基于注意力机制的人脸表情识别迁移学习方法

针对现有的在人脸表情识别中应用的卷积神经网络结构不够轻量,难以精确提取人脸表情特征,且需要大量表情标记数据等问题,提出一种基于注意力机制的人脸表情识别迁移学习方法.设计一个轻量的网络结构,在其基础上进行特征分组并建立空间增强注意力机制,突出表情特征重点区域,利用迁移学习在目标函数中构造一个基于log-Euclidean...     

采用Transformer网络的视频序列表情识别

目的 相比于静态人脸表情图像识别,视频序列中的各帧人脸表情强度差异较大,并且含有中性表情的帧数较多,然而现有模型无法为视频序列中每帧图像分配合适的权重。为了充分利用视频序列中的时空维度信息和不同帧图像对视频表情识别的作用力差异特点,本文提出一种基于Transformer的视频序列表情识别方法。方法首先,将一个视频序列分成含有固定帧数的短视频片段,并采用深度残差网络对视频片段中的每帧图像学习出高层次的人脸表情特征,从而生成一个固定维度的视频片段空间特征。然后,通过设计合适的长短时记忆网络(long short-term memory network,LSTM)和Transformer模型分别从该视频片段空间特征序列中进一步学习出高层次的时间维度特征和注意力特征,并进行级联输入到全连接层,从而输出该视频片段的表情分类分数值。最后,将一个视频所有片段的表情分类分数值进行最大池化,实现该视频的最终表情分类任务。结果 在公开的BAUM-1s(Bahcesehir University multimodal)和RML(Ryerson Multimedia Lab)视频情感数据集上的试验结果表明,该...     

融合时空域特征的人脸表情识别

目的 人脸表情识别是计算机视觉的核心问题之一。一方面,表情的产生对应着面部肌肉的一个连续动态变化过程,另一方面,该运动过程中的表情峰值帧通常包含了能够识别该表情的完整信息。大部分已有的人脸表情识别算法要么基于表情视频序列,要么基于单幅表情峰值图像。为此,提出了一种融合时域和空域特征的深度神经网络来分析和理解视频序列中的表情信息,以提升表情识别的性能。方法 该网络包含两个特征提取模块,分别用于学习单幅表情峰值图像中的表情静态“空域特征”和视频序列中的表情动态“时域特征”。首先,提出了一种基于三元组的深度度量融合技术,通过在三元组损失函数中采用不同的阈值,从单幅表情峰值图像中学习得到多个不同的表情特征表示,并将它们组合在一起形成一个鲁棒的且更具辩识能力的表情“空域特征”;其次,为了有效利用人脸关键组件的先验知识,准确提取人脸表情在时域上的运动特征,提出了基于人脸关键点轨迹的卷积神经网络,通过分析视频序列中的面部关键点轨迹,学习得到表情的动态“时域特征”;最后,提出了一种微调融合策略,取得了最优的时域特征和空域特征融合效果。结果 该方法在3个基于视频序列的常用人脸表情数据集CK+(the e...     

弱光照环境下人脸表情图像识别方法研究

对弱光照环境下人脸表情图像进行识别,可以更好地对人类的情感进行分类,有利于人类在现实社会中的沟通。当前方法利用提取人脸表情图像的一维特征完成对弱光照环境下人脸表情图像的识别,该方法无法对人脸表情图像进行详细地描述,导致人脸表情图像在识别时经常出现识别精度低、速度慢的问题。为此,提出一种基于BP神经网络的弱光照环境下人脸表情图像识别方法。该方法首先利用自相似性对带有噪声的图像进行图像区域划分,并依据统计学习获得线性空间,通过对空间的投影获得不含噪声的人脸表情图像区域向量,将人脸表情图像进行重组,得到去噪后的图像,然后利用Cabor变换对人脸表情图像特征进行提取,采用AdaBoost对弱分类器以及人脸表情图像样本进行训练,并通过多次弱分类器的迭代,得到最终的人脸表情图像强分类器,完成对弱光照环境下人脸表情图像的识别。实验结果证明,所提方法可以提高人脸表情图像的识别准确率,加快识别速度,为该领域的研究发展提供强有力依据。     

基于ICA与HMM的表情识别

独立分量分析(independent component analysis,ICA)是一种盲源分离的有效方法,为了进一步有效提取表情图像中隐藏的信息和提高表情识别率,可将它应用于人脸表情识别。由于脸部表情为人类情感、认知过程的研究提供了极为重要的测量依据,因此表情特征的提取和特征序列所代表的表情状态是表情识别过程中的重要步骤。为了更好地进行表情和情感的分类,提出了一种ICA结合隐马尔可夫模型(HMM)识别表情的情感分类系统,该系统首先利用ICA算法进行表情特征提取,为了加快特征提取的速度,这里采用了FastICA算法;然后通过7个训练好的HMM进行表情识别。实验结果显示,该系统使人脸表情识别的整体效果有了提高,取得了令人满意的效果,可以用来识别人脸表情。     

基于全局空间注意力的人脸表情识别

人脸表情识别是模式识别领域中一个重要的研究方向。传统的机器学习方法受限于需要手动提取特征,该方式会导致识别结果的泛化能力不足,且稳定性较差。针对该限制,设计了一种基于深度学习的人脸表情识别算法,该算法通过卷积神经网络提取特征,然后经过全局空间注意力模块对特征分配权重,增强并融合重要特征、抑制边缘特征,从而提升网络分类的准确性。通过在FER2013人脸表情数据集上的实验,验证了该算法的合理性与有效性,最高达到了1.014%的准确度提升。最后,将算法应用于真实场景下的人脸表情识别,同样能拥有较高的识别精度,验证了该算法在真实环境下的有效性。     

基于流形的表情分解算法

提出了基于流形的表情分解算法。首先,运用保局投影将图像投影到低维的表情流形子空间,再在流形子空间里对它们进行高阶奇异值分解,最后在个人子空间和表情子空间里完成人脸和表情识别。该算法用流形学习解决了高阶奇异值分解中的图像特征值提取问题,用高阶奇异值分解解决了流形表情识别中个人模式影响表情识别的问题。是一种流形学习与高阶奇异值分解优势互补的算法。在CMU-AMP和JAFFE人脸库上的实验表明,该算法对人脸和表情识别都十分有效。     

时空卷积注意力网络用于动作识别

在视频动作识别任务中,无论是在视频的空间维度还是时序维度,如何充分学习和利用特征之间相关性,对最终识别性能的影响非常大。卷积操作通过计算邻域内特征点之间的相关性获得局部特征,而自注意力机制通过所有特征点之间的信息交互学习到全局信息。单个卷积层不具备在全局视角上学习特征相关性的能力,即使是重复堆叠多层也只是获得了若干个更大的感受野。自注意力层虽然具有全局视角,但其关注的核心仅是不同特征点所表达的内容联系,忽略了局部的位置特性。为了解决以上问题,提出了一种时空卷积注意力网络用于动作识别。时空卷积注意力网络由空间卷积注意力网络和时序卷积注意力网络共同组成。空间卷积注意力网络使用自注意力方法捕捉空间维度的表观特征联系,用一维卷积提取动态信息。时序卷积注意力网络通过自注意力方法来获取时序维度上帧级特征间的关联信息,用2D卷积学习空间特征。时空卷积注意力网络集成两种网络的共同测试结果来提升模型识别性能。在HMDB51数据集上进行实验,以ResNet50为基线,引入时空卷积注意力模块后,神经网络的识别准确率在空间流和时序流上分别提升了6.25和5.13个百分点。与当前先进方法进行比较,时空卷积注意力...     

基于双决策子空间和神经网络的人脸表情识别

提出了一种新的基于双决策子空间和径向基函数（RBF）神经网络的人脸表情识别方法。该方法首先采用KPCA+ FLD算法在双决策子空间（核空间和值域空间）中进行决策分析,提取两类判决特征信息：非常规信息和常规信息,并按一定的规则融合这两类判决信息;再运用RBF神经网络分类器和融合特征信息进行人脸表情的分类识别。基于日本女性表情数据库JAFFE的实验结果表明,它是一种有效的人脸表情识别方法。     

基于混合注意力机制的动态人脸表情识别

针对自然环境中存在人脸遮挡、姿势变化等复杂因素,以及卷积神经网络（CNN）中的卷积滤波器由于空间局部性无法学习大多数神经层中不同面部区域之间的长程归纳偏差的问题,提出一种用于动态人脸表情识别（DFER）的混合注意力机制模型（HA-Model）,以提升DFER的鲁棒性和准确性。HA-Model由空间特征提取和时序特征处理两部分组成：空间特征提取部分通过两种注意力机制——Transformer和包含卷积块注意力模块（CBAM）的网格注意力模块,引导网络从空间角度学习含有遮挡、姿势变化的鲁棒面部特征并关注人脸局部显著特征;时序特征处理部分通过Transformer引导网络学习高层语义特征的时序联系,用于学习人脸表情特征的全局表示。实验结果表明,HA-Model在DFEW和AFEW基准上的准确率分别达到了67.27%和50.41%,验证了HA-Model可以有效提取人脸特征并提升动态人脸表情识别的精度。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.