Ionic conductivity and dielectric studies of acid doped cellulose acetate propionate solid electrolyte for supercapacitor

Phosphoric acid doped cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as plasticizer was investigated. Ionic conductivities and dielectric studies were carried at different temperature with varying concentration of H₃PO₄ using AC impedance method. The highest conductivity was 8.1 × 10^?4 S cm^?1 at 343 K and a long tail was featured in dielectric studies indicating good capacitance nature of the electrolyte. Interactions between added constituents were observed in FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry studies. Thin and compact fabricated supercapacitor demonstrated specific capacitance of 64 F g^?1 using cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, the supercapacitor properties like AC impedance and charge‐discharge were studied. Stability was up to 96% at 1000th cycle. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:196–203, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Synthesis and characterization of poly(2‐ethylaniline)–poly(styrenesulfonic acid) and poly(o‐phenetidine)–poly(styrenesulfonic acid) complexes

This research focuses on the synthesis of ethyl and ethoxy substituted polyaniline with poly(styrenesulfonic acid) comprising a poly(o‐phenetidine)–poly(styrenesulfonic acid) [P(O? P)‐PSSA] and poly(2‐ethylaniline)–poly(styrenesulfonic acid) [P(2‐E)‐PSSA]. The complexes P(O? P)‐PSSA and P(2‐E)‐PSSA were prepared by chemical polymerization of monomer (o‐phenetidine, 2‐ethylaniline) with PSSA using an oxidant of ammonium persulfate in 1M HCl solution; polyaniline (PANI), poly(2‐ethylaniline) (P2E), poly(o‐pheneditine) (POP), and polyaniline‐poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PANI‐PSSA) also were prepared by chemical polymerization to be the reference samples. The products were characterized by IR, VIS, EPR, water solubility, elemental analysis, conductivity, SEM, and TEM. IR spectral studies shown that the structure of P(2‐E)‐PSSA and P(O? P)‐PSSA complexes is similar to that of polyaniline. EPR and visible spectra indicate the formation of polarons. The morphology of the blend was investigated by measured SEM and TEM, indicating the conducting component and electrically conductive property of the polymer complexes. The pH value for deprotonation [pH ≥ 9.5 for P(2‐E)‐PSSA and pH ≥ 8.0 for P(O? P)‐PSSA] are higher than that of corresponding HCl salts, indicating an intimate interaction between polymer chains. Elemental analysis results show that P(O? P)‐PSSA has a nitrogen‐to‐sulfur ratio of ～52%, larger than that for P(2‐E)‐PSSA, ～41%. The conductivity of the complexes is around 10^?2S/cm, and the solubility of P(2‐E)‐PSSA and P(O? P)‐PSSA in water is 2.9 and 1.9 g/L, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1198–1205, 2005     

Ionic conductivity,dielectric behavior,and HATR–FTIR analysis onto poly(methyl methacrylate)–poly(vinyl chloride) binary solid polymer blend electrolytes

Solid polymer electrolytes comprising blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as host polymers and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) as dopant salt were prepared by solution‐casting technique. The ionic conductivity and dielectric behavior were investigated by using AC‐impedance spectroscopy in the temperature range of 298–353 K. The highest ionic conductivity of (1.11 ± 0.09)×10^?6 S cm^?1 is obtained at room temperature. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity plots showed that these polymer blend electrolytes obey Arrhenius behavior. Conductivity–frequency dependence, dielectric relaxation, and dielectric moduli formalism were also further discussed. Apart from that, the structural characteristic of the polymer blend electrolytes was characterized by means of horizontal attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (HATR–FTIR) spectroscopy. HATR–FTIR spectra divulged the interaction between PMMA, PVC, and LiTFSI. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

A redox‐mediator‐doped gel polymer electrolyte applied in quasi‐solid‐state supercapacitors

Methylene blue (MB) redox mediator was introduced into polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVA/PVP) blend host to prepare a gel polymer electrolyte (PVA‐PVP‐H₂SO₄‐MB) for a quasi‐solid‐state supercapacitor. The electrochemical properties of the supercapacitor with the prepared gel polymer electrolyte were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and self‐discharge measurements. With the addition of MB mediator, the ionic conductivity of gel polymer electrolyte increased by 56% up to 36.3 mS·cm^?1, and the series resistance reduced, because of the more efficient ionic conduction and higher charge transfer rate, respectively. The electrode specific capacitance of the supercapacitor with PVA‐PVP‐H₂SO₄‐MB electrolyte is 328 F·g^?1, increasing by 164% compared to that of MB‐undoped system at the same current density of 1 A·g^?1. Meanwhile, the energy density of the supercapacitor increases from 3.2 to 10.3 Wh·kg^?1. The quasi‐solid‐state supercapacitor showed excellent cyclability over 2000 charge/discharge cycles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39784.     

Miscibility,water uptake,ion exchange capacity,conductivity and dielectric studies of poly(methyl methacrylate) and cellulose acetate blends

In the last few decades, polymer blends with good miscibility and conductivity have been the focus of study for material scientists. Here, polymer blends of Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and Cellulose acetate (CA) of varying blend compositions have been prepared by solution casting method and their miscibility, water uptake, ion exchange capacity (IEC) proton conductivity, and dielectric properties have been studied. Dimethyl formamide (DMF) was used as solvent. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements have been used to analyze the miscibility of the blends. Up to 50/50 PMMA/CA, water uptake showed an increasing trend and for other compositions the value decreased. Ion exchange capacity and conductivity of the blends decreased with increase in PMMA content of the blends. The variations in the blend properties have been attributed to the presence of specific interactions and exchangeable groups in the blend system. The proton conductivity of the blends is in the order of 10^?3 S cm^?1. Impedance analysis of the blends indicated the absence of any relaxation phenomenon in the blend system. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3074–3081, 2013     

Effect of Prolonged Duration of Gelatinization in Starch and Incorporation with Potassium Iodide on the Enhancement of Ionic Conductivity

Three systems of starch-based crust electrolytes were prepared using various gelatinization times, various weight percentages (wt%) of starch, and various wt% of starch incorporated into potassium iodide. All the samples were subjected to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transference number measurements. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that 1.7?wt% of starch has maximized the room temperature conductivity of the electrolyte to 1.4587?×?10^?4?S?cm^?1. The conductivity was enhanced to 4.5278?×?10^?4?S?cm^?1 on the increment of starch’s wt% from 1.7 to 3.2. This conductivity was further enhanced to 3.4609?×?10^?3?S?cm^?1 on the addition of 0.3?wt% of potassium iodide. The conductivity enhancement was found due to the formation of glucosyl carboxonium ions. The effect of longer heating time in gelatinization is attributed to the formation of glucosyl carboxonium ions. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy affirms the reduction in crystallinity of starch. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows the porous morphology of starch electrolyte, and addition of potassium iodide shows the morphology of bean nuts like particles seated on the pores. Fourier transform infrared confirms the degradation of starch. Transference number measurements of the crust electrolyte shows that ions are the dominant conducting species. All the results are authenticating that the conductivity enhancement in starch-based crust electrolyte is due to starch and the addition of inorganic salts.     

1H NMR,thermal, and conductivity studies on PVAc based gel polymer electrolytes

The lithium‐ion conducting gel polymer electrolytes (GPE), PVAc‐DMF‐LiClO₄ of various compositions have been prepared by solution casting technique. ¹H NMR results reveal the existence of DMF in the gel polymer electrolytes at ambient temperature. Structure and surface morphology characterization have been studied by X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. Thermal and conductivity behavior of polymer‐ and plasticizer‐salt complexes have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), TG/DTA, and impedance spectroscopy results. XRD and SEM analyses indicate the amorphous nature of the gel polymer‐salt complex. DSC measurements show a decrease in T_g with the increase in DMF concentrations. The thermal stability of the PVAc : DMF : LiClO₄ gel polymer electrolytes has been found to be in the range of (30–60°C). The dc conductivity of gel polymer electrolytes, obtained from impedance spectra, has been found to vary between 7.6 × 10^?7 and 4.1 × 10^?4 S cm^?1 at 303 K depending on the concentration of DMF (10–20 wt %) in the polymer electrolytes. The temperature dependence of conductivity of the polymer electrolyte complexes appears to obey the VTF behavior. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Studies of solvent effect on the conductivity of 2‐mercaptopyridine‐doped solid polymer blend electrolytes and its application in dye‐sensitized solar cells

Solvents and electrolytes play an important role in the fabrication of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). We have studied the poly(ethylene oxide)‐poly(methyl methacrylate)‐KI‐I₂ (PEO‐PMMA‐KI‐I₂) polymer blend electrolytes prepared with different wt % of the 2‐mercaptopyridine by solution casting method. The polymer electrolyte films were characterized by the FTIR, X‐ray diffraction, electrochemical impedance and dielectric studies. FTIR spectra revealed complex formation between the PEO‐PMMA‐KI‐I₂ and 2‐mercaptopyrindine. Ionic conductivity data revealed that 30% 2‐mercaptopyridine‐doped PEO‐PMMA‐KI‐I₂ electrolyte can show higher conductivity (1.55 × 10^?5 S cm^?1) than the other compositions (20, 40, and 50%). The effect of solvent on the conductivity and dielectric of solid polymer electrolytes was studied for the best composition (30% 2‐mercaptopyridine‐doped PEO‐PMMA‐KI‐I₂) electrolyte using various organic solvents such as acetonitrile, N,N‐dimethylformamide, 2‐butanone, chlorobenzene, dimethylsulfoxide, and isopropanol. We found that ac‐conductivity and dielectric constant are higher for the polymer electrolytes processed from N,N‐dimethylformamide. This observation revealed that the conductivity of the solid polymer electrolytes is dependent on the solvent used for processing and the dielectric constant of the film. The photo‐conversion efficiency of dye‐sensitized solar cells fabricated using the optimized polymer electrolytes was 3.0% under an illumination of 100 mW cm^?2. The study suggests that N,N‐dimethylformamide is a good solvent for the polymer electrolyte processing due to higher ac‐conductivity beneficial for the electrochemical device applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42489.     

Dielectric and electrical characterization of (PEO–PMMA)–LiBF<Subscript>4</Subscript>–EC plasticized solid polymer electrolyte films

Plasticized solid polymer electrolytes (PSPEs) consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend (50/50 wt%) based matrix with lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF₄) as dopant ionic salt (10 wt%) and varied concentrations (x = 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt%) of ethylene carbonate (EC) as plasticizer have been prepared. Classical solution-cast (SC) and the ultrasonic assisted followed by microwave irradiated (US–MW) solution-cast methods have been used for the preparation of (PEO–PMMA)–LiBF₄–x wt% EC films, and the same have been hot–pressed to get their smooth surfaces. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) and X–ray diffraction (XRD) techniques have been employed to characterize the dielectric and electrical dispersions and the structural properties of the PSPE films, respectively. It has been observed that the ionic conductivity of these semicrystalline ion-dipolar complexes is governed by their dielectric permittivity and polymers chain segmental dynamics. The increase in ionic conductivity values with the increase of plasticizer concentration in the PSPEs also varies with the films’ preparation methods. The US–MW method prepared PSPE film containing 15 wt% EC has a maximum ionic conductivity (1.86 × 10^?5 S cm^?1) at room temperature, whereas, the films having low concentrations of EC exhibit the conductivity of the order of 10^?6 S cm^?1.     

A study on polymer blend electrolyte based on PVA/PVP with proton salt

Proton-conducting polymer blend electrolytes based on PVA–PVP–NH₄NO₃ were prepared for different compositions by solution cast technique. The prepared films are investigated by different techniques. The XRD study reveals the amorphous nature of the polymer electrolyte. The FTIR and laser Raman studies confirm the complex formation between the polymer and salt. DSC measurements show decrease in T _g with increasing salt concentration. The ionic conductivity of the prepared polymer electrolyte was found by ac impedance spectroscopy analysis. The maximum ionic conductivity was found to be 1.41 × 10^?3 S cm^?1 at ambient temperature for the composition of 50PVA:50PVP:30 wt% NH₄NO₃ with low-activation energy 0.29 eV. The conductivity temperature plots are found to follow an Arrhenius nature. The dielectric behavior was analyzed using dielectric permittivity (ε*) and the relaxation frequency (τ) was calculated from the loss tangent spectra (tan δ). Using this maximum ionic conducting polymer blend electrolyte, the primary proton battery with configuration Zn + ZnSO₄·7H₂O/50PVA:50PVP:30 wt% NH₄NO₃/PbO₂ + V₂O₅ was fabricated and their discharge characteristics studied.     

Perfluoroalkyl‐terminated star polymer electrolyte

A perfluoroalkyl‐terminated multiarm star polymer (perfluoroalkyl‐terminated hyperbranched polyglycerol) was synthesized and characterized on the basis of perfluorooctanoyl chloride grafting on hyperbranched polyglycerol. The conductivity of a blend of the perfluoroalkyl‐terminated star polymer and linear poly(ether urethane) was studied. The results indicated that this blend had better solvating capability in salt and higher ionic conductivity. The conductivity of the blend was 2.5 × 10^?4 S cm^?1 at 60°C when the concentration of the perfluoroalkyl‐terminated hyperbranched polyglycerol was 30 wt % and the ethylene oxide (EO)/Li ratio was 4 in the blend. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 238–242, 2005     

Synthesis and proton conductivity of poly(styrene sulfonic acid)/heterocycle‐based membranes

BACKGROUND: High proton conduction through anhydrous polymer electrolyte membranes is crucial for the application to chemical energy conversion devices such as fuel cells. In this context, novel proton conductors were produced by doping poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) with 1H‐1,2,4‐triazole (Tri) and 1.12‐diimidazol‐2‐yl‐2,5,8,11‐tetraoxadodecane (imi3), and their physicochemical properties were investigated. RESULTS: Different polymer electrolyte membranes were produced by doping of PSSA with Tri and imi3. PSSATri_x and PSSAimi3_x electrolytes were obtained where x is the doping ratio describing moles of Tri or imi3 per mole of ? SO₃H unit. The membranes demonstrated adequate thermal stability at least up to 200 °C and the dopants acted as plasticizers shifting the T_g values to lower temperatures. PSSATri₁ has a maximum proton conductivity of 0.016 S cm^?1 at 150 °C and the proton conductivity of PSSAimi3_0.5 is approximately 10^?4 S cm^?1 at room temperature. CONCLUSIONS: Transparent, homogeneous and freestanding films of PSSATri_x and PSSAimi3_x were produced. It was demonstrated that both Tri and imi3 are efficient proton solvents in PSSA host matrix, and they yielded promising defect‐type conductivities compared to benzimidazole. Tri‐doped membranes clearly showed better conductivity performance at higher temperatures (T > 100 °C). Both PSSATri_x and PSSAimi3_x polymer electrolytes can be suggested for fuel cell applications. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ionic conductivity and dielectric behavior of novel poly(vinyl formal)‐based single‐ion‐conductor polymer electrolytes

Novel single‐ion‐conductor polymer (SCP) electrolytes based on oxalate‐chelated‐borate‐structure‐grafted poly(vinyl formal) (PVFM) were synthesized via a solution casting technique. The influence of the molar ratio of ? OH and boron atoms in PVFM on the ionic conductivity (σ) of the SCP electrolytes at different temperatures was investigated with alternating‐current impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 1 MHz. The results show that σ of the SCP electrolytes at 15–60 °C was about 10^?6–10^?5 S/cm, and temperature dependence of the conductivity of the electrolytes followed the Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher relationship. The dielectric behaviors of the SCP electrolytes were analyzed in view of the dielectric permittivity and dielectric modulus of the electrolytes. Dielectric analysis revealed that the transport of Li⁺ ions in the PVFM‐based SCP electrolytes mainly followed a hopping mechanism coupled with the segmental motion of the polymer chain. Additionally, a dielectric relaxation was found in the high‐frequency region; this was a thermally activated result and also implied the appearance of carrier hopping. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43510.     

Properties of styrene ionomers containing zwitterion-type salts

Summary The properties of poly(styrene-co-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA) ionomers mixed with NaOH and p-aminobenzoic acid (ABA) were investigated dynamic mechanically. It was found that when NaOH was added to the PSSA+ABA solution to neutralize two acid groups, the properties of the blends were similar to those of Na-sulfonated polystyrene ionomer. In these blend systems, the Na-aminobenzoate probably acted as filler. In the blend of the PSSA polymer and Na-aminobenzoate, it was suggested that the so-called core-shell type multiplets form. However, when Na-sulfonated polystyrene was mixed with the ABA, the ABA molecules acted as a polar plasticizer. It was also found that in the blend system of PSSA+ABA partly neutralized with NaOH, the property fell somewhere between those of the two latter blend systems. Received: 24 July 1998/Revised version: 7 September 1998/Accepted: 16 September 1998     

Alkaline blend polymer electrolytes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/tetraethyl ammonium chloride (TEAC)

Alkaline blend polymer electrolytes based on PVA/TEAC were obtained by a solution casting technique. Tetraethyl ammonium chloride (TEAC) was added to PVA polymer matrix to form an alkaline blend polymer electrolyte exhibiting excellent ionic transport and mechanical properties. The ionic conductivity of the alkaline PVA/TEAC blend polymer electrolyte was found to be of the order of 10⁻² S cm⁻¹ at ambient temperature when the blend ratio of PVA:TEAC varied from 1:0.2 to 1:2. The characteristic properties of alkaline PVA/TEAC blend polymer electrolytes were examined using DSC, TGA, XRD, SEM, EA, stress–strain tests and AC impedance spectroscopy. The ionic transport properties for the blend polymer electrolytes were measured using Hittorf’s method. It was found that the anionic transport numbers (t ⁻) were between 0.82 and 0.99; the membranes are highly dependent on the types of alkali metal salts and the chemical composition of the polymer blend. The ionic transport and mechanical properties were greatly improved at the expense of the ionic conductivity. In this work we demonstrate that alkaline blend polymer electrolyte can be tailored with a blend technique to achieve specific characteristic properties for battery applications.     

Effect of nanofiller concentration on conductivity and dielectric properties of poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer electrolytes

This paper reports the effect of nanofiller concentration on the conductivity and dielectric properties of the poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(methyl methacrylate)–poly(ethylene glycol)–AgNO₃–Al₂O₃ polymer electrolyte system. The preparation of polymer films was done using the solution‐casting technique and characterization of the films was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and ionic transport techniques. The ionic conductivity, investigated using impedance spectroscopy, was expected to show interesting behaviour at below and above the melting temperature of poly(ethylene oxide) in the polymer blend films. Complex impedance data were analysed in an alternating current conductivity and dielectric permittivity formalism in order to throw light on the transport mechanism. The effect of nanofiller concentration on conduction and relaxation processes at various temperatures was studied. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Distribution of relaxation time in solution-processed polycrystalline CZTS thin films: Study of impedance spectroscopy

Here we report the complex impedance spectroscopic analysis of polycrystalline CZTS thin films synthesized by sol-gel spin coating technique without any post deposition sulphurization. The films are characterized by microstructural, compositional, optical and electrical studies to confirm the formation of kesterite phase of CZTS comprises of well distributed compact grains with the optical band gap 1.44?eV. Room temperature electrical characterizations of the CZTS thin films by four-probe and Hall effect technique revealed the p-type conductivity of the films with resistivity ~ 1.45?×?10^?2 Ω?cm, mobility ~ 3.7?×?10³ cm² V^?1 s^?1 and carrier concentration ~ 1.82?×?10¹⁷ cm^?3. The distribution of relaxation time (DRT) function with improved frequency resolution is reconstructed from the impedance spectra of CZTS film recorded in the frequency range 50?Hz to 5?MHz at room temperature to identify the number of electrical processes in the polycrystalline film. The Nyquist plot is fitted into electrical model consist of three parallel combinations of resistor (R) and capacitor (C) in series as three major peaks in DRT function indicates the presence of different relaxation processes with major contributions from core grains along with smaller contributions from grain boundary and interfaces. The room temperature frequency dependence of dielectric constant, loss tangent and ac conductivity is also studied for the CZTS films.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Proton Conducting Polymer Blend Electrolytes

The proton conducting polymer blend electrolytes based on poly(vinyledine fluoride):poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVdF:PVA) polymer blend, doped with ammonium acetate (CH₃COONH₄) in different concentrations, have been prepared by a solution casting technique using dimethyl formamide (DMF) as solvent. The increase in amorphous nature of the polymer electrolytes has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirms the complex formation between the polymers and the salt. From the ac impedance spectroscopic analysis, the ionic conductivity of 5 MWt% CH₃COONH₄-doped PVdF:PVA polymer blend electrolyte has been found to be maximum of 1.30 × 10^?6 S/cm at room temperature.     

Hydrogen bonding effect on the poly(ethylene oxide), phenolic resin,and lithium perchlorate–based solid‐state electrolyte

The interaction behavior of solid‐state polymer electrolytes composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/novolac‐type phenolic resin and lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄) was investigated in detail by DSC, FTIR, ac impedance, DEA, solid‐state NMR, and TGA. The hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl group of phenolic and ether oxygen of the PEO results in higher basicity of the PEO. The higher basicity of the ether group can dissolve the lithium salts more easily and results in a greater fraction of “free” anions and thus higher ionic conductivity. DEA results demonstrated that addition of the phenolic increases the dielectric constant because of the partially negative charge on the ether group induced by the hydrogen bonding interaction between ether oxygen and the hydroxyl group. The study showed that the blend of PEO(100)/LiClO₄(25)/phenolic(15) possesses the highest ionic conductivity (1.5 × 10^?5 S cm^?1) with dimensional stability. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1207–1216, 2004     

Ionic conductivity of hybrid films based on polyacrylonitrile and their battery application

The alternate current (AC) and direct current (DC) ionic conductivity of hybrid films composed of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄), and a plasticizer was studied. Three kinds of the plasticizer [ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)] were used. Suitability of these hybrid films for lithium battery was investigated. The AC conductivity, which represents bulk ionic conductivity, was dependent on the component and the composition of the hybrid films, ranging from 10^?4?10^?8 Scm^?1. The AC conductivity was mainly determined by the molar ratio of [plasticizer]/[LiClO₄] in the hybrid films and increased with the increase in this ratio. The effect of the plasticizer on the enhancement in the AC conductivity was in the following order. DMF>EC>PC. The hybrid films with both electrodes of lithium showed the stable DC conductivity of about 1/10 of the AC conductivity, except for the hybrid films containing DMF. The hybrid films were found to be effective as a lithium ionic conductor. The galvanic cell. Li/sample/MnO₂, at the discharge current density of 90 μA/cm² showed the stable electromotive force of about 3 V for 70 h.