常压烧结制备Al2O3/TiCN复合陶瓷材料

采用常压烧结的方法制备Al_2O_3/TiCN复合陶瓷,研究了试样成分、烧结温度对试样相对密度、抗弯强度、断裂韧性、Vickers硬度等力学性能的影响。结果表明:采用Al_2O_3 TiCN作为埋粉、氩气保护、在烧结温度低于1650℃,保温时间为1h时,烧结试样的相对密度最高为98.0％,其抗弯强度、断裂韧性、及硬度分别达到最大值,为851 MPa,5.94 MPa·m~(1/2),21.12 MPa。显微结构分析表明:TiCN颗粒弥散在Al_2O_3晶界处,晶粒细小,多在1 μm左右,分布均匀,TiCN与Al_2O_3颗粒相互交织在一起,抑制晶粒生长,从而起到了增韧补强作用,有利于材料力学性能的提高。从压痕裂纹尖端的扩展的扫描电镜照片可以看出:基体与增强相多个晶粒构成的裂纹桥联行为;而有的则在其初始或(和)末端与其他次主裂纹相互作用,形成裂纹偏转、分支与桥联的共存区,主要起作用的是TiCN颗粒弥散增韧机制,它将纯Al_2O_3陶瓷的断裂韧度从3.59 MPa·m~(1/2)提高到5.94 MPa·m~(1/2)。     

ZrO2-Al2O3-TiC纳微米复合陶瓷模具材料的研究

以钇稳定四方氧化锆(Y-TZP)、Al2O3、纳米级的TiC为主要原料,采用真空热压烧结工艺,制备了ZrO2-Al2O3-TiC纳微米复合陶瓷模具材料.研究了该材料的力学性能和微观结构.研究结果表明:当TiC含量为20vol%,Y2O3含量为3mol%时,制备的ZrO2-Al2O3-TiC复合陶瓷模具材料具有良好的力学性能.抗弯强度、断裂韧性和硬度分别达到824 MPa、10.7 MPa·m1/2和11.67 GPa.晶粒细化、穿晶断裂、颗粒桥联、裂纹偏转和相变增韧是主要的增韧补强机理.     

MgO含量对Al_2O_3/ZrO_2/莫来石复相陶瓷性能的影响

采用ZrSiO_4和Al_2O_3为原料,通过无压烧结法制备了不同MgO含量的Al_2O_3/Zr O_2/莫来石复相陶瓷,研究了复合陶瓷的显微组织、弯曲强度、断裂韧性和抗热震性能。结果表明:添加MgO有利于ZrO_2四方相的稳定,从而提高了陶瓷的弯曲强度、断裂韧性和抗热震性。MgO添加量为4%时,Al_2O_3/ZrO_2/莫来石复相陶瓷的弯曲强度达到最大值365 MPa,陶瓷的断裂韧性达到5.31 MPa·m~(1/2)。复相陶瓷热震后强度的损失率仅为5.61%。     

TiC起始粉末粒径对TiC/Al2O3复合陶瓷热震行为的影响

通过使用不同粒径TiC起始粉末热压制备了AT1和AT2两种不同晶粒大小的TiC/Al_2O_3复合陶瓷。研究了TiC/Al_2O_3复合陶瓷的热震循环疲劳机制和TiC起始粉末粒径对热震循环疲劳抗力的影响。TiC起始粉末粒径的调整可以控制TiC/Al_2O_3复合陶瓷的晶粒大小。AT2材料晶粒细化,其力学性能的改善是其热震循环疲劳抗力改善的根本原因。热震循环过程中的微裂纹,裂纹桥接和偏转,热震裂纹间的“碎粒”等是引起TiC/Al_2O_3复合陶瓷热震疲劳的机制。热震循环疲劳机制和细晶强化的综合作用导致了AT2材料的热震抗力有较大改善。     

氧化铝/氧化石墨烯复合陶瓷的制备及性能

以Al_2O_3为原料,采用水热反应,通过基于静电引力的自组装机制,制备Al_2O_3/石墨烯e(GS)复合粉体。通过Fourier变换红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等对Al_2O_3/GS复合粉体的物相组成和显微结构进行表征。采用热压烧结技术制备了Al_2O_3/GS复合陶瓷。研究了不同含量GS对复合材料性能的影响,测试了材料的室温力学性能。结果表明,当GS在Al_2O_3/GS复合粉体中的质量分数为0.75%时,复合陶瓷具有最高的抗弯强度和断裂韧性,其值分别为460.8 MPa和7.9 MPa·m~(1/2)。     

Al2O3—TiC复合陶瓷的制备,性能及微观结构

用无压烧结方法制备Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷,其抗弯强度为520MPa,HRA为92,研究了该复合陶瓷的高温抗氧化性及其氧化机理。     

烧结助剂(Y_2O_3、Al_2O_3、La_2O_3)对β-Si_3N_4自增韧陶瓷的性能研究

利用氮化硅陶瓷的自增韧技术,使用复合烧结助剂和在氮化硅基体中添加长柱状β-Si_3N_4晶种,制备高断裂韧性的氮化硅陶瓷。采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、阿基米德法、三点抗弯曲强度、单边切口梁法等测试方法对陶瓷的组成、显微结构、显气孔率以及抗弯强度和断裂韧性等进行了分析与表征。首先研究了无压烧结制备氮化硅陶瓷过程中,烧结助剂(Y_2O_3、Al_2O_3)对其烧结性能和力学性能的影响,当Y_2O_3含量为8wt%,Al_2O_3含量为4wt%时,氮化硅陶瓷的相对密度达95%以上,抗弯强度为674MPa,断裂韧性为6.34MPa·m~(1/2)。再通过引入La_2O_3提高氮化硅晶粒的长径比,使氮化硅陶瓷的抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别达到686MPa和7.42MPa·m~(1/2)。通过无压烧结工艺,在1750℃制备了长柱状的β-Si_3N_4晶种,晶种的平均长度为2.82μm,平均粒径为0.6μm,平均长径比为4.7。笔者着重研究了晶种对氮化硅陶瓷烧结性能和力学性能的影响。在氮化硅陶瓷中加入晶种后,其烧结性能和抗弯强度略有降低,但断裂韧性却得到了很大的提高;且随着晶种添加量的增加,断裂韧性先升高再降低,掺入量为2wt%时断裂韧性达到最大(7.68MPa·m~(1/2)),提高了20%以上。     

热燃烧温度对超重力场自蔓延离心熔铸TiB_2-TiC-(Ti,W)C组织及性能的影响

通过在(Ti+B_4C)燃烧体系中引入WO_3+Al高能铝热剂,采用自蔓延离心熔铸方法制备TiB_2-TiC-(Ti,W)C复相陶瓷材料。结果表明,陶瓷是由规则的TiB_2片晶、TiC球晶以及(Ti,W)C固溶体组成,并发现少量Al_2O_3夹杂存在于陶瓷熔体中。随着铝热剂含量的增加,不仅提高了绝热燃烧温度,增进了陶瓷致密化,而且提高了陶瓷熔体中的W含量,提高了陶瓷硬度。TiB_2片晶诱发的裂纹偏转和桥接增韧大幅度提高了陶瓷的抗弯强度和断裂韧性。材料的硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别为24.6 GPa、584 MPa与20.3 MPa·m~(1/2)。当铝热剂添加过量,TiB_2相的含量下降,导致陶瓷力学性能有所下降。     

基于SEVNB法对层压陶瓷复合材料断裂韧性的研究

采用简单模压工艺制备了Al_2O_3/铁丝网夹层层压陶瓷复合材料,采用基于飞秒激光的SEVNB法测试了其在不同切口位置的断裂韧性值,分析了切口尖端半径对该材料断裂韧性测试值的影响。结果表明,Al_2O_3/铁丝网夹层层压陶瓷复合材料表现出近似脆性断裂行为,切口尖端最低点在第4层铁丝网夹层时的断裂韧性值达6.88MPa·m~(1/2),高于在第3层时的5.51 MPa·m~(1/2),略低于介于第3与第4层之间时的7.01 MPa·m~(1/2),且切口尖端半径对该材料断裂韧性测试值影响小。     

自增韧氮化硅陶瓷的制备与性能研究

氮化硅陶瓷具有优异的物理机械性能和化学性能,被广泛应用于高温、化工、冶金、航空航天等领域。在结构陶瓷中氮化硅陶瓷虽具有相对较高的断裂韧性,但为了进一步拓宽氮化硅陶瓷的运用领域和提高其使用可靠性,改善其断裂韧性一直是该材料研究的重要课题。笔者通过利用氮化硅陶瓷的自增韧技术,使用复合烧结助剂和在氮化硅基体中添加长柱状β-Si_3N_4晶种,制备高断裂韧性的氮化硅陶瓷。采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、阿基米德法、三点抗弯曲强度、单边切口梁法等测试方法对陶瓷的组成、显微结构、显气孔率以及抗弯强度和断裂韧性等进行了分析与表征。首先研究了无压烧结制备氮化硅陶瓷过程中,烧结助剂(Y_2O_3和Al_2O_3)对其烧结性能和力学性能的影响,当Y_2O_3含量为8wt%,Al_2O_3含量为4wt%时,氮化硅陶瓷的相对密度达95%以上,抗弯强度为674 MPa,断裂韧性为6.34 MPa·m~(1/2)。再通过引入La_2O_3提高氮化硅晶粒的长径比,使氮化硅陶瓷的抗弯强度和断裂韧性达到686 MPa和7.42 MPa·m~(1/2)。笔者通过无压烧结工艺,在1 750℃制备了长柱状的β-Si_3N_4晶种,晶种的平均长度为2.82μm,平均粒径为0.6μm,平均长径比为4.7,着重研究了晶种对氮化硅陶瓷烧结性能和力学性能的影响。氮化硅陶瓷中加入晶种后,其烧结性能和抗弯强度略有降低,但断裂韧性得到了很大的提高;且随着晶种添加量的增加,断裂韧性先升高再降低,掺杂量为2wt%时,断裂韧性达到最大(7.68 MPa·m~(1/2)),提高了20%以上。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.