Simplified purification of chondroitin sulphate from scapular cartilage of shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus)

Chondroitin sulphate (ChS) from the scapular cartilage of the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) was purified by two‐stage enzymatic hydrolysis and a fractional precipitation process using isopropyl alcohol. Characteristics of the ChS fraction were investigated using cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and FT‐IR spectra. A maximum hydrolysis rate of 78.26% was achieved with 1.35% (w/w) Alcalase and 1.20% (w/w) Flavourzyme. A minimum nitrogen content of 2.89% was obtained with 1.43% (w/w) Alcalase and 1.33% (w/w) Flavourzyme, as determined by response surface methodology. The precipitation of ChS from the enzymatic hydrolysates was optimised at 40% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol, which contained 2% (w/v) NaCl to lower the nitrogen content. The precipitate was further purified via membrane filtration (molecular‐weight cut‐off, 3 kDa) to remove salt and low‐molecular‐weight materials. The ChS purified by enzymatic hydrolysis, isopropyl alcohol precipitation and membrane filtration was identified as ChS C by electrophoresis and FT‐IR spectra.     

不同干燥方法对花生蛋白功能特性的影响

以花生蛋白为原料,分别采用热风干燥、真空干燥、微波干燥和微波结合真空干燥对花生蛋白进行干燥处理,比较不同的干燥方式对花生蛋白功能特性(吸油性、持水性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性能和起泡稳定性)的影响。实验表明,微波结合真空干燥的花生蛋白不仅干燥时间短,而且具有较好的功能特性,微波结合真空干燥是一种干燥花生蛋白的适宜方法。     

不同干燥方法对花生蛋白功能特性的影响

以花生蛋白为原料，分别采用热风干燥、真空干燥、微波干燥和微波结合真空干燥对花生蛋白进行干燥处理，比较不同的干燥方式对花生蛋白功能特性（吸油性、持水性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡胜能和起泡稳定性）的影响。实验表明，微波结合真空干燥的花生蛋白不仅干燥时间短，而且具有较好的功能特性，微波结合真空干燥是一种干燥花生蛋白的适宜方法。     

不同干燥方式对明胶特性的影响

系统研究了不同干燥方式(热风干燥,真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥)对明胶性质的影响,包括得率、色差、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)、凝胶强度、凝胶持水力、疏水性以及傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fo...     

Effect of microbial transglutaminase on the functional properties of megrim (Lepidorhombus boscii) skin gelatin

This paper examines the effect of a microbial transglutaminase (TGase) on the gelling and viscoelastic properties of a gelatin from megrim (Lepidorhombus boscii) skins. Although TGase extended the setting time of fish gelatin, it was found that melting temperature, gel strength and viscosity in solution at 60 °C were considerably increased by the covalent cross‐linking action of the enzyme, as observed by SDS‐PAGE and SEM. Increasing concentrations of TGase increased the elasticity and cohesiveness of gelatin gels but reduced gel strength and hardness. Partial inactivation of the enzyme was achieved thermally without negatively affecting the properties of the gelatin; whether or not gelatin is thermoreversible depends essentially on the degree of enzyme inactivation. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Bovidae-based gelatin: Extractions method,physicochemical and functional properties,applications, and future trends

Gelatin is one of the most important multifunctional biopolymers and is widely used as an essential ingredient in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics. Porcine gelatin is regarded as the leading source of gelatin globally then followed by bovine gelatin. Porcine sources are favored over other sources since they are less expensive. However, porcine gelatin is religiously prohibited to be consumed by Muslims and the Jewish community. It is predicted that the global demand for gelatin will increase significantly in the future. Therefore, a sustainable source of gelatin with efficient production and free of disease transmission must be developed. The highest quality of Bovidae-based gelatin (BG) was acquired through alkaline pretreatment, which displayed excellent physicochemical and rheological properties. The utilization of mammalian- and plant-based enzyme significantly increased the gelatin yield. The emulsifying and foaming properties of BG also showed good stability when incorporated into food and pharmaceutical products. Manipulation of extraction conditions has enabled the development of custom-made gelatin with desired properties. This review highlighted the various modifications of extraction and processing methods to improve the physicochemical and functional properties of Bovidae-based gelatin. An in-depth analysis of the crucial stage of collagen breakdown is also discussed, which involved acid, alkaline, and enzyme pretreatment, respectively. In addition, the unique characteristics and primary qualities of BG including protein content, amphoteric property, gel strength, emulsifying and viscosity properties, and foaming ability were presented. Finally, the applications and prospects of BG as the preferred gelatin source globally were outlined.     

不同干燥方法对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响

采用离心喷雾干燥、真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥、微波干燥对大豆分离蛋白进行干燥，研究干燥后的大豆分离蛋白的功能性质。结果表明：微波干燥的大豆分离蛋白粘度较大，而乳化性、吸水性、吸油性和水合能力小；热风干燥和喷雾干燥的大豆分离蛋白功能性质相似；真空冷冻干燥对大豆分离蛋白功能性质影响小。     

Microwave processing technology influences the functional and structural properties of fish gelatin

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of microwave processing technology (MPT, 240–800 W, 1 and 4 min) on the functional and structural properties of fish gelatin (FG). It showed that MPT could increase gel strength and texture properties of FG, especially for 240 W. MPT greatly increased emulsifying activity index (EAI) of FG, but decreased its emulsion stability index (ESI). Rheology results showed that MPT increased viscosity of FG, but decreased gelation times. Intrinsic fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results indicated that MPT could unfold gelatin, contributing to the formation of H-bonds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that low power and short time of MPT-treated gelatin gels had much more dense and less voids. This work provided guidance for the applications of MPT to improve the functional properties of FG, and the results show that MPT-treated FG can replace mammalian gelatin and meet the religious requirement.     

Characteristics and functional properties of gelatin from seabass skin as influenced by defatting

Gelatins from nondefatted and defatted seabass skins were characterised and evaluated for their functional properties in comparison with commercial fish skin gelatin. All gelatins contained α₁‐ and α₂‐chains as the predominant components and showed a high imino acid content (199–201 residues/1000 residues). All gelatins had a relative solubility greater than 90% in the wide pH ranges (1–10). Foaming properties of all gelatins increased with increasing concentrations (1–3%, w/v). Gelatin from defatted skin had higher foam expansion and stability than that extracted from nondefatted skin. Emulsion containing gelatin from defatted skin had smaller oil droplet size (d₃₂, d₄₃), compared with that having gelatin from nondefatted skin (P < 0.05). After 10 days of storage at room temperature (28–30 °C), emulsion stabilised by gelatin from defatted skin showed the higher stability as indicated by the lower increases in d₃₂ and d₄₃, and lower flocculation factor and coalescence index. Coincidentally, emulsion stabilised by gelatin from defatted skin had higher zeta potential than that containing gelatin from nondefatted skin. Thus, defatting of seabass skin directly affected characteristics and functional properties of resulting gelatin.     

干燥方式对SPC功能性和结构的影响

通过研究不同干燥方法(冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥)对SPC(大豆浓缩蛋白)的NSI(氮溶指数)、起泡性和乳化性的影响,并利用凝胶电泳和傅立叶红外光谱方法研究不同干燥方法对SPC结构的影响;探讨SPC功能性质改善的机理。     

Physicochemical and functional properties of lentil protein isolates prepared by different drying methods

Lentil protein isolate (LPI) extract was converted into powder by freeze drying, spray drying and vacuum drying. Differences in particle size distribution, protein subunit composition and colour and surface morphology were observed amongst the three drying methods. Spray and freeze-dried LPI powders exhibited higher solubility (81% and 78%, respectively) compared to vacuum dried powders (50%). The spray dried powders showed a low water absorption capacity (0.43 ± 0.02 g/g) compared to freeze (0.48 ± 0.02 g/g) and vacuum-dried (0.47 ± 0.01 g/g) LPI powders. Spray and freeze-dried powders displayed better gelation ability and higher gel strength, compared to vacuum-dried powder. Both spray and freeze-dried gels showed typical viscoelastic gel characteristics, with G′ dominating over G″ and very low loss tangent. The holding time required for gelation of vacuum dried powder at 90 °C was significantly longer, compared to spray and freeze dried powders. Hence, drying methods used for preparation of lentil protein isolate powders can affect physicochemical and associated functional properties.     

鱼源明胶改性的研究进展

鱼明胶由于其来源的特殊性,不仅能够满足有特殊需求的人群的需要,而且还具有功能独特、来源广泛、环保和无毒等优势。然而相对于传统明胶,鱼来源制备的明胶凝胶能力、成膜性、乳化和发泡等功能性能较差,从而在一定程度上限制了其应用。本文通过对近年来改善鱼明胶性能方法的研究展开综述,并对未来明胶功能特性的应用前景进行了展望。      

利用鲨鱼软骨制备钙螯合胶原肽及其性质的研究

以鲨鱼软骨为原料,通过单因素实验和正交实验优化胶原肽螯合钙的酶解制备工艺。结果发现,当酶解时间、酶添加量、底物浓度分别为1 h,0.25%,25 mg/m L时,制备的鲨鱼软骨胶原肽的钙螯合能力可达1087.01 mg/100 g蛋白。制备的钙螯合胶原肽小于5000 u的组分约占84%,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸占总氨基酸的比例为17.07%,疏水性氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例为41.24%,而必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例只有22.81%。根据红外光谱和扫描电镜结果,发现鲨鱼软骨胶原肽螯合钙的微观结构均匀致密,不仅具有胶原蛋白的特征,还含有硫酸软骨素的特征。      

Effect of drying methods on physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of date fibre concentrates

Effects of different drying methods (freeze-, oven- and sun-drying) on physico-chemical properties of date fibre concentrates (DFC) from three potential Tunisian cultivars were investigated. DFC had high contents of dietary fibre (71.01–93.46% dry matter), with high proportions of insoluble dietary fibre. Freeze dried DFC had the highest values of swelling, water holding and oil holding capacities. This drying method gave also the lightest DFC colour. Kentichi fibre produced by freeze-drying had the highest viscosity and the lowest bulkier particles. The present work assessed polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of DFC using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The highest polyphenol content was found for freeze dried DFC, contrary to radical scavenging activity which was not affected by drying methods. Results suggest that freeze dried DFC had the highest potential to be used as a functional ingredient in food products.     

不同干燥方法制备的星油藤分离蛋白功能性质的比较研究

以星油藤饼为原料,分别采用真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥的方法制备星油藤分离蛋白。研究了温度、p H、质量浓度对两种干燥方法制备的星油藤分离蛋白功能性质的影响并进行比较。结果表明:两种方法制备的星油藤分离蛋白的溶解度和吸油性在55℃时最大;持水性在p H 7时最大;黏度随温度的升高而降低;起泡性和乳化活性、乳化稳定性均随蛋白质质量浓度的升高而增大。真空冷冻干燥样品的吸油性、持水性、溶解性、起泡性大于喷雾干燥的样品;其乳化活性与乳化稳定性高于喷雾干燥的样品。     

干燥方式对四角蛤蜊酶解物功能特性和 抗氧化活性的影响

目的比较不同干燥方式对四角蛤蜊木瓜蛋白酶酶解物功能特性和抗氧化活性的影响。方法采用冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥2种方式对四角蛤蜊木瓜蛋白酶酶解物进行干燥处理,比较其功能特性和抗氧化活性。结果冷冻干燥(freezing drying,FD)组的蛋白含量(49.56%)高于喷雾干燥(spray drying,SD)组(44.31%),2组均含有17种氨基酸,总氨基酸含量之间无显著性差异。两者均具有一定的抗氧化能力,FD组的DPPH?清除能力和还原能力均优于SD组,其IC50和AC0.5值分别为3.02、4.52 mg/mL和3.55、4.03 mg/mL。FD组和SD组颜色差异显著,且FD组的溶解性、起泡性和泡沫稳定性均好于SD组。结论 FD组的功能特性和抗氧化活性均优于SD组,四角蛤蜊酶解物采用真空冷冻干燥效果更好。     

Chemical compositions and functional properties of gelatin from pre-cooked tuna fin

Gelatin was extracted from pre-cooked tuna caudal fin with the yield of 1.99%. Tuna fin gelatin (TFG) contained high protein content (89.54%) with hydroxyproline content of 14.12 mg g⁻¹. TFG comprised a lower content of high-molecular-weight cross-links and hydroxyproline content than porcine skin gelatin (PSG). However, proline content in TFG was twofold higher than that of PSG. The highest bloom strength and turbidity of TFG were observed at pH 6, while the lowest solubility was noticeable at the same pH. The bloom strength of TFG gel was lower than that of PSG gel at all pHs. TFG exhibited the lower emulsifying activity but greater emulsifying stability than PSG (P < 0.05). TFG showed poor foaming properties than PSG. The tensile strength, elongation at break, water vapour permeability of film from PSG was greater than those of TFG (P < 0.05). The study revealed that gelatin of good quality can be prepared from tuna processing discards.