Electrochemical behavior of Cu(II) reduced in CH3OH and DMSO

The cyclic voltammetry and the potential-time curve after galvanostatic electrolysis were used to study the electrode processes of Cu(n) in CH3OH solution and DMSO solution. The electroreduction of Cu(Ⅱ) to Cu on a Pt electrode proceeds in two steps: Cu(Ⅱ) + e = Cu(Ⅰ); Cu(I) + e = Cu. The reduction potential of Cu(n) in DMSO solution is more negative than that in CH3OH solution, and the diffusion coefficient of Cu(Ⅱ) ion in DMSO solution is larger than that in CH3OH solution because the polarity of DMSO is larger than that of CH3OH observably and has a stronger solvating power.     

Catalytic mechanism of Cu（p-OTs）2／ethanolamine as mimetic enzyme

The electrochemical behaviors of various copper salts complexes coordinated with equal molar ethanolamine were studied, and those of Cu(p-OTs)2 and Cu(p-OTs)2/ethanolamine(1：1) complex in CH3OH or DMF were characterized. The results show that the reduction of Cu(Ⅱ) in Cu(p-OTs)2 is via one two-electron step mechanism both in CH3 OH and DMF. The reduction mechanism transforms to two one-electron steps in the case of Cu (p-OTs)2/ethanolamine(1：1) in DMF. However, it does not change in CH3OH. All the Cu(Ⅱ)/ethanolamine(1:1) with the electrochemical reactions are through two one-electron steps, and can act as mimetic enzyme to oxidize 1, l‘-bi-2-naphthol. The Cu(Ⅱ)/ethanolamine(1:1) with electrochemical reactions through one two-electron step could not act as mimetic enzyme. It is concluded that the transformation between centre Cu(Ⅱ) and Cu(Ⅰ) is the crucial condition for the catalytic activity of copper-amine complex.     

Electrochemical impedance characteristics of LC4 aluminum alloy treated with ZH1 technique

ZH1 technique was used to form a corrosion resistant layer on LC4 alloy. The composition of the layer was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is found that the layer is composed of oxides of metals on the substrate, such as A12O3, ZnO, MgO2, CuO, and MnO2. The electrochemical impedance spectrums (EIS) of LC4 aluminum alloy specimen were measured in NaCl solutions to study the mechanism of the corrosion resistance of the alloy treated with ZHI technique. The results show that in NaCl solutions the capacitance of the Helmholtz layer and space charge layer of the oxide coating formed on the surface of LC4 alloy is less than that of a normal metal electrode while its ohmic resistance is relatively greater. At the same time, the thickness of the Helmholtz layer is 1-3 exponentially greater than that of a normal metal electrode. Compared with a normal metal electrode, all these characteristics make it more difficult for charges to transfer between the solution and the surface of the electrode. That is why the polarized current density of LC4 alloy treated with ZHI technique kept small in 3.5% NaCl solution within a wide range of potential, and why the polarized curves of LC4 alloy treated with ZH1 technique changed a little in 3.5% NaCl solution of different pH values.Moreover, according to the capacitance of the space charge layer (Csc) obtained at different potentials in 3.5% NaCI solution, I/Csc^2-E curve was laid out. It is found that there does not exist a simple linear relation between I/Csc^2 and the potential. Therefore, the oxide coating formed on LC4 alloy with ZH1 technique is not a semiconductor at room temperature.     

4-methoxy-2,6-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazoyl)-1,3,5-triazine modified carbon paste electrode for trace Cu(Ⅱ) determination by differential pulse volt-ammetry

A differential pulse voltammetric method was developed for the sensitive and selective determination of Cu(Ⅱ) at 4-methoxy-2,6-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazoyl)-l,3,5-triazine modified carbon paste electrode in 0.05 mol/L KHC8H4O4 solution (pH = 4.02). The oxidation peak of Cu(Ⅱ) was observed at 0.065 V(vs Ag/AgCl) by scanning the potential in positive direc-tion. The analysis procedure consisted of an open circuit accumulation step in stirred sample solution. It was followed by medium exchange to a clean solution and subsequently an anodic potential scan was affected to obtain the voltammetric peak. The current was proportional to the concentration of the Cu(Ⅱ) ion in a range of 1× 10-7-1×10-4 mol/L for 6 min accumulation; the most of metal ions did not interfere with the determination. The developed method was applied to Cu(Ⅱ) determination in coal-ash sample, the results agreed with that of atomic adsorption spectroscopy(AAS).     

ELECTROCHEMICAL NOISE FEATURES OF PURE ALUMINUM DURING PITTING CORROSION IN NEUTRAL NaCl SOLUTION

Spontaneous electrochemical noise (EN) can be a rich source of information concerning the processes simultaneously occurring at a corroding interface. Potential noise fluctuations during the free corrosion of pure aluminum in different concentration of neutral sodium chloride solution are investigated, and the breakdown and restoration of passive metal's film are studied using potentiodynamic scanning (PDS) measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. Two capacitance loops are observed in the Nyquist plots in two kinds of concentration, and the corrosion process is under activation control at first, then become diffusion control within the oxide film and corrosion products of (Al(OH)p-mCl-m) accumulated on the surface of the corroding electrode. It is suggested that the pitting corrosion is much easier to occur for pure aluminum in 7.0wt% than in 2.0wt% NaCl solution, and the high concentration of chloride ion in solution inhibits the repassivation of a metastable pit. The co     

Deposition of cerium contained conversion films on LC4 alloy with square wave pulse method

Cerium contained conversion films were deposited on LC4 aluminum alloy using square wave pulse (SWP) in aCeCl3 solution with KMnO4 as the oxidant. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were adopted to study the composition and the morphology of the film. It is found that the film is composed of Al, Zn, Cu,and small amount of cerium. The polarization curves of the specimens treated with SWP technique measured in 3.5% (mass fraction) NaCl solution reveal that the film thus formed inhibits both the anodic and cathodic process of the corrosion of the specimen. The immersion tests of treated specimens in 3.5% NaCl solution indicate that the corrosion resistance of the SWP treated specimen is better than that of the untreated and is equivalent to or even better than that of the traditionally electro-chemically treated specimens.     

Electrochemical deposition of aluminum on W electrode from AlCl_3-NaCl melts

Electrochemical deposition of aluminum on W electrode from AlCl3-NaCl melts was studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry. The results show that Al ( Ⅲ) is reduced in two consecutive steps, i.e., 4Al2Cl7-+3e-→Al+7AlCl4- and then AlCl4-+3e-→Al+4Cl-. The electrochemical reaction of 4Al2Cl7-+3e-→Al+7AlCl4- is reversible. Certain nucleation overpotential is required during the deposition of aluminum on W electrode. Chronopotentiometry analysis also shows that Al (Ⅲ ) is reduced in two consecutive steps under certain current density, which is in reasonable agreement with cyclic voltammograms. By using constant current deposition, the electrodeposits on Al substrate obtained at between 50 and 100 mA/cm2 are quite dense and well adherent to the Al substrate. The electrochemical deposition of aluminum on Cu substrate in AlCl3-NaCl melts indicates that the intermetallic compounds are formed. The intermetallic compounds are AlCu and Al2Cu.     

Electrochemical behavior of Cu in the (NaCl-KCl-CuCl) molten salt

The electrochemical reaction mechanism and electrocrystallization process of Cu on copper electrode in the eutectic NaCl-KCl-CuCl molten salt were investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry technique at 710 C. The results show that the electrochemical reaction process of Cu is a quasi-reversible process mix-controlled by Cu + diffusion rate and electron transport rate; the electrochemical reduction mechanism is Cu + +e→Cu; the electrocry stallization process of co...     

Electrodeposition of Pr-Fe ahoy films in urea-dimethylsulfoxide

Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of Pr^3 ions in a system of 0.01 mol-dm-3 Pr(CH3SO3)3 0.01 mol-dm^-3 FeCl2 3.0 mol.dm^-3 urea DMSO on a Pt electrode. Some electrochemical parameters were measured. Potentiostatic depositions between -1.6 and -2.4 V were applied to deposit Pr-Fe films in urea-DMSO mixed solution. The Pr content in the alloy films was in the range of 34.89 wt.% to 37.15 wt.%.The Pr-Fe alloy films are proven to be amorphous by XRD (X-ray diffraction).     

Electrocatalytic performance of Pd–Ni nanowire arrays electrode for methanol electrooxidation in alkaline media

A successful approach to prepare the Pd–Ni nanowire arrays electrode without carbon supports was reported. The morphology and crystallinity of nanowire were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction(SAED), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analyses, respectively. The results show that the diameters of the nanowire are in the range of 65–75 nm, and the polycrystalline binary solid solution alloy is formed in the Pd–Ni nanowire. Cyclic voltammograms, chronoamperograms, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrate that the Pd–Ni nanowire arrays electrodes show excellent electrocatalytic performance for methanol oxidation in alkaline media. The catalytic activity of Pd–Ni nanowire arrays electrode is *1.39 times higher than that of the Pd nanowire arrays electrode and *2.28 times higher than that of the commercial Pd/C catalyst. This is mostly owing to the transfer of electron density from Ni to Pd. These results indicate that Pd–Ni nanowire arrays electrode is very promising in an alkaline direct methanol fuel cell.     

Crystal structure and thermal stability of martensite in Cu-25Al-3Mn alloy

The martensite structure in Cu-25Al-3Mn alloy and its thermal cycling and aging behavior are studied. It is convinced that the M2H martensite can be obtained by water-quenched, and the atoms distribution on the basal plane of the mart ensite is: Ⅰ(corner)-Al; Ⅱ(center of the plane)-Cu; Ⅲ(middle of b- side)-22/25Cu+3/25Mn. The lattice parameters are determined to be a=0.445 9 nm, b=0.527 9 nm, c=0.424 1 nm, β=88.64°. The triangle and other complicated configurations consisting of the variant group in the martensite are discovered. It is showed that the tested alloy has a high thermal stability when aging at average temperature in the parent phase, and the thermoelastic martensite amount is up to 90% af ter aging for 96 hat 400 ℃. The thermal cycling has a little influence on the transform ation temperature (Ms). When the number of thermal cycles is up to 1000, the increasing of Ms is only 8 ℃.     

Molten solvent extraction behavior of trivalent La, Sm, Dy, and Yb with tri-n-butyl phosphate into molten paraffin wax at 60℃

The extraction behavior of La3 , Sm3 , Dy3 , and Yb3 in sodium acetate-acetic acid medium was studied with tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) at 60 ~C using paraffin wax as a diluent. The extraction percentage is greater than 85% in the pH range of 6 to 8. The result of slope analysis method indicates that the compositions of the extracted species are different between the light and heavy rare earths. The formula of the extracted species is found to be La(TBP)(OH)(Ac)2 for La3 and Yb(TBP)(OH)3 for Yb3 . The effects of extracting time, the concentration of TBP in the organic phase and salts on the extraction efficiency were also discussed.     

Electrodeposition preparation of Nafion-Pt-HxMoO3 and its activity toward methanol oxidation

A composite catalyst Nafion-Pt-HxMoO3 was prepared on a glassy carbon by cyclic voltammetry methods in sulfuric acid solution containing Na2MoO4, H2PtCl6 and Naton, and its activity for the methanol oxidation was studied with Pt-HxMoO3 as comparison. It is found that the electrocatalytic activity and the stability of Pt-HxMoO3 are improved by the Nation. The activity of Pt-HxMoO3 reaches its maximum when the content of Nation in the preparation solution is 0.012%（mass fraction）. In this case the oxidation peak current of methanol on Nation-Pt-HxMoO3 is 1.76 times larger than that on Pt-HxMoO3 and keeps unchanged when the potential is set at 0.3 V （vs Hg-Hg2SO4） for 5 000 s in 1 mol/LCH3OH＋0.5 mol/L U2SO4 solution. The results from energy dispersive spectroscopy show that the content of Nation in the composite is 0.57%. The results from scanning electron spectroscopy show that the composite of Nafion-Pt-HxMoO has a gain size of about 90 nm and distributes more uniformly than Pt-HxMoO3.     

Preparation and characterization of La0.8Cu0.2MnO(3±δ) perovskite-type catalyst for methane combustion

La0.8 Cu0.2 MnO(3±δ) perovskite-type catalyst for methane combustion prepared through sol-gel process was characterized by X-ray Diffractometry(XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM). XPS analyses reveal that the surface characteristics of the catalyst are changed. The lattice defects and oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface are enhanced due to a part of La3+ being substituted by Cu2+.Temperature-programmed-desorption(TPD) and temperature-programmed-reduction(TPR) analyses were carried out to study the catalytic behavior. It is found that there are two O2-desorption peaks at 350 ℃ and 650 ℃ in the TPD pattern, and two CH4-consumption peaks at 420 ℃ and 750 ℃ in the TPR patterns respectively, which indicates that the two kinds of oxygen species, so-called α and β oxygen, can react with the methane during catalytic combustion process. The catalytic activity tests were performed in a fixed-bed reactor, and the results show that the T1/2 at which the conversion of methane attains 50 % of La0.8 Cu0.2 MnO(3±δ) is lower by 55 ℃ than that of LaMnO3.This indicates that the catalytic activity of La0.8 Cu0. 2 MnO(3±δ) is increased with partial substitution of Cu2+ for La3+.     

Correlation Between Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Two 90Cu10Ni Alloy Tubes

Two kinds of 90Cu10 Ni tubes with different service lives(more than 3 years and only 1 year,respectively)under identical working conditions were studied by an immersion test in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution and the electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD) technique.The morphology after immersion showed severer corrosion attack at the grain boundaries of the tube with shorter service life compared with the tube with longer service life.The grain boundary characterization distributions(GBCDs) of the two tubes obtained by EBSD revealed more Σ3 boundaries and twins,and larger random boundary meshes in the tube with longer service life.A short immersion test in a modified Livingston's solution was conducted to evaluate the tendency to corrosion attack of different types of the grain boundaries.SEM and AFM were used to characterize the corrosion morphologies of the boundaries.A strong correlation between varying depths of corrosion grooves and types of the grain boundaries was obtained.The influence of deviation angle of low Σ boundaries on corrosion resistance of the grain boundaries was also discussed.It is concluded that a special ‘‘grain boundary engineering'(GBE) treatment has been performed on the tube with longer service life.It is proposed that the optimized GBCD is responsible for the better service performance of the tube.     

Stability of supersaturated solid solution of quenched Al–X(X 5 Zn,Mg, Cu) binary alloys

In this study, the changing trend of crystal-lattice constant and the influential factors of the stability of supersaturated solid solutions with various alloying additions in the Al–X(Zn, Mg, Cu) binary alloys were investigated. The samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray absorption fine structure(XAFS), and scanning electron microscope(SEM). It is found that the addition of Cu causes the largest change of crystal-lattice constant of the Al–xCu supersaturated solid solution binary alloy. The most dramatic change occurs in the initial stage of Cu addition.The change is stabilized thereafter. Also, at the same alloying element addition to the Al–X(X = Zn, Mg, Cu)binary alloys, the Al–xCu is the most unstable system.Influential factors of the stability include the lattice constant change and the type of alloying element. The larger the lattice constant changes, the more unstable the supersaturated solid solution is. The alloying element, easy to aggregate, often leads to the solid solution less stable.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of two-stage aged Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Sm alloy

High-strength Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Sm alloy was fabricated and subjected to single-stage aging and pre-aging(two-stage aging). Effect of pre-aging on micros tructure and mechanical properties of the alloy was investigated. It is found that the alloy is mainly composed of α-Al, Al_2Cu, Al_2CuMg and AlCu_4Sm. The number of plate-like Ω Al_2Cu precipitates is comparable to that of rod-like S Al_2 CuMg precipitates in the single-stage aged alloy, whereas, in the two-stage aged alloy, it is much higher than that of S precipitates. Q precipitates have a smaller plate thickness and distribute more uniformly in the two-stage aged alloy than in the single-stage aged alloy.Ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and yield strength of the two-stage aged alloy are 12% higher than those of the single-stage aged one, indicating a better aging hardening caused by the two-stage aging. The increased tensile properties mainly come from both stronger precipitation strengthening caused by more Ω precipitates in the twostage aged alloy and stronger solution strengthening from Mg atoms. The fracture surfaces consist of both dimple zones composed of microscale dimples and platform zones composed of nanoscale dimples. The total area of dimple zones for single-stage aged alloy is much higher than that for two-stage aged alloy, which can be attributed to different numbers of Ω precipitates in the two alloys.     

(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)MIXED MODE HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING

Hydrogen induced cracking(HIC)of 0.3% C,1% Cr,1% Mn,1% Si high strength steel hasbeen studied under simple mode Ⅰ,mode Ⅱ and(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)mixed mode loading conditions.Af-ter being hydrogen-charged in IN H_2SO_4 solution,the material behaved hydrogenembrittlement in all the cases studied.The threshold K_(ⅡH)/K_(ⅡX) of HIC under mode Ⅱ load-ing was 0.27,which was nearly the same as that K(ⅠH)/K_(ⅠX)=0.29 under mode Ⅰ loading.While the thresholds of-HIC under(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)mixed mode loading were 0.36,0.41 and 0.37 cor-responding to the K_Ⅱ/K_Ⅰ ratio of 0.27,0.4 and O.81.The results show that simple mode Ⅰor mode Ⅱ loading is more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement than(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)mixed mode.For explaining the experimental results,the effects of triaxial stress as well as plasticdeformation ahead of crack tip has been discussed.     

Characterization of blasted austenitic stainless steel and its corrosion resistance

It is known that the corrosion resistance of stainless steel is deteriorated by blasting, but the reason for this deterioration is not clear. A blasted austenitic stainless steel plate (JIS-SUS304) has been characterized with comparison to the scraped and non-blasted specimens. The surface roughness of the blasted specimen is larger than that of materials finished with #180 paper. A martensite phase is formed in the surface layer of both blasted and scraped specimens. Compressive residual stress is generated in the blasted specimen and the maximum residual stress is formed at 50–100 μm from the surface. The corrosion potentials of the blasted specimen and subsequently solution treated specimen are lower than that of the non-blasted specimen. The passivation current densities of the blasted specimens are higher those of the non-blasted specimen. The blasted specimen and the subsequently solution treated specimen exhibit rust in 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, while the non-blasted specimen and ground specimen do not rust in the solution. It is concluded that the deterioration of corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel through blasting is caused by the roughed morphology of the surface.     

Properties analysis of a new type of solder paste SACBN07

In this work,the wettability,aging and shear properties of a new type of lead-free solder paste Sn-07Ag-05Cu + BiNi (SACBN07) was investigated by conducting a series of comparison experiments with SAC305 and SAC0307 solder paste.The results show that weuability of SACBN07 is almost equal to SAC305,and better than that of SAC0307 solder paste.The thickness of intermetallic compound (IMC) layer in SACBN07/Cu is lower than that of other two types of solder joint after aging.And Cu3Sn layer of SACBN07/Cu is thinner than that of SAC305 and SAC0307.In addition,the SACBN07 solder joints perform the best shear strength among these three types of solder pastes.