A psychologist in court: The special master.

The special master may require the production before him of evidence. He may rule upon the admissibility of evidence. He has the authority to put witnesses on oath and may himself examine them. He has substantially the powers of the court that appoints him. Qualifications of the expert-witness are considered. The problem of statuatory protections for the producer of a test is examined. "In theory, a master is not ordinarily required to make decisions about the law, only about the facts… . As psychology becomes a more mature discipline, the opportunities for us to play these unusual roles should grow." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A closer look at interpersonal affect as a distinct influence on cognitive processing in performance evaluations.

To date, cognitive and affective influences on performance evaluations have been addressed separately, although it is likely that affect may influence ratings indirectly through its impact on the cognitive processing involved in the evaluation. 83 management students participated in a study of the influence of affect on the cognitive processing of performance information. Results suggest that an affect-consistency bias influences ratings even though the cognitive processes that require some judgment indicated a bias toward both affect-consistent and affect-inconsistent performance. Additional findings suggest that the practical utility of affect as something distinct from past performance perceptions may be limited in field settings. Job-related affect, past performance perceptions, and social affect had similar influences on the cognitive process and ratings in performance evaluations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Atherosclerosis, with special reference to vitamin E

The relationship between atherosclerosis and fat soluble vitamin, especially vitamin E is reviewed on the basis of oxidised modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL). Data now support the notion that the oxidised LDL is present in the blood and arterial wall and antioxidant drugs such as probucol and vitamin E, beta-carotene, may prevent the progression of atherosclerosis. LDL alpha-tocopherol levels are generally correlated to the plasma concentrations and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol increases its content in LDL. There is a significant correlation between the LDL alpha-tocopherol level and the resistance to oxidative modification. Epidemiological data also shows the relation between low levels of plasma vitamin E and the increased incidence of coronary heart disease. Clinical application of vitamin E should be clarified in detail to inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis.     

Postnatal development of Schwann cells at neuromuscular junctions, with special reference to synapse elimination

The neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of postnatal rat soleus muscles were examined by immunohistochemical staining for S100, a marker of Schwann cells (SCs), and for protein gene product 9.5, a neuronal marker, to elucidate the involvement of SCs in synapse elimination. The morphological maturation of S100-immunoreactive terminal SCs at NMJs proceeded with the gradual increase in their number. The number of terminal SCs per NMJ was one or two at postnatal day (P) 7, reaching the adult number at P28, when it became three or four. Confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis of multi-innervated NMJs, whose number decreased between P7 and P14, revealed a change in the ratio between terminal SCs and axons with age. At P7, the ratio between axons and terminal SCs per NMJ was > or = 2:1, which was exactly the reverse of that in adults, while at P14 this had changed to 2:2. A structural change appeared to occur at the same time at the preterminal region, this being prior to the establishment of a 1:1 relationship between axon and SC sheath which was detected at P14, with the > or = 2:1 relationship seeming to occur at P7. Thus, synapse elimination seems to proceed, at least for one week, with the gradual loss of axons which are at different stages of maturation with respect to their spatial relationship with SCs. From our results it seems unlikely that SCs play an active role in selecting a single axon to survive.     

Detection of intracranial tumours with special reference to immunodiagnosis

Approximately 60% of cerebral infarcts between 1 and 4 weeks old may be enhanced by contrast material. A recent infarct can be missed if contrast material is not used; however, recent infarcts can also be partially obscured by the contrast medium, so that a precontrast scan is necessary. Infarcts, arteriovenous malformations, and gliomas may appear similar on the CT scan. Recent infarcts can have a significant mass effect (seen in 22% of cases), and their anatomical location and morphology may or may not be helpful in the differential diagnosis. Ipsilateral ventricular dilatation, homogeneous low-density areas, and sharp margins are usually found in older infarcts.     

Cerebral abscess with special reference to the angiographic changes

From 1961 to 1973 forty patients with surgically confirmed intracranial abscesses had preoperative cerebral angiography. The findings were abnormal in all cases but one. In 20 patients (50%) the primary diagnosis was a space-occupying lesion. In 19 patients (47.5%) an abscess was suggested by the presence of a capsule, the only finding definitely diagnostic of an abscess. Subtraction technique provided essential information in detecting the capsule. Angiography proved indispensable in suggesting the nature of the lesion.     

Study of portal hypertension in children with special reference to sclerotherapy

Spinal cord injuries are rare in children, in face of their higher mobility comparing to adults. The high cervical and the thoracic segments of the spine are more frequently affected. In the last 10 years we had 90 cases of spinal injuries in our service being 12 with neurologic deficient (8 male and 4 female) and four of them without radiographic abnormality, even in the dynamics studies. The authors emphasise the possibility of occurrence of neurologic deficit in children after trauma, even without any radiographic abnormality.     

Nurse turnover with special reference to factors relating to nursing itself

The function of the peritoneum in severe abdominal sepsis involves specific properties and defence mechanisms: large surface, efficient barrier, continuous mobility, capacity of migration, multiplication, secretion and absorption. The development of peritonitis supposes an initial lesion of the peritoneal surface by septic or biochemical mechanism. Peritoneal response consists of: septation of the abdominal wall, adhesion of the omentum to damaged surfaces or visceral perforation, massive stepping up of cellular and humoral defence mechanism. In our opinion therapeutic procedures consist of: early surgical approach and management of the patient in an intensive care unit. The aim of the medical therapy is: treatment of multiple organ failure (anti-infectious therapy, hemodynamic support, treatment of respiratory and renal failure, support of the hepatic failure and balancing of metabolic changes) and prevention of the most common complications: bleeding from upper gastrointestinal tract and thromboembolic risks.     

Induced hypotension during anesthesia with special reference to orthognathic surgery

Since Gardner first used arteriotomy during anesthesia to improve visibility in the surgical field, various techniques and pharmacological agents have been tried for the same purpose. With reports documenting the spread of acquired immune deficiency syndrome through blood transfusions, prevention of homologous blood transfusions during surgery has also become a major concern. Induced hypotension has been used to reduce blood loss and thereby address both issues. In orthognathic surgery, induced hypotension during anesthesia has been used for similar reasons. It is recommended that hypotensive anesthesia be adjusted in relation to the patient's preoperative blood pressure rather than to a specific target pressure and be limited to that level necessary to reduce bleeding in the surgical field and in duration to that part of the surgical procedure deemed to benefit by it. A mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) 30% below a patient's usual MAP, with a minimum MAP of 50 mm Hg in ASA Class I patients and a MAP not less than 80 mm Hg in the elderly, is suggested to be clinically acceptable. Various pharmacological agents have been used for induced hypotension during orthognathic surgery. In addition, there are many drugs that have been used in other types of surgery that could be used in orthognathic surgery to induce hypotension. Recent reports using control groups do not show significant differences in morbidity and mortality attributable to induced hypotension during anesthesia. Appropriate patient evaluation and selection, proper positioning and monitoring, and adequate fluid therapy are stressed as important considerations in patients undergoing induced hypotension during orthognathic surgery.     

Cartoon Reaction Scale with special reference to driving behavior.

Research suggests that hostility, aggression, and other personality traits may be indicative of problem drivers. Other evidence implies that certain types of humor are related to these personality dimensions. A Cartoon Reaction Scale (with "funniness" response choices) was developed to test the hypothesis that problem and nonproblem drivers would respond differentially and to a significant degree. Out of an original pool of 150 cartoons, 34 achieved discriminatory ability. These cartoons were subsequently administered to new groups of drivers. Reliability coefficients ranged from .77-.80. Validation and cross-validation achieved significance beyond the .01 level. The test's success in separating controls from problem drivers was also demonstrated by a cutoff score. Its predictive ability has not yet been shown. (32 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Amiodarone-associated proarrhythmic effects. A review with special reference to torsade de pointes tachycardia

PURPOSE: To assess the incidence of amiodarone-mediated aggravation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias or the development of new arrhythmias, such as torsade de pointes, in patients with cardiac disease. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: A MEDLINE literature search was done to identify articles published during the last 20 years that presented data on amiodarone-associated proarrhythmic events. The articles were divided into three categories: case reports, uncontrolled retrospective studies, and prospective controlled trials. In addition, articles were identified that examined the effects of amiodarone in patients with previously documented drug-induced torsade de pointes. RESULTS: 65 English-language case reports dealing with torsade de pointes during amiodarone therapy were found in the literature. In many of these cases, other predisposing factors for the development of torsade de pointes were reported. Seventeen studies each reported data from at least 50 patients who were treated with amiodarone for at least 6 months. Of 2878 patients included in these trials, 57 were reported to have a proarrhythmic event while exposed to the drug (an overall incidence of 2%). Torsade de pointes was observed in one third of these patients (an overall incidence of 0.7%). In seven placebo-controlled trials in which the drug was given as monotherapy, amiodarone was not associated with the development of a proarrhythmic event in any patient. Finally, in three reports, 31 patients with previous drug-mediated torsade de pointes were exposed to amiodarone during short- and long-term therapy. In none of these patients did a recurrent episode of torsade de pointes develop, despite the amiodarone-induced prolongation of the QTc interval, which was equivalent to that observed at the time of torsade de pointes during exposure to previous drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Amiodarone appears to be associated with a remarkably low frequency of proarrhythmic events and an incidence of torsade de pointes of less than 1.0%. This low arrhythmogenicity and the negligible negative inotropic effect of the compound constitute properties that make amiodarone particularly useful in treating high-risk patients prone to sudden cardiac death. Its potential to reduce this risk is currently being evaluated in several large prospective trials.