多晶硅太阳电池的氮化硅钝化

全面介绍了等离子增强化学汽相沉积（PECVD）纳米氮化硅（SiNx:H）光电薄膜的技术发展及现状,分析了PECVD法沉积的SiNx:H薄膜对多晶硅太阳电池的体钝化和表面钝化机理。     

晶体硅太阳电池的双层结构钝化膜研究

针对目前基于p型硅片制备的单结太阳电池进一步提高表面钝化膜生产效率,利用氮化硅(SiNx)薄膜良好的钝化效果与价格低廉的二氧化钛(TiO2)膜,降低SiNx镀膜厚度减薄对少子寿命的影响。在单晶硅片表面先用PECVD法沉积SiNx薄膜,然后用热喷涂沉积TiO2薄膜。对比测试了热喷涂沉积TiO2薄膜前后电池的性能,结果表明在SiNx膜上增加TiO2膜层后少子寿命明显提高,这可能是TiO2膜结构内存在固定正电荷所致。这种双层结构封装后的太阳电池显示出了较好的光学与电学性能,对进一步改进太阳电池性能具有重要参考价值。     

PERC结构多晶硅太阳电池的研究

高效、低成本是目前硅太阳电池追求的主要目标。多晶硅太阳电池成本低,但其电性能较差。背面钝化及局部背接触是提高多晶硅太阳电池电性能的主要技术。通过采用SiO2/SiNx叠层膜作为背钝化介质层,依次经过背面开槽、丝网印刷、烧结形成背面局部接触,制备钝化发射极和背表面电池(PERC)结构多晶硅太阳电池。采用恒光源I-V特性测试系统测试其电性能,结果表明:较之常规铝背场多晶硅太阳电池,PERC结构电池在开路电压Voc、短路电流密度Jsc、转换效率η方面分别提高了13 mV、1.8 mA/cm2和0.67%(绝对值),其转换效率达到17.27%。PERC结构多晶硅电池采用了常规丝网印刷工艺,有利于实现高效多晶硅电池的产业化生产,具有很高的实际意义。     

一类新型的薄膜多晶硅材料与器件的制备方法及其研究现状

本文介绍一类新型的薄膜多晶硅材料及器件的制备方法－后续退火方法并对其研究现状进行评述。对制备过程中初始材料的沉积条件，后续退火条件、以及后氢化处理等诸多环节对薄膜多晶硅材料的性能的影响进行了讨论。最后介绍了用后续退火方法制备薄膜多晶硅太阳电池及多晶硅薄膜场效应管的研究结果。     

PERC太阳电池背面SiNx折射率的优化

提高背反射率、降低背表面复合速率是提高太阳电池转换效率的重要研究方向之一。SiNx薄膜因其良好的钝化特性不仅应用在传统太阳电池发射极钝化,也同时应用在局部背接触太阳电池(PERC)背表面,起到背面钝化及增加背反射的作用。为增强PERC太阳电池背钝化、提高电池背面长波光子的反射率,在背表面AlOx/SiNx叠层膜模型基础上,提出并研究了不同折射率的双层SiNx对PERC太阳电池性能的影响,实验结果表明:采用折射率2.4/2.0的SiNx薄膜,PERC太阳电池电性能相对较好,相对常规背钝化电池,开路电压、电流密度以及转换效率分别提高了1.8 mV,0.16 mA/cm2,0.11%。     

多晶黑硅表面微结构对电池效率的影响

采用Ag离子辅助化学刻蚀法制备了多晶黑硅薄片,使用NaOH溶液处理多晶黑硅表面,增大其表面纳米孔直径,使SiNx薄膜能够均匀覆盖整个黑硅表面,提高黑硅的钝化效果,进而提高多晶黑硅电池光电转化效率.通过反射谱仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、太阳电池测试系统等测试和表征不同扩孔时间对多晶黑硅各方面性能的影响.结果表明:未被NaOH扩孔处理的多晶黑硅的反射率最低,为5.03％,多晶黑硅太阳电池的光电转化效率为16.51％.当多晶黑硅被NaOH腐蚀40 s时,反射率为10.01％,电池的效率为18.00％,比普通多晶硅太阳电池的效率高2.19％,比未被扩孔处理的多晶黑硅太阳电池的效率高1.49％.     

玻璃衬底多晶硅薄膜太阳电池

玻璃衬底多晶硅薄膜太阳电池因具有成本低廉、转换效率高以及性能稳定等优点引起了人们的广泛关注。详细阐述了玻璃衬底多晶硅薄膜太阳电池的两种典型结构、基本制备流程及其关键工艺对太阳电池性能的影响,还介绍了玻璃衬底制备多晶硅薄膜的直接制备技术、固相晶化技术、液相晶化技术和籽晶层技术以及玻璃衬底多晶硅薄膜太阳电池的研究现状。由于薄膜太阳电池性能的好坏直接取决于薄膜的质量,所以关键工艺中的快速热退火和氢钝化能显著提高电池性能。然而,至今各种制备方法都不够成熟,不能规模化制备多晶硅薄膜,因此改进和发展现有多晶硅薄膜的制备技术是今后玻璃衬底多晶硅薄膜太阳电池研究的核心课题。     

快速光热退火法制备多晶硅薄膜的研究

为了制备应用于太阳电池的优质多晶硅薄膜,研究了非晶硅薄膜的快速光热退火技术。先利用 PECVD 设备沉积非晶硅薄膜,然后放入快速光热退火炉中进行退火。退火前后的薄膜利用 X 射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试其晶体结构及表面形貌,用电导率设备测试其暗电导率。研究表明退火温度、退火时间对非晶硅薄膜的晶化都有很大的影响,光热退火前先用常规高温炉预热有助于增大多晶硅薄膜的晶粒尺寸和暗电导率。     

物理冶金多晶硅太阳电池叠层钝化减反射结构模拟

采用PC1D模拟软件对p型物理冶金多晶硅太阳电池的SiO2/Si Nx/SiNx叠层钝化减反射结构进行了计算模拟。结果表明:在SiNx/Si Nx双层减反射结构中引入SiO2钝化层后可以明显改善电池的外量子效率与表面减反射效果,并最终提高电池转换效率;随着SiO2膜厚度的增加,电池表面反射率呈先降低后增加的趋势,而电池外量子效率及转换效率则呈现出相反的趋势。二氧化硅膜厚度在2~8 nm时,电池转换效率变化不大,并在6 nm时效率达到最大值18.04%,当二氧化硅膜厚度大于8 nm后电池转换效率会出现明显下降。     

p-Si TFT栅绝缘层用SiNx薄膜界面特性的研究

以NH3和SiH4为反应源气体,在低温下采用射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(RF-PECVD)法在多晶硅(p-Si)衬底上沉积了SiNx薄膜.系统地分析讨论了沉积温度、射频功率、反应源气体流量比对SiNx薄膜界面特性的影响.分析表明,沉积温度和射频功率主要是通过影响SiNx薄膜中的si/N比和H含量影响薄膜的界面特性,而NH3/SiH4流量比则主要通过影响薄膜中的H含量影响薄膜界面特性.实验制备的SiNx薄膜层中的固定电荷密度、可动离子密度、SiNx与p-si之间的界面态密度分别达到了1.7×1012/cm2、1.4×1012/cm2、3.5×1012/(eV·cm2),其界面特性达到了制备高质量p-si TFT栅绝缘层的性能要求.     

Microstructure developments and anti-reflection properties of SiO2 films by liquid-phase deposition

In this work, silicon dioxide (SiO₂) films were deposited on a multi-crystalline silicon substrate via liquid-phase deposition (LPD) using hydrofluorosilicic acid (H₂SiF₆) and boric acid (H₃BO₃) aqueous solution. We controlled the surface morphology and grain structure of the film by using the concentration of H₂SiF₆, and the particle sizes were controlled by the concentration of H₃BO₃. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that three SiO_x peaks exist at 1103, 815, and 463 cm⁻¹, respectively. X-ray diffraction revealed a typical broad peak in the range of 14–55° for the SiO₂ amorphous particles. The refractive index of the LPD film was 1.41. The reflection of the LPD SiO₂ film was affected by the film thickness, and the reflectivity of the film was decreased as the film thickness increased. For the 106 nm SiO₂ film thickness, the average reflectance under the measuring conditions was 14.1%. The low reflectance rendered the film a suitable anti-reflection film in multi-crystalline silicon solar cells.     

多晶硅太阳电池背表面刻蚀提升其性能的产线工艺研究

对比研究了产线上多晶硅太阳电池背表面刻蚀对 其光电转换性能的影响。示范性实验结果表明:多晶硅太阳电池背表面刻蚀能够改善其短路 电流, 从而相应的光电转换效 率提升了约 0．1％。依据多晶硅太阳电池背表面刻蚀前后的扫描 电镜(SEM)形貌、背表面漫 反射光谱及完整电池片外量子效率的测试结果,改进的光电转换的原因可能源于背表面刻蚀 “镜面”化有利于太阳光子在背表面内反射和改进印刷Al浆与背表面覆盖接触。背表面刻蚀 与当前晶硅电池产线工艺兼容,能够提升电池片的光电转换效率,是一种可供选择的产线升 级工艺。     

On the application of thin films of silicon nanoparticles for increasing solar cell efficiency

The effect of thin films of silicon nanoparticles (nc-Si), deposited onto the front surface of single-crystal silicon solar cells, on their conversion efficiency is studied. The thin films are grown using non-luminescent silicon nanoparticles with an average diameter of 12 nm with SiO _x (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) shells and silicon nanoparticles 2 nm in diameter with organic shells of octadecene, which exhibit photoluminescence in the red spectral region. It was found that nc-Si film deposition increases the solar-cell conversion efficiency by 12% with respect to the initial value. An analysis of the current-voltage characteristics and reflectance spectra of solar cells allows the conclusion that the increase in the conversion efficiency is controlled by the passivation of defects on the front surface of the solar cell by nanoparticles and a decrease in the light reflectance of this surface.     

CuxS背接触层制备及在碲化镉薄膜太阳电池中应用研究

本文采用化学水浴法沉积CuxS薄膜,通过改变Cu元素比例研究其对碲化镉电池效率的影响。研究表明化学水浴法沉积的CuxS是非晶的,采用适当退火条件可以使其晶化,随着退火温度的提高,薄膜变得致密且结晶明显。CuxS薄膜厚度对电池性能有很大的影响,结果表明,随着CuxS薄膜厚度增加,电池性能先增加后减少。薄膜厚度为75nm时,CdS/CdTe电池性能最佳,达到了最高转化效率(η)为12.19%,填充因子(FF)为68.82%,开路电压(Voc)为820mV。     

Influence of substrate on the growth of microcrystalline silicon thin films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si) thin films are widely used for silicon thin film solar cells, especially in the high performance tandem solar cells which comprise an amorphous silicon junction at the top and a μc-Si junction at the bottom. One of the major factors affecting the photovoltaic properties of μc-Si thin film solar cells of thin films is the quality of the μc-Si thin films. In this work, we investigated the effect of substrates on the crystallization characteristics and growth behaviors of μc-Si thin films grown by the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method (PECVD), and found that substrates have a strong effect on the crystallization characteristics of μc-Si thin films. In addition, the growth rate of μc-Si thin films was also highly influenced by the substrates. Three types of substrates, quartz glass, single crystalline silicon and thermally oxidized single crystalline silicon, were used for growing μc-Si thin films from SiH₄/H₂ with a flow rate ratio 2:98 at different temperatures. Crystallization characteristics of these μc-Si thin films were studied by Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction techniques.     

Laser processing of Al2O3/a‐SiCx:H stacks: a feasible solution for the rear surface of high‐efficiency p‐type c‐Si solar cells

We explore the potential of laser processing aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃)/amorphous silicon carbide (a‐SiC_x:H) stacks to be used at the rear surface of p‐type crystalline silicon (c‐Si) solar cells. For this stack, excellent quality surface passivation is measured with effective surface recombination velocities as low as 2 cm/s. By means of an infrared laser, the dielectric film is locally opened. Simultaneously, part of the aluminium in the Al₂O₃ film is introduced into the c‐Si, creating p+ regions that allow ohmic contacts with low‐surface recombination velocities. At optimum pitch, high‐efficiency solar cells are achievable for substrates of 0.5–2.5 Ω cm. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SiOyNx/SiNx stack: a promising surface passivation layer for high‐efficiency and potential‐induced degradation resistant mc‐silicon solar cells

A thin SiO_yN_x film was inserted below a conventional SiN_x antireflection coating used in c‐Si solar cells in order to improve the surface passivation and the solar cell's resistance to potential‐induced degradation (PID). The effect of varying the flow ratio of the N₂O and SiH₄ precursors and the deposition temperature for the SiO_yN_x thin film upon material properties were systematically investigated. An excellent surface passivation was obtained on FZ p‐type polished silicon wafers, with the best results obtained with a SiO_yN_x film deposited at a very low temperature of 130 °C and with an optical refractive index of 1.8. In the SiO_yN_x/SiN_x stack structure, a SiO_yN_x film with ~6 nm thickness is sufficient to provide excellent surface passivation with an effective surface recombination velocity S_eff < 2 cm/s. Furthermore, we applied the optimized SiO_yN_x/SiN_x stack on multicrystalline Si solar cells as a surface passivation and antireflection coating, resulting in a 0.5% absolute average conversion efficiency gain compared with that of reference cells with conventional SiN_x coating. Moreover, the cells with the SiO_yN_x/SiN_x stack layers show a significant increase in their resistance to PID. Nearly zero degradation in shunt resistance was obtained after 24 h in a PID test, while a single SiN_x‐coated silicon solar cell showed almost 50% degradation after 24 h. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Organic photovoltaic devices incorporating a molybdenum oxide hole-extraction layer deposited by spray-coating from an ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate precursor

Polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells have been constructed using a thin film molybdenum oxide (MoOx) hole extraction layer that was fabricated by thermally annealing an ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate precursor layer deposited in air by ultrasonic spray-coating. Onto this layer was spray cast a PCDTBT:PC₇₁BM film that acted as the active light-harvesting and charge-transporting layer. We optimise the processing steps used to convert the spray-cast MoOx precursor and show that the temperature at which it is annealed is critical to achieving high device efficiency as it both facilitates the removal of trapped solvent as well as driving its chemical conversion to MoOx. We demonstrate that by optimising the spray-casting and annealing process, we are able to create solar cell devices having a peak power conversion efficiency of 4.4%.