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1.
Hormoz Azizian John K. G. Kramer Magdi M. Mossoba 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2012,89(12):2143-2154
Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy in conjunction with partial least squares 1 (PLS1) calibration models was previously reported to be an alternative method to GC for the rapid determination of the fatty acid (FA) composition of fats and oils. These calibration models had been developed based on accurate GC data (primary reference method) and observed FT-NIR spectra. In the present three-laboratory limited collaborative study, the transferability of these pre-developed calibration models to four other FT-NIR spectrometers from the same manufacturer was evaluated. Six samples were selected that provided a wide range of FA contents. Our results indicate that these models were successfully transferable to spectrometers operating in the transflection mode with 2- or 4-mm pathlength fiber optic probes or in the transmission mode using 5-mm, but not 8-mm, outer diameter tubes. The predicted FA composition fell within the statistically accepted limits of agreement between FT-NIR and GC. The FT-NIR precision data were consistent with those reported in a published GC collaborative study. The application of FT-NIR to the determination of the total content of SFA, trans FA, MUFA, and PUFA is cost-effective and potentially suitable for the rapid screening of commercial products for compliance verification with labeling regulations. 相似文献
2.
A rapid method was developed for classifying and quantifying the FA composition of edible oils and fats using Fourier Transform
near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR). The FT-NIR spectra showed unique fingerprints for saturated FA, cis and trans monounsaturated FA, and all n−6 and n−3 PUFA within TAG to permit qualitative and quantitative comparisons of fats and oils.
The quantitative models were based on incorporating accurate GC data of the different fats and oils and FT-NIR spectral information
into the calibration model using chemometric analysis. FT-NIR classification models were developed based on chemometric analyses
of 55 fats, oils, and fat/oil mixtures that were used in the identification of similar materials. This database was used to
prepare three calibration models—one suitable for the analysis of common fats and oils with low levels of trans FA, and the other two for fats and oils with intermediate and high levels of trans FA. The FT-NIR method showed great potential to provide the complete FA composition of unknown fats and oils in minutes.
Compared with the official GC method, the FT-NIR method analyzed fats and oils directly in their neat form and required no
derivatization of the fats to volatile FAME, followed by time-consuming GC separations and analyses. The FT-NIR method also
compared well with the official FTIR method using an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) cell; the latter provided only quantification
of specific functional groups, such as the total trans FA content, whereas FT-NIR provided the complete FA profile. The FT-NIR method has the potential to be used for rapid screening
and/or monitoring of fat products, trans FA determinations for regulatory labeling purposes, and detection of contaminants. The quantitative FT-NIR results for various
edible oils and fats and their mixtures are presented based on the FT-NIR model developed. 相似文献
3.
The intake of fat, saturated and monounsaturated FA (SFA and MUFA), and omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA has been estimated in 641
Belgian women (age 18-39 y). Their food intake was recorded using a 2-d food diary. The PUFA included were linoleic (LA),
alpha-linolenic (LNA), arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaeonoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids.
The mean total fat intake corresponded to 34.3% of total energy intake (E). The mean intake of the FA groups corresponded
to 13.7%, 13.1%, and 6.0% of E, for SFA, MUFA, and PUFA, respectively. The mean intake of LA was 5.3% of E and of LNA was
0.6% of E, with a mean LA/LNA ratio of 8.7. The mean intake of AA was 0.03% of E. The mean intake of EPA, DPA, and DHA was
0.4%, 0.01%, and 0.06% of E, respectively. According to the Belgian recommendations, the total fat and SFA intake was too
high for about three-quarters of the population. The mean LA and overall n-6 PUFA intake corresponded with the recommendation,
with part of the population exceeding the upper level. Conversely, the population showed a large deficit for LNA and n-3 PUFA.
The major food source for LA and LNA was fats and oils, followed by cereal products. The main sources of long-chain PUFA were
fish and seafood, and meat, poultry, and eggs. From a public health perspective, it seems desirable to tackle the problem
of low n-3 PUFA intake. 相似文献
4.
Muhammad Younis Talpur Syed Tufail Hussain Sherazi Sarfaraz Ahmed Mahesar Saba Naz Huseyin Kara 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2012,114(2):222-228
The study was carried out to investigate the changes in saturated (SFA), monoene (MUFA), trans (TFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids and the key fatty acid ratios (SFA/UFA, cis PUFA/SFA, C18:2/C16:0 and C18:3/C16:0) during potato chips frying in canola oil using single bounce attenuated total reflectance FTIR (SB‐ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy. The data obtained from GC‐FID were used as reference. The calibration of main fat groups and their key fatty acid ratios were developed by partial least square (PLS) regression coefficients using 4000 to 650 cm?1 spectral range. FTIR PLS regression for the predicted SFA, MUFA, TFA, and PUFA were found 0.999, 0.998, 0.998, and 0.999, respectively, whereas for SFA/UFA, cis PUFA/SFA, C18:2/C16:0 and C18:3/C16:0 the regression coefficients were 0.991, 0.997, 0.996, and 0.994, respectively. We conclude that FTIR‐PLS could be used for rapid and accurate assessment of changes in the main fat groups and their key fatty acid ratios ratio during the frying process. Practical applications: FTIR‐ATR method is very simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly. No sample preparation is required and one drop of oil is enough for FTIR analysis. The proposed method could be applied for quick determination of key fatty acid ratios in the food processing industry. 相似文献
5.
Mario Kratz Paul Cullen Ursel Wahrburg 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2002,104(5):300-311
The fatty acid composition of the diet has various effects on atherosclerosis risk factors. Dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans‐unsaturated fatty acids increase the low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐/high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol ratio in serum, while these fats do not have a significant bearing on serum triglyceride levels. By contrast, dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and α‐linolenic acid (C18:3n‐3) similarly reduce LDL cholesterol concentrations, while their influence on serum HDL cholesterol and triglycerides is not appreciable. Dietary long‐chain n‐3 PUFA slightly increase serum LDL cholesterol concentrations, but are nevertheless considered salubrious with regard to serum lipids due to the distinct triglyceride‐lowering effects. MUFA‐rich compared to n‐6 PUFA‐rich diets strongly reduce the in vitro oxidizability of LDL. The available studies on this subject also suggest that n‐3 PUFA in the small amounts usually present in the diet are not unduly harmful. These findings are consistent with reports from observational studies: the amount of SFA is positively and the amount of MUFA and n‐6 PUFA in the diet is inversely associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease in most epidemiological studies. The available studies have had an impact on current dietary guidelines, which unanimously recommend that most of the dietary fat should be in the form of MUFA, while the amount of SFA and trans fatty acids in the diet should be as low as possible. 相似文献
6.
A. L. Amrutha Kala 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2012,89(10):1813-1821
The fatty acid composition of 27 samples of commercial hydrogenated vegetable oils and 23 samples of refined oils such as sunflower oil, rice bran oil, soybean oil and RBD palmolein marketed in India were analyzed. Total cis, trans unsaturated fatty acids (TFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were determined. Out of the 27 hydrogenated fats, 11 % had TFA about 1 % where as 11 % had more than 5 % TFA with an average value of about 13.1 %. The 18:1 trans isomers, elaidic acid was the major trans contributor found to have an average value of about 10.8 % among the fats. The unsaturated fatty acids like cis-oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid were in the range of 21.8–40.2, 1.9–12.2, 0.0–0.7 % respectively. Out of the samples, eight fats had fatty acid profiles of low TFA (less than 10 %) and high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as linoleic and α-linolenic acid. They had a maximum TFA content of 7.3 % and PUFA of 11.7 %. Among the samples of refined oils, rice bran oil (5.8 %) and sunflower oil (4.4 %) had the maximum TFA content. RBD palmolein and rice bran oils had maximum saturated fatty acids content of 45.1 and 24.4 % respectively. RBD palmolein had a high monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) content of about 43.4 %, sunflower oil had a high linoleic acid content of about 56.1 % and soybean oil had a high α-linolenic acid content of about 5.3 %. 相似文献
7.
Hui Li F. R. van de Voort A. A. Ismail J. Sedman R. Cox 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2000,77(10):1061-1067
A generalized partial-least-squares calibration for determination of the trans content of edible fats and oils by Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy using 8-mm disposable glass vials
for sample handling and measurement was developed. The trans contents of a broad range of oils were determined using the American Oil Chemists' Society single-bounce horizontal attenuated
total reflectance (SB-HATR) mid-infrared spectroscopic procedure, these trans reference data were used in the development of the generalized FT-NIR calibration. Additional refined and product-specific
calibrations were also developed, and all the calibrations were assessed for their predictive capabilities using two sets
of validation samples, one comprising a broad range of oil types and the other restricted to oils with specific characteristics.
The FT-NIR trans predictions obtained using the generalized calibration were in good agreement with the SB-HATR results; the values were accurate
and reproducible to within ±1.1 and ±0.5% trans, respectively, compared to a reproducibility of ±0.40% trans obtained for the SB-HATR method. The accuracy of the predictions
obtained from the generalized FT-NIR calibration for particular oil types was not significantly improved by supplementing
the base training set with samples of these specific types. Calibrating only these oil types did, however, produce a substantial
improvement in predictive accuracy, aproaching that of the SB-HATR method. These product specific calibrations produced serious
predictive errors when nonrepresentative samples were analyzed. The incorporation of a supplementary discriminate analysis
routine was found to be a powerful safeguard in flagging nonrepresentative samples as outliers and could also be used to select
the calibration most appropriate for the characteristics of the sample being analyzed. Overall, it was concluded that FT-NIR
spectroscopy provides a viable alternative to the SB-HATR/mid-Fourier transform infrared method for trans determination, making use of more industrially robust instrumentation and equipped with a simpler sample handling system. 相似文献
8.
M. M. Mossoba A. Seiler H. Steinhart J. K. G. Kramer L. Rodrigues-Saona A. P. Griffith R. Pierceall F. R. van de Voort J. Sedman A. A. Ismail D. Barr P. A. Da Costa Filho H. Li Y. Zhang X. Liu M. Bradley 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2011,88(1):39-46
Using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, collaborating scientists in ten different laboratories measured (in duplicate) the total trans fat content of ten fat or oil test samples, two of which were blind duplicates. The procedure used entailed measuring the height of the negative second derivative of the IR absorption band at 966 cm?1. This absorption is attributed to the C?CH deformation vibration that is characteristic of isolated (non-conjugated) double bonds with the trans configuration. The precision of ATR-FTIR results in this international collaborative study was satisfactory and led to the approval of this validated procedure as official method AOCS Cd 14e-09 in late 2009. This official method is also suitable for analysis of total isolated trans fat and oil products containing, or supplemented with, trans conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers. Although this method does not require derivatization of the oil or fat test materials, as required for GC, fats and oils in foods must be extracted with organic solvents before analysis. This method is also rapid (5 min) and does not require any weighing or quantitative dilution of unknown neat fat or oil test samples in any solvent. The AOCS Cd 14e-09 method is suitable for determination of test samples with zero trans fat, which is defined according to the US labeling regulations as 0.5 g trans fat per serving or 1.8% trans fat, as a percentage of total fat. 相似文献
9.
The American marten (Martes americana) is a boreal forest marten with low body adiposity but high metabolic rate. The study describes the FA composition in white
adipose tissue depots of the species and the influence of food deprivation on them. American marten (n=8) were fasted for 2 d with 7 control animals. Fasting resulted in a 13.4% weight loss, while the relative fat mass was >25%
lower in the fasted animals. The FA composition of the fat depots of the trunk was quite similar to other previously studied
mustelids with 14∶0, 16∶0, 18∶0, 16∶1n−7, 18∶1n−9, and 18∶2n−6 as the most abundant FA. In the extremities, there were higher
proportions of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and PUFA. Food deprivation decreased the proportions of 16∶0 and 16∶1n−7, while the
proportion of long-chain MUFA increased in the trunk. The mobilization of FA was selective, as 16∶1n−7, 18∶1n−9, and particular
n−3 PUFA were preferentially mobilized. Relative mobilization correlated negatively with the carbon chain length in saturated
FA (SFA) and n−9 MUFA. The Δ9 desaturation of SFA enhanced the mobilization of the corresponding MUFA, but the positional
isomerism of the first double bond did not correlate consistently with relative mobilization in MUFA or PUFA. In the marten,
the FA composition of the extremities was highly resistant to fasting, and the tail tip and the paws contained more long-chain
PUFA to prevent the solidification of lipids and to maintain cell membrane fluidity during cooling. 相似文献
10.
Jianhua Huang Zhengmei Zhao Linya Shao Chang Chang Xuemei Sun Xiaosan Wang Qingzhe Jin Xingguo Wang 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2021,98(7):747-756
The objective of this study was to improve the content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and obtain the blended oils used for different cooking methods (steaming, boiling, and stir-frying) by blending 0%–15% DHA algal oil into soybean oil. It was shown that the addition of DHA algal oil increased saturated fatty acid (SFA) (1.57%) but decreased monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (0.76%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (0.68%). Various cooking methods significantly changed the fatty acid (FA) compositions. Steaming is a more effective way to prevent DHA loss and the production of trans-fatty acid than boiling and stir-frying. Besides, a positive result from free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide value also demonstrated that steaming was a better way to protect oils. Overall, the soybean oil blended with 3% DHA algal oil with better oxidative stability and could be recommended for daily application by steaming. 相似文献
11.
Effects of the ratio of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid on rat plasma and liver lipid concentrations 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The effects of dietary monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid+MUFA/saturated fatty acid (PUFA+MUFA/SFA)
ratio on plasma and liver lipid concentrations were studied. In experiment I, when rats were fed with 40% fat (energy%, PUFA/SFA
ratio 1.0) and 1% (w/w) cholesterol (C) diets for 21 d, a large amount of MUFA (28.1 energy%, PUFA+MUFA/SFA=5.7) in the diet
was found to increase the plasma total C, triacylglycerol (TAG), and phospholipid (PL) as compared with the low-MUFA diet
(7.0 energy%, PUFA+MUFA/SFA=1.4). The plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-C, VLDL-TAG, VLDL-PL, and low density lipoprotein
(LDL)-C increased significantly in the high-MUFA diet group, but high density lipoprotein (HDL)-C did not change significantly.
The high-MUFA diet resulted in greater accumulation of liver C but lesser accumulation of TAG. In experiment II, when dietary
SFA was fixed at a certain level (13.2 energy%; PUFA+MUFA/SFA=2.0), rats given a larger amount of MUFA (23.1 energy%; PUFA/MUFA=0.2;
MUFA/SFA=1.8) showed higher plasma and liver C levels than did the low-MUFA diet (7.7 energy%; PUFA/MUFA=2.5; MUFA/SFA=0.6).
When PUFA was fixed at a certain level (24.4 energy%), there was not a significant difference in the plasma C level between
the high-and low-MUFA dietary groups (PUFA+MUFA/SFA=4.8 and 8.4), but the higher PUFA+MUFA/SFA diet, which was high in MUFA/SFA
ratio, significantly decreased the plasma HDL-C and TAG levels. However, when MUFA content was fixed at a certain level (16.4
energy%), no significant difference was observed between the two groups with different PUFA/SFA ratios of 0.2 and 4.1, but
liver C level was raised in the higher PUFA/SFA diet. It appears that the PUFA/SFA ratio alone is unsuitable to predict the
change of plasma C level, because a large amount of dietary MUFA may lead to an increase of plasma and liver lipids in rats.
It seems that the prerequisites for keeping low plasma and liver C are (i) low MUFA/SFA ratio, (ii) high PUFA/MUFA ratio,
and (iii) PUFA+MUFA/SFA ratio not to exceed 2. 相似文献
12.
The objective of this study was to demonstrate that changing the fatty acid composition of bovine adipose tissue concurrently
changed (i) proportions of triacylglycerol species, (ii) fatty acid composition of triacylglycerol species, and (iii) positional
distribution of the component fatty acids of the triacylglycerol species. To achieve this, we took advantage of adipose tissue
lipids, from cattle fed in Australia and Japan, that varied widely in fatty acid composition and melting points. Treatment
groups produced in Australia were cattle fed: a cornbased diet (MUFA1); a grain-based diet containing whole cottonseed (SFA);
a grain-based diet containing protected cottonseed oil (PUFA); and a grain-based diet that resulted in high contents of trans fatty acids (TFA). Treatment groups produced in Japan (MUFA2 and MUFA3) were diets of unknown composition fed for over 300
d. The MUFA1, MUFA2, and MUFA3 samples all were rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, varying only in the proportions of the
individual monounsaturates. The SFA, PUFA, and TFA samples had relatively high concentrations of stearic acid (18:0), PUFA,
and TFA, respectively. Slip points (indicative of melting points) were 45.1, 41.5, 38.5, 30.7, 28.4, and 22.8°C, for the SFA,
TFA, PUFA, MUFA1, MUFA2, and MUFA3 groups, respectively (P<0.05). Triacylglycerols were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography on a silver nitrate-impregnated column into
sn-1,2,3-saturated fatty acid triacylglycerol (SSS); [triacylglycerols containing two saturated acids and one trans-monounsaturated fatty acid (SSMt sn-positions unknown)]; sn-1-saturated, 2-monounsaturated, 3-saturated triacylglycerol (SMS); sn-1-saturated, 2-monounsaturated, 3-trans-monounsaturated triacylglycerol (SMMt); sn-1-saturated, 2,3-monounsaturated fatty acid triacylglycerol (SMM); sn-1-saturated, 2-polyunsaturated, 3-trans-monounsaturated triacylglycerol; sn-1,2,3-monounsaturated fatty acid triacylglycerol (MMM); and sn-1-saturated, 2-polyunsaturated, 3-monounsaturated triacylglycerol. Fatty acid methyl esters of each triacylglycerol species
also were determined, and further analysis indicated sn-2, and sn-1/3 positions. As the percentage oleic acid increased in the total lipid extract, the proportions of SMM and MMM increased
(e.g., from 31.4 and 2.4% in the SFA group to 55.4 and 17.8% in the MUFA3 group). The elevated 18:0 in the SFA group (26%)
was reflected in increased percentages of SSS and SSM, and caused an increase in the proportion of 18:0 in all triacylglycerol
species relative to the other treatment groups. The percentage of 18:0 in the sn-1/3 positions was elevated markedly in the SMS fraction of the SFA group (to 44%); this would account for the high melting
point of the fat of these animals. We conclude that long-term feeding of cattle is sufficient to produce significant alterations
in fatty acid composition in bovine adipose tissue. Alterations in the fatty acid composition of bovine adipose tissue changed
both the distribution and the composition of the triacylglycerol species, which, in turn, accounted for marked differences
in melting points among treatment groups. 相似文献
13.
In the present study we investigated the effects of dietary fats containing predominantly PUFA, monounsaturated FA (MUFA),
or saturated FA (SFA) on lipid profile and liver cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7α1) mRNA expression and bile acid production
in C57BL/6J mice. The animals (n=75) were randomly divided into five groups and fed a basic chow diet (AIN-93G) (BC diet), a chow diet with 1g/100g of cholesterol
(Chol diet), a chow diet with 1g/100g of cholesterol and 14g/100g of safflower oil (Chol+PUFA diet), a chow diet with 1g/100g
of cholesterol and olive oil (Chol+MUFA diet), or a chow diet with 1g/100g of cholesterol and myristic acid (Chol+SFA diet)
for 6 wk. The results showed that the Chol+SFA diet decreased CYP7α1 gene expression and bile acid pool size, resulting in
increased blood and liver cholesterol levels. Addition of PUFA and MUFA to a 1% cholesterol diet increased the bile acid pool
production or bile acid excretion and simultaneously decreased liver cholesterol accumulation despite decreased CYP7α1 mRNA
expression. The results indicate that the decreased bile acid pool size induced by the SFA diet is related to inhibition of
the liver CYP7α1 gene expression, but an increased bile acid pool size and improved cholesterol homeostasis are disassociated
from the liver CYP7α1 gene expression. 相似文献
14.
The mobilization of fatty acids (FA) is a selective process in humans, rodents and the few previously studied carnivores.
The FA composition of and mobilization from different fat depots reflect the functions of adipose tissues, e.g. in energy
storage or insulation. Sixteen farm-raised sables (Martes zibellina), a terrestrial mustelid, were assigned into a fed control group or fasted for 4 days. The FA composition of the sable was
relatively similar to other previously studied mustelids. The masses of the different fat depots decreased by 28–55% during
fasting. The subcutaneous (sc) and intraabdominal (iab) fats had a uniform FA composition and the sable could mobilize both
sc and iab FA. 18:3n-3, 18:4n-3 and 16:1n-7 were effectively mobilized, while long-chain saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated
FA (MUFA) increased in proportion. Relative mobilization (RM) correlated inversely with the FA chain length and Δ9-desaturation
increased RM of several MUFA compared to SFA. The results reinforce the hypothesis that the terrestrial sable can utilize
sc and iab fat depots as energy reserves during nutritional scarcity. The natural history of the species is an important determinant
of the FA composition and RM between anatomically different fat depots. 相似文献
15.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA on FA composition of TAG in epididymal adipose tissue and liver, and of hepatic phospholipids PL. Twenty-four Syrian
Golden hamsters were randomly divided into three groups of eight animals each and fed semipurified atherogenic diets supplemented
with either 0.5 g/100g diet of linoleic acid or cis-9, trans-11 or trans-12, cis-9 CLA for 6 wk. Total lipids were extracted, and TAG and PL were separated by TLC. FA profile in lipid species from liver
and adipose tissue, as well as in feces, was determined by GC. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA feeding significantly reduced linoleic and linolenic acids in TAG from both tissues, leading to reduced total PUFA
content. Moreover, in the epididymal adipose tissue docosenoic and arachidonic acids were significantly increased. In liver
PL, although no changes in individual FA were observed, total saturated FA (SFA) were decreased. No changes in TAG and PL
FA profiles were induced by the cis-9, trans-11 CLA. TAG and PL incorporated cis-9, trans-11 more readily than trans-11, cis-12 CLA. This difference was not due to differential intestinal absorption, as shown by the analysis of feces. We concluded
that only trans-10, cis-12 CLA induces changes in FA composition. Whereas increased PUFA content was observed in either liver or adipose tissue TAG,
decreased SFA were found in liver PL. Incorporation of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in TAG is greater than that of trans-10, cis-12 CLA, but this is not due to differences in intestinal absorption. 相似文献
16.
Thais Lomonaco Teodoro da Silva Silvana Martini Daniel Barrera Arellano 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2019,96(10):1173-1179
The aim of this work was to evaluate the characteristics of fillings used in cookies commercialized in Brazil and in USA according to their chemical composition, labels, nutritional information, ingredients list, and price. Fillings had approximately 25–32% of fat. In general, the composition of these fats consisted of approximately 50% of saturated fatty acids (SFA), mainly palmitic acid, and 50% of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleic acid. Brazilian samples had trans-fatty acids (TFA) in the range of 1–15% although in many cases their presence was not reported in the labels. USA product labels did not present a fixed portion weight but they showed detailed information about the types of fats used such as source and the process used for their production. In 70% of Brazilian product labels, the information shown in the ingredient list was limited to “vegetable fat,” which does not give enough information to consumers about the type of fat used. In addition, our results showed that low-trans-products or zero-trans-products, in which TFA were replaced by SFA, presented the highest prices. This research suggests that further legislation should be developed in Brazil to decrease the amount of TFA in foods and improve their nutritional properties. 相似文献
17.
Bioavailability of dietary β-carotene (BC) is dependent on dose, quantity, dispersion, and presence of fat in the diet. Fats are comprised of a variety of fatty acids, which may impact the bioavailability of carotenoids. However, there is a gap in research on whether specific fatty acid classes affect serum BC concentrations in population samples. The primary objective of this study was to assess the association between reported fat and fatty acid intake and serum BC concentrations utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2003–2006. Data from 3278 NHANES participants 20–85 years old were analyzed to estimate the relationships between serum BC concentrations and reported saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acid intakes. Multiple linear regression estimated ln(serum BC) based on reported fatty acid intakes adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and reported dietary BC intakes. Mean and standard error (SE) for serum BC concentrations were 14.31 ± 0.05 μg/dl. Means and SE for total fat, SFA, MUFA, and PUFA were 85.7 ± 1.3, 26.9 ± 0.4, 31.1 ± 0.5, and 17.8 ± 0.4 g, respectively. There was a significant trend for association between serum BC and reported total fat intakes (r = −0.002, p < 0.0001), but the association was not strong. Multiple linear regression showed positive associations between serum BC concentrations and higher reported dietary PUFA consumption. PUFA alpha-linolenic acid intakes are positively associated with serum BC concentrations, while MUFA palmitoleic acid and SFA stearic acid were inversely associated with serum BC. The inverse association between MUFA and SFA suggests there may be multiple post-digestion factors affecting serum carotenoid concentrations. 相似文献
18.
Asad Ullah Muhammad Samee Haider Malik Wajid Hussain Chan Sadar Aslam Lakht -e-Zehra Omer Mukhtar Tarar Nida Saleem Victoria Arija 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2023,100(11):857-868
In this study, the effects of temperature on the fatty acids profile and the effects of temperature on the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids of Oreochromis niloticus were investigated. The analysis was performed by gas chromatography. The study showed that there were large temperature variations (10.0–32.0°C) during the study period (January–December). The highest crude fat content was found in January (3380 mg/100 g) and the lowest in June (2050 mg/100 g). The fatty acids profile showed significantly different diversity (p < 0.05). Total saturated fatty acid (∑SFA) content ranged from 409.54 to 1297.61 mg/100 g, monounsaturated fatty acid (∑MUFA) from 207.68 to 665.81 mg/100 g, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (∑PUFA) from 175.12 to 972.23 mg/100 g. The ∑MUFA and ∑PUFA concentrations were highest in January and lowest in June, and the ∑SFA concentration was lowest in January and highest in June. EPA and DHA contents were highest in January (198.96 mg/100 g) and lowest in June (48.76 mg/100 g). The contents of omega-3 (653.17 mg/100 g) and omega-6 fatty acids (252.54 mg/100 g) were highest in January and lowest in June (ω-3; 106.43 and ω-6; 60.91 mg/100 g). It concluded that the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids increases with decreasing temperature. In this study, the nutritional quality of the FAs profile was assessed using lipid quality indices. The indices indicating dietary quality of lipids by their values: Atherogenic index (0.47), thrombogenic index (0.38), hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic (3.00), meat fat quality (6.78), ω6/ω3 ratio (0.39), PUFA/SFA (2.37), MUFA/SFA (1.62), PUFA/MUFA (1.46), and PUFA + MUFA/SFA (3.99). These values are within the recommended range, indicating that the lipid profile of O. niloticus has high nutritional quality, which can be further improved by harvesting the fish during the winter season. Due to the nutritional importance of O. niloticus, the culture of this species could have significant interest to the people of Karachi, especially the coastal communities. To promote the nutritional diet in local population, the government should support the aquaculture of Nile tilapia. 相似文献
19.
Skuladottir GV Olason PI Jonsson L Skarphedinsson JO Eriksdottir VH Atlason PT Franzson L Schiöth HB 《Lipids》2003,38(11):1127-1132
Hyperphagia was achieved by continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of a melanocortin receptor antagonist (HS024; Neosystem,
Strasbourg, France) in rats. The effects of hyperphagia on FA composition and concentration of plasma phospholipids (PL),
plasma FFA, and adipose tissue TAG were studied in rats for 8 d [short-term hyperphagia (STH); n=8], or 28 d [longterm hyperphagia (LTH); n=9]. The control rats were treated with artificial cerebrospinal fluid for 8 d (n=8) or 28 d (n=10). The rats were fed the same regular diet. In STH rats the plasma PL and fasting plasma FFA contained higher concentrations
of saturated FA (SFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and plasma FFA contained lower n−6 PUFA than in the control rats. In
LTH rats the plasma PL contained higher concentrations of SFA, MUFA, and n−3 PUFA and higher proportions of 16∶1n−7 and 18∶1n−9
at the expense of 18∶2n−6 than in the control rats. In LTH rats the abundant dietary intake of 18∶2n−6 did not enrich 18∶2n−6
of the plasma PL or adipose tissue TAG. In LTH rats the fasting plasma FFA contained more than twofold higher concentrations
of SFA and MUFA, and higher proportions of 16∶1n−7 and 18∶1n−9 at the expense of 18∶2n−6 than in the control rats. This animal
obesity model shows that LTH affects the FA composition and concentration of plasma PL, plasma FFA, and adipose tissue TAG,
a result consistent with changes associated with increased risk of various diseases in humans. These results also demonstrate
that LTH alters the FA composition of plasma PL and adipose tissue TAG in a way that does not reflect the FA composition of
dietary fat. 相似文献
20.
Milkfat is a complex mixture of many diverse FA, some of which have demonstrated health benefits including anticancer properties.
Attempts are under way to enrich milkfats with long-chain n−3 PUFA and CLA. It has been recommended that the analysis of these
milkfats requires gas chromatography (GC) equipped with long, highly polar capillary columns. However, many analyses have
been reported using CARBOWAXTM type (polyethylene glycol) capillary columns, such as SUPELCOWAX 10, even though the separation characteristics of many of
the FA and their isomers present in milkfats have not been described in detail. This includes the isomers of CLA, cis- and trans-octadecenoic acid (18∶1), linoleic acid (18∶2n−6), and linolenic acid (18∶3n−3), and the long-chain PUFA. On the other hand,
the resolution of these FA and their isomers has been more fully described using the highly polar capillary columns, such
as CP Sil 88 and SP2560 because of the improved resolution obtained using these polar columns. The present study was undertaken
to characterize the separation of these FA present in milkfats using a 60-m SUPELCOWAX 10 column, to compare the results to
those from a 100-m CP Sil 88 column, and to determine if these two columns could possibly serve to complement each other for
the analysis of total milkfat. The advantages of the SUPELCOWAX 10 column were a better resolution of the short-chain saturated
from their monounsaturated FA (MUFA) analogs, and a complete separation of the α-linolenic (18∶3n−3) and eicosadecenoic acid
(20∶1) isomers. It also provided an alternative elution order of the linoleic (18∶2n−6), 18∶3n−3 and γ-linolenic (18∶3n−6)
acid isomers. On the other hand, the CP Sil 88 column provided a better resolution of the CLA isomers, MUFA, the isolated
cis and trans MUFA fractions, the PUFA, and many the 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3 isomers. A complete analysis of milk lipids using the CP Sil 88
column required the prior separation of total FAME using silver ion-TLC. The results of the present study confirm that the
100-m highly polar capillary GC columns are mandatory for the analysis of milk lipids, and at best, the 60 m SUPELCOWAX 10
capillary column serves as a complementary GC column to provide different separations in certain regions based on its intermediate
polarity. 相似文献