平板型集热器驱动的小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统运行分析与优化研究

文章以平板型集热器作为驱动热源,构建了一套额定制冷功率为17.6 kW的小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统,并基于TRNSYS软件构建了小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统模型,研究了太阳辐射强度、集热器面积和蓄热水箱体积的变化对系统运行性能和制冷功率的影响。模拟结果表明:在系统运行过程中,平板型集热器的工作温度约为90℃,单效吸收式制冷机的驱动温度为72.5～95℃,单效吸收式制冷机的最大制冷效率可以达到0.85,由此可知,当热源温度与驱动温度的匹配度较好时,既能保证单效吸收式制冷机的高效运行,又能减少能源品位的浪费;白天,当小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统运行时,系统的太阳能保证率为57.5%,一次能源节约系数可达到0.25,此时,小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统的制冷性能优于电压缩制冷系统。     

风冷式太阳能吸收式制冷机性能模拟研究

在环境温度和太阳辐射动态变化的情况下,对制冷量为5 kW的风冷式太阳能吸收式制冷机的性能进行了模拟,得出了集热器出口水温和热水储槽温度随时间变化的规律曲线以及在此规律的影响下吸收式制冷机的性能曲线.模拟结果表明风冷式太阳能吸收式制冷机在理论上是切实可行的,但是环境温度的变化以及风冷系统的散热能力对系统性能有较大的影响,环境温度的升高会使需要风冷降温的冷凝器、吸收器温度升高,从而提高了发生温度的要求,这不利于太阳能的利用和系统的制冷.为此需要强化冷凝器和吸收器的散热效果,来降低境温度对系统的不利影响.     

太阳能氨水吸收式家用制冷空调的开发与应用

介绍太阳能集热器和氨水吸收式制冷机的结构、原理和特点,对利用太阳能驱动氨-水吸收式制冷空调的可行性进行分析探讨,阐述研制开发太阳能氨水吸收式制冷空调对节能降耗保护环境的意义.     

太阳能溴化锂吸收式制冷技术的研究进展

介绍了太阳能澳化锂吸收式制冷循环的工作原理和系统构成,具体阐述了该制冷循环的几种典型结构,包括单效、双效、两级以及三效涣化锂吸收式制冷循环,分析了各种制冷循环的优缺点以及目前研究进展;进一步讨论了太阳能澳化锂吸收式制冷机组的性能特点受冷媒水出口温度、冷却水进口温度、加热蒸汽温度、污垢系数及不凝性气体等诸多因素的影响;提出了太阳能溴化锂吸收式制冷技术现存问题,最后指出,随着科学技术的发展和绿色建筑的兴起,太阳能溴化锂吸收式制冷将会有非常大的发展前景。     

小型太阳能吸收式空调的运行特性和室内热舒适性试验

在夏季典型工况下,对一个小型太阳能吸收式空调系统进行了试验研究.试验系统主要包括:96 m2的真空管集热器、额定制冷量为8 kW的吸收式制冷机、容量为3t的热水储水箱、500 L蓄冷水箱以及50 m2冷辐射吊顶.试验结果显示吸收式制冷机的制冷量平均为3.9 kW,每天达到的平均制冷时间为10 h.分析了室内的热舒适情况...     

太阳能溴化锂吸收式制冷技术的发展趋势及研究进展

在能源紧张、环境污染日益严重的今天,太阳能的开发利用符合环境保护的可持续发展要求。在太阳能的应用中,太阳能空调技术具有良好的发展前景,既满足了人们追求高品质生活的要求,又节能环保,是空调制冷的理想形式。文中介绍太阳能溴化锂吸收式制冷系统的工作原理,阐述吸收式制冷循环系统的几种典型结构及相关的研究进展,对影响溴化锂吸收式制冷机组性能的因素进行分析,最后探讨太阳能溴化锂吸收式制冷机的发展前景。     

中高温热管式太阳能吸收式空调系统的设计与研究分析

太阳能空调技术中,太阳能单效溴化锂吸收式制冷空调技术是应用最多的一种,但小型太阳能吸收式空调系统存在不稳定及效率低的问题。本文主要通过对太阳能集热器选项及效率分析,低温驱动太阳能吸收式空调热物理参数分析,并完成实验测试,制冷采暖效果良好。     

太阳能吸收式制冷机性能分析

在太阳辐射动态变化的情况下,对制冷量为5kW的水冷式太阳能吸收式制冷机的性能进行了模拟,得出了集热器出口水温随时间变化的规律曲线以及在此规律的影响下吸收式制冷机的性能曲线。模拟结果表明水冷式太阳能吸收式制冷机在理论上是切实可行的,但是集热器出口水温度的变化以及冷却水温度对系统性能有较大的影响。冷却水温度越低、系统的性能系数越高。     

太阳能吸收式空调及供热系统的设计和性能

一套太阳能吸收式空调及供热综合系统已在山东省乳山市建成。该系统由热管式真空管集热器、溴化锂吸收式制冷机、储水箱、循环、冷却塔、空调箱、辅助燃油锅炉和自动控制系统等内部分组成,具有夏季制冷、冬季供热和全年提供生活用热水等功能。太阳能集热器总采光面积540m∧2,制冷、供热功率100kW,空调、采暖建筑面积1000m∧2供生活用热水量32m∧3／d。文中着重介绍了系统的设计特点和测试性能。     

有限热源吸收式制冷机的热力学建模与分析

考虑了有限热容、有限速率传热以及工质内部耗散的影响,建立了吸收式制冷机的热力学模型.在该模型中,吸收式制冷机被等价为一个不可逆卡诺热机驱动不可逆卡诺制冷机的联合循环系统.为描述循环的内不可逆性,引入了两个内不可逆性参数Ihe和Ir.其中,Ihe用于描述热机循环的内不可逆性,Ir用于描述制冷循环的内不可逆性.通过对给定供热率下热机热效率和给定制冷率下两热源制冷机性能系数解析表达式的推导,并根据等价系统的定义,获得了吸收式制冷机给定制冷率下性能系数的解析表达式,利用该表达式详细地分析了各参数对性能系数的影响.所得公式和分析结论对实际系统的理解、设计以及分析具有一定的理论指导作用.     

Solar absorption cooling with low grade heat source — a strategy of development in South China

Based on experiences with an operating solar cooling system in south China, a low temperature driven solar cooling system has been proposed, and a new model of two-stage lithium bromide absorption chiller has been developed. Test results have proved that the two-stage chiller could be driven by low temperature hot water ranging from 60 to 75°C, which can be easily provided by conventional solar hot water systems. Relying on the successes of the above system, an integrated solar cooling and heating system with two-stage absorption chiller was constructed (cooling CAPACITY=100 kW). Preliminary operating data of the system has indicated that this type of system could be efficient and cost effective. Compared to the conventional cooling system (with single-stage chiller), the proposed system with a two-stage chiller could achieve roughly the same total COP as of the conventional system with a cost reduction of about 50%.     

Maximization of primary energy savings of solar heating and cooling systems by transient simulations and computer design of experiments

In this paper, the simulation of the performance of solar-assisted heating and cooling systems is analyzed. Three different plant layouts are considered: (i) the first one consists of evacuated solar collectors and a single-stage LiBr–H₂O absorption chiller; here in order to integrate the system in case of insufficient solar radiation, an electric water-cooled chiller is activated; (ii) configuration of the secondly considered system is similar to the first one, but the absorption chiller and the solar collector area are sized for balancing about 30% of the building cooling load only; (iii) the layout of the thirdly considered system differs from the first one since the auxiliary electric chiller is replaced by a gas-fired heater. Such system configurations also include: circulation pumps, storage tanks, feedback controllers, mixers, diverters and on/off hysteresis controllers.     

Transient analysis and energy optimization of solar heating and cooling systems in various configurations

In this paper, a transient simulation model of solar-assisted heating and cooling systems (SHC) is presented. A detailed case study is also discussed, in which three different configurations are considered. In all cases, the SHC system is based on the coupling of evacuated solar collectors with a single-stage LiBr-H₂O absorption chiller, and a gas-fired boiler is also included for auxiliary heating, only during the winter season. In the first configuration, the cooling capacity of the absorption chiller and the solar collector area are designed on the basis of the maximum cooling load, and an electric chiller is used as the auxiliary cooling system. The second layout is similar to the first one, but, in this case, the absorption chiller and the solar collector area are sized in order to balance only a fraction of the maximum cooling load. Finally, in the third configuration, there is no electric chiller, and the auxiliary gas-fired boiler is also used in summer to feed the absorption chiller, in case of scarce solar irradiation.The simulation model was developed using the TRNSYS software, and included the analysis of the dynamic behaviour of the building in which the SHC systems were supposed to be installed. The building was simulated using a single-lumped capacitance model. An economic model was also developed, in order to assess the operating and capital costs of the systems under analysis. Furthermore, a mixed heuristic-deterministic optimization algorithm was implemented, in order to determine the set of the synthesis/design variables that maximize the energy efficiency of each configuration under analysis.The results of the case study were analyzed on monthly and weekly basis, paying special attention to the energy and monetary flows of the standard and optimized configurations. The results are encouraging as for the potential of energy saving. On the contrary, the SHC systems appear still far from the economic profitability: however, this is notoriously true for the great majority of renewable energy systems.     

大型太阳能空调/热泵系统

详细介绍了位于北京天普集团工业园区的太阳能空调,热泵系统。该系统主要由太阳能集热器阵列、溴化锂制冷机、热泵、控制系统等几部分组成。系统以太阳能为主,热泵为辅,可以完全满足新能源示范大楼全年的空调、采暖及生活热水的需要。介绍了系统的技术参数及部分运行数据,分析了系统的特点及运行状况。     

太阳能制冷与供暖系统的设计与比较

根据上海的气候条件，以上海地区某写字楼为对象，提出4种太阳能驱动的溴化锂吸收式与电动蒸汽压缩式热泵联合制冷与供暖系统。这4种系统分别由热管式真空管集热器或抛物面槽形聚光集热器，单效或双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机，以及风冷热泵或水源热泵构成。分析比较这4种系统的节能型和经济性的结果表明，采用抛物面槽形聚光集热器＋双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机＋风冷热泵组成的系统，同时具备较好的节能性与经济性，一次能源利用率可降低约50％。     

Transient simulation and parametric study of solar-assisted heating and cooling absorption systems: An energetic,economic and environmental (3E) assessment

This paper presents energetic, economic, and environmental (3E) analyses of four configurations of solar heating and cooling (SHC) systems based on coupling evacuated tube collectors with a single-effect LiBr–H₂O absorption chiller. In the first configuration (SHC1), a gas-fired heater is used as the back-up system, while a mechanical compression chiller is employed as the auxiliary cooling system in the second configuration (SHC2). The capacity of the absorption chiller is designed based on the maximum building cooling load in these configurations. The third and fourth configurations (SHC3 and SHC4) are similar to SHC2, but the absorption chiller size is reduced to 50% and 20%, respectively. The results show that the highest primary energy saving is achieved by SHC2, leading to a solar fraction of 71.8% and saving 54.51% primary energy as compared to a reference conventional HVAC system. The economic performance of all configurations is still unsatisfactory (without subsidies) due to their high capital costs. However, if a government subsidy of 50% is considered, the results suggest that SHC4 can be economically feasible, achieving a payback period of 4.1 years, net present value of 568,700 AUD and solar fraction of 43%, contributing to 27.16% decrease in the plant primary energy consumption.     

Study of a novel solar adsorption cooling system and a solar absorption cooling system with new CPC collectors

One two-phase thermo-syphon silica gel-water solar adsorption chiller and LiBr-H₂O absorption chiller with new medium CPC (Compound Parabolic Concentrator) solar collectors were investigated. The reliability of adsorption chiller can be improved, because there is only one vacuum valve in this innovative design. Medium temperature evacuated-tube CPC solar collectors were firstly utilized in the LiBr-H₂O air conditioning system. The former system was applied in north of China at Latitude 37.45° (Dezhou city, China), the latter system was applied at Latitude 36.65° (Jinan city, China). Experimental results showed that the adsorption chiller can be powered by 55 °C of hot water. The adsorption chiller can provide 15 °C of chilled water from 9:30 to 17:00, the average solar COP (COPs) of the system is 0.16. In the absorption cooling system, the efficiency of the medium temperature evacuated-tube CPC solar collector can reach 0.5 when the hot water temperature is 125 °C. The absorption chiller can provide 15 °C of chilled water from 11:00 to 15:30, and the average solar COPs of absorption system is 0.19.     

Economics of a solar-assisted heating/cooling system for an aquatic centre in a tropical environment

The paper reports on a feasibility study of a solar-powered heating/cooling system for a swimming pool/space combination in a tropical environment. The system employs an absorption chiller and a cooling tower to meet the locker-room load. The heating is accomplished by employing hot water generated by heat exchange with the solar collector working fluid. Two thermal storage tanks are employed for the collector and domestic use. The absorption chiller utilizes hot water to regenerate the LiBr solution. The proposed system will enable the swimming season to be extended from 16 weeks to 52 weeks. The economic analysis is performed based on the life-cycle-cost method. The effects of discount rate, fuel prices, and the fuel inflation rate are discussed. The analysis shows, with the present level of fuel prices, that the solarassisted system is not economical enough over a life cycle of 10 years. The study presents different scenarios for which the solar-assisted system is, however, economical.     

A review: Renewable energy with absorption chillers in Thailand

The aim of this paper is to review the energy situation, renewable energy potential and absorption chiller system in Thailand. The renewable energy which will be used in low temperature applications, under the consideration of low operating cost, high availability and non-polluted emission such as solar energy was discussed. Solar energy can be used as power sources for cooling systems, especially for the absorption chiller. Thailand is located in the area where the solar intensity is very high and thus solar energy can be used as power sources. The absorption chiller using water/lithium bromide is the most appropriate for the solar applications. This system, however, is not widely used in Thailand due to its complexity, high toxicity caused by leakage and high initial cost. The utilization of absorption chiller may increase if more researches focus on the development of this cooling system, which is driven by solar energy. This may results in a substantial decrease in electricity consumption.     

Experience with fully operational solar-driven 10-ton LiBr/H2O single-effect absorption cooling system in Thailand

A solar-driven 10-ton LiBr/H₂O single-effect absorption cooling system has been designed and installed at the School of Renewable Energy Technology (SERT), Phitsanulok, Thailand. Construction took place in 2005, after which this system became fully operational and has been supplying cooling for our main testing building's air-conditioning. Data on the system's operation were collected during 2006 and analyzed to find the extent to which solar energy replaced conventional energy sources. Here, we present these data and show that the 72 m² evacuated tube solar collector delivered a yearly average solar fraction of 81%, while the remaining 19% of thermal energy required by the chiller was supplied by a LPG-fired backup heating unit. We also show that the economics of this cooling system are dominated by the initial cost of the solar collector array and the absorption chiller, which are significantly higher than that of a similar-size conventional VCC system.