面探讨了对上海世博会环卫规划的启示,强调规划应突出生态和谐与循环经济的理念。     

绿色生态住宅结构

解析了绿色生态住宅的内涵,从绿色生态绿化系统、能源系统、水系统、气系统、声系统、光系统、热系统、环卫系统、建筑材料系统、人文环境等方面介绍了绿色生态住宅的基本要求,指出绿色生态住宅是一项绿色系统工程,它需要各系统的协同发展,从而构建出一个完美的绿色生态住宅。     

以技术创新为导向，构建生态环保的环卫设施——中国2010年上海世博会园区环境卫生规划研究

2010年上海世博会园区环境卫生规划的难点是对垃圾气力管道输送系统和公厕的规划.垃圾气力管道输送系统规划主要包括收集中心、输送管道和垃圾投放口规划,应充分考虑世博会后续开发利用要求,确保灵活的可扩展性.世博会公厕规划在对公厕数量、厕位数量、厕位比例、建筑形式等研究的基础上进行规划,力求在数量和功能上满足使用者的要求,并充分体现生态环保理念.     

Community Catalyst: Building a Water Sanitation System for Social Inclusion in Winneba,Ghana

Located on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in Ghana, West Africa, the city of Winneba boasts one of the important ecological wetlands inscribed on the list of Ramsar Sites. However, Winneba faces daunting environmental, economic and social challenges—e.g. water sanitation crisis, infrastructure deficiency, environmental degradation, gender inequality, and social conflicts—interacting with each other to create a vicious cycle. Based on a collaborative workshop, a “crowd-sourcing” decisionmaking process, on-site fieldworks, and an Interactive Web Map, the project team develops in-depth study of the social context and traditional customs of Winneba. A water sanitation system, also as a network of public spaces that facilitates ecological and social improvement, is proposed. It includes drainage systems, rain gardens, water kiosks, orchards, public biogas toilets, and organic waste collection stations. Combining a three-phase implementation, i.e. establish the concept of public space, create a site through collaborative work, and connect communities, the project team introduces a bottom-up incentive system that encourages local community residents to collaborate and participate in constructing and maintaining the public space system for their communities, so as to improve the wellbeing of the communities and the city. Not just proving a design strategy for a kind of public space or a plan for a network of urban green space system, this project sets an exemplar to long-term sustainable management of water sanitation system through self-government of residents and communities in developing countries.     

浅谈水资源生态足迹和生态承载力的研究

根据生态足迹分析方法,建立了水资源生态足迹概念模型,并计算了西安市2005年水资源生态足迹和生态承载力,为地区水资源的可持续利用与管理提供了科学的依据,同时提出了在不降低人们生活水平的前提下减少水资源赤字应采取的方法。     

南非的供水和公共卫生服务：不断增强的可持续性

在1994年，南非有三分之一的人口无法在合理运输距离内获得安全的饮用水，同时有一半人口没有用上像样的厕所。新的民主政府确立了改善供水和卫生设施的宏伟发展目标，并通过以包容性规划和实施策略为支撑的需求响应途径来达成这一目标。但由于需求规模造成的压力，最终致使改善供水的实施措施转向自上而下、供给主导的途径。尽管存在着实现规模经济的可能性，但服务供应的单位成本却显著增加了。同时，效能控制的重点被放在基础设施供给和支出方面，而非基础设施质量、成本效用和使用性能。对落实既定目标要求的强调，却导致市民／使用者的声音和权力在政策制定、约束服务提供者责任方面遭到削弱。本文讨论了现有措施在可持续性上所面临的重大风险，并对地方政府改善供水和公共卫生服务方面提出了建议。     

Comparison of engineering costs of raw freshwater, reclaimed water and seawater for toilet flushing in Hong Kong

Hong Kong is one of the very few coastal cities in the world that use ‘dual water supply systems’. Dual water supply involves two distribution systems: a freshwater system for potable use and a seawater system for toilet flushing. This study looks into the feasibility, from an engineering cost point of view, of extending seawater supply into districts where potable water is still being used for toilet flushing, including South District of Hong Kong Island, Sai Kung, Northern New Territories and Northwest New Territories. Besides seawater, raw (untreated) freshwater and reclaimed water (treated effluent from local sewage treatment works) are also considered to be used for toilet flushing for these districts. Six cases are developed for comparison by using the lowest net present value of cost criterion. The result shows that using seawater for toilet flushing in these districts has the best engineering economy.     

SUSTAINABILITY OF TOILET FLUSHING WATER SUPPLY IN HONG KONG

Hong Kong is an Asian city with nearly 7 million people. Because of the lack of natural resources, the local water supply is not adequate to meet the demand. Fresh water supply in Hong Kong relies on the cross border import of water from the East River (Dongjiang) in China. To conserve fresh water, seawater has been used for toilet flushing since the 1950s. In this paper, the current status of seawater for toilet flushing in Hong Kong is reviewed, and the future strategy toward sustainable toilet flushing water supply, including other alternatives, is discussed.     

邯郸市城市生态水网工程的规划研究

针对城市水环境质量在城市生态环境中的重要性,论述了城市水资源循环模式,以邯郸市城市生态水网工程为例,分析了目前生态水环境存在的问题,并探讨了北方城市水环境的规划、修复和生态利用.