混合式太阳能电动车

<正> 日本三洋电视公司开发出一种混合式太阳能电动车。综合了太阳能电池、蓄电池、燃料电池等技术。这种新型电动车的动力结构为:非晶硅太阳能电池装在车顶,车前装有利用氢和氧化物起化学反应从而产生电能的燃料电池。太阳能电池和燃料电池一起向装在     

碳中和目标下的光伏发电技术

化石能源燃烧发电过程是我国CO₂排放的主要来源之一。在碳中和、碳达峰的“双碳”目标下,大力发展可再生能源等低碳或零碳能源体系,构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统,成为能源领域技术变革的战略方向,其中光伏发电是公认的我国未来可再生能源发电的主要方式之一。本文重点对我国光伏发电的开发现状、存在问题、关键技术、未来趋势及发展策略等进行简要论述,分别对晶硅太阳能电池、薄膜太阳能电池（硅基、砷化镓、铜铟镓硒、碲化镉）、钙钛矿太阳能电池、其他新型太阳能电池（有机、染料敏化、量子点）等关键技术进行了详细论述,以期为我国光伏发电产业的快速发展及高效安全的清洁能源新体系构建提供方向引导。     

柔性薄膜太阳能电池的研究进展

综述了柔性薄膜太阳能电池的研究现状、发展趋势及其应用前景,分别就柔性衬底材料、硅系薄膜太阳能电池、铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳能电池、铜锌锡硫、染料敏化太阳能电池、有机太阳能电池和新型纳米材料太阳能电池进行了介绍。卷对卷以及喷墨印刷法等非真空大面积制备柔性薄膜太阳能电池的工艺,为低成本生产此类太阳能电池带来了希望,对其发展遇到的挑战进行了展望。     

新型太阳能电池用有机硅胶粘剂

<正>德国瓦克化学集团近日为太阳能发电工业开发成功一种新型有机硅胶粘剂。新产品具有透明、可浇铸成型、无腐蚀性、加热时可迅速硬化且具有优异的粘接性能等特点,可为各种薄层太阳能电池提供抗化学腐蚀的长期有效的保护。这种双组分硅橡胶胶粘剂在硬化后会成为透明有     

拜耳公司推出太阳能电池用聚氨酯薄膜

目前全球太阳能设施装机容量几乎以指数式增长,开发发电效率和生产效率更高的太阳能电池组件变得极为重要。拜耳材料科技公司研发人员开发成功的一种耐光热塑性聚氨酯为太阳能电池的生产提供了新的解决方案。通过与德国一家公司合作,该公司利用这种聚氨酯制成一种商品名为VISTASOLAR的新型薄膜,将其用作太阳能电池原料替代传统的（乙烯／乙酸乙烯酯）共聚物（E／VAC）薄膜,不仅使太阳能电池的生产更为方便和快捷,而且大幅度提高了太阳能电池的发电效率。在生产太阳能电池时,一般是将硅片置于玻璃与E／VAC薄膜包覆基材之间,     

染料敏化太阳能电池碳材料对电极的研究进展

简要说明了对电极在染料敏化太阳能电池中的作用,重点综述了2010年以来染料敏化太阳能电池碳材料对电极的研究成果,详细介绍了各类新型碳材料对电极的特点和制备工艺。最后提出,继续开发各种廉价、高效的新型碳材料对电极仍是今后染料敏化太阳能电池研究的一个重要方向。     

钙钛矿型多晶薄膜太阳能电池的研究进展

自2009年钙钛矿材料首次被应用到太阳能电池领域以来,由于众多科学工作者的努力,钙钛矿类太阳能电池的研究不断取得新的突破,钙钛矿型多晶薄膜太阳能电池的光电转换效率已经超过了20%,并且还有望继续提高。本文首先简单概述钙钛矿类材料的基本特点和四种基本结构,然后重点介绍钙钛矿型多晶薄膜太阳能电池发展的三个阶段,包括钙钛矿型太阳能电池的起步阶段、钙钛矿型太阳能电池的转换效率快速提高阶段和钙钛矿型太阳能电池性能不断提升阶段。最后指出钙钛矿类薄膜太阳能电池的巨大发展前景以及钙钛矿类太阳能电池发展中面临的有毒、不稳定、寿命短三大问题,如果这些问题被成功解决,会将钙钛矿薄膜太阳能电池的发展推到一个崭新的高度。     

瓦克化学推出太阳能电池用有机硅胶粘剂

德国瓦克化学集团近日为太阳能发电工业开发成功一种新型有机硅胶粘剂。新产品具有透明、可浇注、无腐蚀性等特点，在加热时可迅速硬化，并具有优异的粘结性能，可为各种薄层太阳能电池提供长期有效、抗化学腐蚀和机械负荷的保护。     

熔盐技术在新能源中的应用现状

随着科技的发展,熔盐以其独特的优势不断地应用于新能源领域。综述了熔盐技术在太阳能光热发电领域蓄热储能、新能源电池(燃料电池、锂电池)、熔盐反应堆的应用现状以及熔盐的研究现状,分析了目前面临的问题以及未来的发展方向。指出,熔盐由于具有较强的腐蚀性,要求反应器材料必须具备抗高温、耐腐蚀、保温性能好等特点,因此材料问题还需要不断地探索和改进;另外,熔盐混合配比也是未来研究的重点。     

新型电池发展现状及展望

目前经济产业飞速发展,在提高了人们生活水平的同时,也造成了对环境的破坏,其中由于CO_2的排放过多,造成了温室效应,而且化石能源逐渐面临枯竭,为了解决环境和能源问题,利用清洁的电能作为主要能源,利用太阳能、风能、核能等新能源进行发电尤为重要。作为储存和释放电能的设备,新型电池技术也得到了极大的发展。本文旨在总结新型电池的发展现状,并对进一步的研究做出展望。     

Additive manufacturing of ceramic materials for energy applications: Road map and opportunities

Among engineering materials, ceramics are indispensable in energy applications such as batteries, capacitors, solar cells, smart glass, fuel cells and electrolyzers, nuclear power plants, thermoelectrics, thermoionics, carbon capture and storage, control of harmful emission from combustion engines, piezoelectrics, turbines and heat exchangers, among others. Advances in additive manufacturing (AM) offer new opportunities to fabricate these devices in geometries unachievable previously and may provide higher efficiencies and performance, all at lower costs. This article reviews the state of the art in ceramic materials for various energy applications. The focus of the review is on material selections, processing, and opportunities for AM technologies in energy related ceramic materials manufacturing. The aim of the article is to provide a roadmap for stakeholders such as industry, academia and funding agencies on research and development in additive manufacturing of ceramic materials toward more efficient, cost-effective, and reliable energy systems.     

Process intensification and fuel cells using a Multi-Source Multi-Product approach

The development of fuel cells has seen rapid progress with the interest of car manufacturers for in particular in the polymer fuel cells at the end of the 1990s. But also other types of fuel cells have made important steps towards commercialization. This paper provides the state of the art of the most important fuel cell technologies and moreover provides new design concepts, integrated use of novel materials and how fuel cells can be integrated in the chemical industry and in larger energy providing systems using renewables.In this paper we follow two lines of discussion. The first deals with the need for more efficient fuel cells by improving material and component properties and the second deals with integration of various technologies and functions in a full systems approach. The first approach is more relevant for low temperature fuel cells while the second is more suited for new developments in high temperature fuel cells.     

新能源化工技术

发展新能源是实现“碳中和”战略目标的必由之路。本文首先勾画出可再生能源转换利用基本途径,指出新能源化工技术研究的理论基础是电化学工程、光化学工程、生物化学工程、分子化学工程、系统工程和人工智能等;其次,以可再生能源制氢、燃料电池发电与化学品共生、太阳能转换过程为例,阐明可再生能源资源转换中的化工问题;第三,通过对锂离子电池和钠离子电池中多元过渡金属氧化物正极材料及其电极制备过程开发,揭示电化学储能材料与器件制造过程工程特性;第四,介绍了化工系统工程和人工智能在电池状态预测模型构建、综合能源系统管理、光-储-充系统集成与优化运行中的应用。最后,根据各种案例分析,归纳出新能源化工研究的本质是将新能源转换与储存中涉及的“生物/光/电化学反应”,从实验室放大到规模化生产装置,阐明反应中的传质、传热和传荷机理及其反应工程特性。对未来新能源化工技术研发,从“共性科学问题”和“关键技术”两个层面提出了若干研究方向以供参考。     

Die Bedeutung der Chemietechnik für fortgeschrittene Technologien zur Stromerzeugung

Significance of chemical engineering for advanced power generation technologies . The demands placed on power plant engineers have altered with the introduction of advanced technologies of power generation, with the classical physical areas of work being increasingly augmented by tasks requiring considerable knowledge of chemical engineering. This change began with the introduction of the desulphurization of flue gases in fossil-fuel fired power plant and continued steadily with the further development of environmental protection requirements. In addition, demands for reduction of emission in connection with high fuel prices led to the development of new power plant technologies permitting better utilization of input energy. With the aid of examples taken from the whole field of advanced powerplant technology and which range from development and design of non-polluting and more efficient power plant processes to questions of disposal of power plant by-products it is shown to what extent conventional powerplant engineering is pervaded by chemical engineering questions.     

Status and Promise of Fuel Cell Technology

The niche or early entry market penetration by ONSI and its phosphoric acid fuel cell technology has proven that fuel cells are reliable and suitable for premium power and other opportunity fuel niche market applications. Now, new fuel cell technologies – solid oxide fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and polymer electrolyte fuel cells – are being developed for near‐term distributed generation shortly after 2003. Some of the evolving fuel cell systems are incorporating gas turbines in hybrid configurations. The combination of the gas turbine with the fuel cell promises to lower system costs and increase efficiency to enhance market penetration. Market estimates indicate that significant early entry markets exist to sustain the initially high cost of some distributed generation technologies. However, distributed generation technologies must have low introductory first cost, low installation cost, and high system reliability to be viable options in competitive commercial and industrial markets. In the long‐term, solid state fuel cell technology with stack costs under $100/kilowatt (kW) promises deeper and wider market penetration in a range of applications including a residential, auxillary power, and the mature distributed generation markets. The Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) with its vision for fuel cells in 2010 was recently formed to commercialize solid state fuel cells and realize the full potential of the fuel cell technology. Ultimately, the SECA concept could lead to megawatt‐size fuel‐cell systems for commercial and industrial applications and Vision 21 fuel cell turbine hybrid energy plants in 2015.     

太阳能热化学储能研究进展

太阳能热发电技术对缓解全球资源紧张和改善环境有广阔的应用前景,大规模高温无损储热是太阳能热发电系统的关键。本文通过对显热储能、潜热储能和热化学储能3种热能储存方式的比较,认为热化学储能方法由于储能密度高,且可长期在环境温度下无热损储存,因而为太阳能热发电中的高温热能储存提供了一种潜在的方法。并对热化学储能在太阳能热力发电的应用上进行了技术经济分析,综述了几种有前景的热化学储能体系的研究进展,总结了各种储能体系的现存问题。根据热化学储能方法在实用化过程中存在的技术经济问题,指出了热化学储能技术的未来研究方向是储能反应器的设计、能量储存/释放循环性能探究、储能体系的选择及热化学储能系统的中试放大研究等。     

石化行业碳中和技术路径探索

2019年,中国石油和天然气消费所排放的CO₂为21.1亿吨,占全国总排放量的21%。在我国2060年碳中和目标下,石化行业亟需碳中和技术创新。本文介绍了国内外石化行业碳中和政策措施,从碳减排、碳零排和碳负排三方面分析了石化行业碳中和技术路径。碳减排方面包括石油/天然气绿色开发、过程低碳利用、减污降碳协同技术;碳零排方面包括可再生能源与核能发电、绿氢以及零碳原料/燃料替代,如生物质制汽柴油、芳烃等大宗能源化学品技术;碳负排方面包括生物能源与碳捕获和存储（BECCS）及CO₂转化燃料化学品技术。此外,还介绍了石化行业碳中和信息技术,包括人工智能、大数据和物联网三方面。本文将为我国石化行业碳中和路径探索提供技术参考。     

可再生电力电解制绿色氢能的发展现状与建议

氢能是人类生存和发展所需能源的重要补充。氢能产业,特别是氢燃料电池车,其开发与利用已经引起了全球范围内的普遍重视。然而,决定该产业快速发展的关键因素之一是清洁的氢气来源,如何使氢能产业更具经济环保竞争力。通过可再生能源发电电解水制氢将能量以化学能的形式储存起来,不仅能利用可再生能源制取高热值的氢气供使用,同时从制氢源头利用清洁的可再生能源可有效减少碳排放。为此,本文主要分析讨论了可再生能源发电与电解水制氢技术的耦合制取氢气的发展现状与发展趋势,简述了目前国内外利用可再生能源发电制取氢气项目的研究进展,并介绍了一些典型的清洁制氢案例。可以看到,风电、太阳能制氢是目前较为成熟的技术,但仍需提升其经济竞争力。而水电资源分布不均等缺点阻碍了其规模化发展。因此,政府、企业及科研院所需大力推进可再生能源发电制氢研究,有效解决氢能制备的效率问题,加速绿色氢能产业发展。     

燃料电池的发展趋势

介绍了燃料电池的工作原理、优缺点;同时以燃料电池应用为背景,综述不同类型的燃料电池如车用质子交换膜燃料电池、航天飞行器用再生燃料电池、小型便携式产品用直接甲醇燃料电池、中小型电站用固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)、微生物燃料电池(MFC)的技术发展现状与研究热点,并指出了未来燃料电池的发展趋势.     

Solar energy conversion by photoelectrochemical processes

The basic principles of conversion of solar energy by photoelectrochemical methods are reviewed. A distinction is made between systems used for conversion into electrical energy and those which are applicable for the production of chemical fuel. Besides photogalvanic cells, the main emphasis is put on semiconductor/electrolyte/metal-devices. The various mechanisms involved in these cells, the conversion efficiencies and the stability of the components are discussed in terms of energy schemes. The properties of these systems are compared with those of pure solid state devices. As far as the photolytic decomposition of water for the production of chemical fuel is concerned, the photoelectrochemical reactions in heterogeneous systems are briefly compared with purely photochemical processes in homogeneous solutions. Various conclusions are made concerning the applicability of the systems discussed in this paper.