基于全变分小波域缺损修复算法的一种数值实现

针对基于全变分(TV)小波域图像修复算法,提出了一种新的数值计算方法。算法充分利用了图像待修复像素点周围八邻域的信息计算曲率在像素域的近似值。与传统近似求解方法不同,该数值近似计算方法不仅保证了近似结果具有更高的精确性,而且对噪声的鲁棒性好。对不同丢失率的图像用所提出的数值计算方法取得了较好的修复效果,尤其当小波系数丢失率较高时效果更为明显。所提方法可以为图像压缩导致的系数缺损修复提供解决思路。     

一种基于形态成分分析的唐卡图像修复算法

基于形态成分分析的图像修复算法,通过增加全变分的方式,使得有毛糙边缘的分段光滑图像恢复效果较好,但易产生阶梯效应。针对该问题,将p-Laplace算子引入到基于形态成分分析的图像修复算法中,既保证图像在边缘的良好扩散能力,又避免在图像平滑区易产生虚假边缘的缺陷,同时对噪声有更好的抑制作用。实验结果表明,该算法对于唐卡图像中出现的折痕或划痕、斑块状破损有较好的修复能力。     

图像平滑的自适应保真全变分模型

提出一种自适应保真的全变分平滑模型,证明其解的稳定性。结合各向同性和全变分的优点,利用扩散系数构造保真项,从而增强图像边缘,该模型根据图像的梯度信息确定门限值进而选择合适的图像平滑方法。在去除噪声和保持边缘的同时避免了“阶梯”效应,实验结果表明,该模型能有效地去除噪声,提高图像的峰值信噪比。     

一种抑制图像阶梯效应的改进全变分去噪方法

针对全变分图像去噪算法中处理边缘区域与平滑区域相互冲突从而导致阶梯效应的问题,提出利用局部梯度阈值对两者进行分开滤波去噪的方法。在分析现有利用小波变换进行噪声预测的基础上,提出更精确的改进预测算法;通过实验,得到局部梯度阈值与噪声方差的关系方程,以及最优梯度阈值的估算方法;给出改进算法的步骤与迭代方法。实验结果表明,该算法能有效去除图像上的高斯噪声、获得较好的边缘保护效果,同时能克服全变分去噪后复原图像出现阶梯效应的问题。     

全变分的分块小波阈值图像去噪

针对全变分算法对平滑区域抑噪不充分及小波阈值算法易造成边缘模糊的缺陷,提出了全变分的分块小波阈值算法。首先利用全变分粗去噪算法对含噪图像去除幅度较大的噪声,再利用分块小波阈值算法抑制残余噪声。实验结果表明,在图像边缘得到保护的同时较好地抑制了平坦区域的残余噪声,与传统算法相比,峰值信噪比和视觉效果都得到明显提高。     

基于高阶和非局部全变分的核磁共振图像重构算法

为了更好地提高核磁共振(Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI)图像重构质量,提出了一种基于高阶和非局部全变分的混合重构算法。该算法首先采用全局梯度提取法分离待重构MRI图像的平滑区和边缘纹理区;在每次迭代过程中,先对平滑区采用高阶全变分 (Higher Degree Total Variation,HDTV)算法,后对边缘纹理区采用非局部全变分 (Non-Local Total Variation,NLTV)算法;最后,重构图像是将本文算法迭代结束的平滑区和边缘纹理区图像合并。实验发现：本文算法的重构效果大大优于单纯的TV(Total Variation,全变分)、HDTV、NLTV算法,其重构图像既能有效地滤除噪声和保留了纹理细节信息,又大大抑制了全变分的阶梯效应。     

抑制全变分阶梯效应的新方法

全变分去噪算法能够很好地保留图像边缘和细节信息,但在图像平滑区域会产生严重的阶梯效应,而邻域线性回归滤波器可以避免产生阶梯效应。针对这一点,提出一种抑制全变分阶梯效应的新方法。该方法利用改进的高斯函数作为权函数,根据图像不同区域的灰度特性,自适应地调节权值,从而将全变分算法与邻域线性回归滤波有效地结合,达到优势互补,既可以保留图像的边缘信息,又可以抑制平滑区域的阶梯效应。比较了上述三种方法的结果表明,新方法具有更好的复原效果。     

全变分引导图像去噪

引导滤波要求具有良好结构的引导图像进行辅助滤波。当噪声较多时,引导图像中的结构、边缘等遭到破坏,无法提供有效的引导信息,严重影响去噪效果。经典的全变分模型可以得到分片常数图像,具有良好的保持边界和结构的性能,可为引导滤波提供鲁棒的引导信息。为此,结合全变分模型和引导滤波,以噪声图像作为输入,利用全变分模型处理后的图像作为引导图像,而后进行引导滤波,并对上述过程进行迭代处理,以消除全变分模型带来的阶梯效应。实验结果表明,该算法在去除噪声的同时保持更多的细节,同时减轻全变分模型的阶梯效应。     

基于指数变量的复小波域自适应扩散图像滤波算法

为了克服传统各项异性扩散模型在图像滤波时出现的阶梯效应和边缘模糊问题,利用复小波变换较好的完美重构性和方向选择性等特点,结合图像的梯度和复小波变换模特征,设计了一种复小波域自适应图像扩散滤波模型,提出了一种基于指数变量的自适应扩散图像滤波算法。通过计算机仿真验证了所提算法的滤波性能,结果表明该算法在低信噪比条件下可有效地滤除图像噪声,并且能较好地保持图像的边缘、纹理等细节信息。     

基于分数阶全变分正则化的超分辨率图像重建

从退化的低分辨率图像重建得到高分辨率图像的本质是一病态逆问题,针对该问题,通过添加正则项进行处理。在使用传统的全变分(TV)的基础上,添加了分数阶全变分(FOTV)作为另一正则项来约束解空间。分数阶全变分正则项的使用可以更好地重建图像的细节纹理信息,弥补了全变分算子在平滑区域易出现阶梯效应的缺陷。利用交替方向乘子(ADMM)算法将问题划分为子问题,将全变分和分数阶全变分算子作为循环矩阵,通过傅里叶变换将其对角化,降低了计算的复杂程度。实验结果表明,与已有的方法相比,所提方法有效地避免了阶梯效应的产生,较好地保持了细节信息,并且具有更好的峰值信噪比(PSNR)和结构相似度(SSIM)。     

基于核函数的稀疏属性选择算法

鉴于传统属性选择算法无法捕捉属性之间的关系的问题,文中提出了一种非线性属性选择方法。该方法通过引入核函数,将原始数据集投影到高维的核空间,因在核空间内进行运算,进而可以考虑到数据属性之间的关系。由于核函数自身的优越性,即使数据通过高斯核投影到无穷维的空间中,计算复杂度亦可以控制得较小。在正则化因子的限制上,使用两种范数进行双重约束,不仅提高了算法的准确率,而且使得算法实验结果的方差仅为0.74,远小于其他同类对比算法,且算法更加稳定。在8个常用的数据集上将所提算法与6个同类算法进行比较,并用SVM分类器来测试分类准确率,最终该算法得到最少1.84%,最高3.27%,平均2.75%的提升。     

基于稀疏特性的盲二值图像去模糊

通过分析二值图像发现其像素值具有稀疏特性,因此采用L₀梯度反卷积算法结合二值图像的组合特性来处理盲二值图像的复原问题。常见的图像复原方法均将二值图像看作灰度值图像来处理,当其考虑到二值图像的特殊性质时,将会针对这种特定类型的图像得到更好的复原效果。提出的盲复原算法基于一阶梯度空间L₀最小化问题的框架,利用L₀梯度图像平滑方法来获得明显的图像边缘以估计模糊核,并将二值图像的特有属性作为正则项加入目标函数。在图像的复原过程中,通过二值图像先验来强制复原结果趋于二值图像。根据提出的模型,给出了基于稀疏特性的盲二值图像复原算法。通过实验将该算法与传统的盲反卷积复原算法进行比较,结果表明所提算法具有良好的性能,对二值图像进行复原是有效的。     

锂-亚硫酰氯电池储存寿命研究

锂-亚硫酰氯电池作为一种免维护、高比能、长储存寿命电池,目前已经在以国防领域为代表的国民经济中得到了广泛应用;其储存寿命的考核在行业内尚属难题;通过广泛、深入地调研和对前期锂-亚硫酰氯电池储存数据的收集整理,研究了锂-亚硫酰氯电池的储存寿命影响因素及其试验评估方法;通过研究得知,锂-亚硫酰氯电池的储存寿命试验应尽早备样,若时间紧迫可通过加速试验方法;提出了通过等效储存试验时间来评估电池储存寿命及其可靠度的方法,指出当等效储存试验时间不足时,应安排样本进行容量回归分析,得出其退化规律;此外,还要对电池储存末期热性能进行分析;在以上工作基础上对电池储存寿命进行综合评估;最后,通过案例分析,进行了工程演算;为后续锂-亚硫酰氯电池储存寿命评估提供了参考。     

基于L2,1范数稀疏特征选择和超法向量的深度图像序列行为识别

结合L_2,1范数稀疏特征选择和超法向量提出了一种新的深度图像序列行为识别方法。首先从深度图像序列中提取超法向量特征;然后利用L_2,1范数稀疏特征选择方法从超法向量特征中选择出最具判别性的稀疏特征子集作为特征表示;最后利用线性分类器Liblinear进行分类。在MSR Action3D数据库上的实验结果表明,所提方法使用2%的超法向量特征获得的识别率为94.55%,并且 具有比 其他方法更高的识别精度。     

基于L2,1模和图正则化的低秩迁移子空间学习

本文提出一种基于L_(2,1)模和图正则化的低秩迁移子空间学习方法.首先,在低秩重构过程中通过对重构矩阵施加具有旋转不变性的L_(2,1)模约束,可在挖掘目标域数据的关键特征的同时提高算法对不同姿态图片分类的鲁棒性.其次,在目标函数中引入图结构的正则化,使得迁移时数据中的局部几何结构信息得以充分利用,进一步提高了分类性能.最后,为解决源域数据较少导致的欠完备特征空间覆盖问题,在公共子空间中利用源域数据和目标域数据联合构造字典,保证了重构的鲁棒性.在Caltech256, Office, CMU–PIE, COIL20, USPS, MNIST, VOC2007和MSRC数据库上的大量对比实验验证了本文方法的有效性和鲁棒性.     

土壤水分传感器实验室标定和测试方法探讨

通过在实验室制作标准试样(土壤)标定及测试土壤水分传感器,研究土壤水分传感器在实验室标定及测试的步骤和方法,探讨土壤水分传感器实验室环境下率定关系式的建立,提高土壤水分传感器在实验室环境下数据测试的准确性和权威性,在于探讨土壤水分传感器实验室标定和测试方法,为土壤水分传感器的实验室检测提供方法支撑。     

Simultaneous measurements of plant structure and chlorophyll content in broadleaf saplings with a terrestrial laser scanner

Plant structure and chlorophyll content strongly affect rates of photosynthesis. Rapid, objective, and repeatable methods are needed to measure these vegetative parameters to advance our understanding and modeling of plant ecophysiological processes. Terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) can be used to measure structural and potentially chemical properties of objects by quantifying the x,y,z coordinates and intensity of laser light, respectively, returned from an object's surface. The objective of this study was to determine the potential usefulness of TLS with a green (532 nm) laser to simultaneously measure the spatial distribution of chlorophyll a and b content (Chl_ab), leaf area (LA), and leaf angle (LAN). The TLS measurements were obtained from saplings of two tree species (Quercus macrocarpa and Acer saccharum) and from an angle-adjustable cardboard surface. The green laser return intensity value was strongly correlated with wet-chemically determined Chl_ab (r² = 0.77). Strong agreement was shown between measured and TLS-derived LA (r² = 0.95, intercept = − 1.43, slope = 0.97). The TLS derived LANs of both species followed a plagiophile LAN distribution, and the measured angles of the cardboard surface allowed us to quantify that these LAN values were strongly correlated with TLS derived angles (r² = 1.0, intercept and slope = 0.98). Our results show that terrestrial laser scanners are feasible for simultaneous measurement of LA, LAN, and Chl_ab in simple canopies of small broadleaved plants. Further research is needed in more complex and larger canopies.     

A new instrument for passive remote sensing: 2. Measurement of leaf and canopy reflectance changes at 531 nm and their relationship with photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence

A previously described passive remote sensing fluorimeter (see companion paper) was modified to detect changes in the reflectance of vegetation. The utility of this remote sensing technique to measure the Physiological Reflectance Index (PRI) is shown at both leaf level under laboratory conditions and at the canopy level in the field. PRI, defined as the relative changes in reflectance at 531 nm with respect to those at 570 nm (PRI=R531−R570/R531+R570), is related to xanthophyll-related, dynamic changes of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. The robustness of this relationship by simultaneous remote sensing of PRI and chlorophyll fluorescence is strengthened. At the leaf level, the existence of two kinetically distinct components of PRI is shown. A fast (within seconds) component that is partly attributed to ΔpH induced chloroplast shrinkage, and a slow (within minutes), main component that is related to xanthophyll de-epoxidation, as demonstrated by its disappearance in the presence of DTT. Overall, PRI correlated better with non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) than with any other measured parameter, including the photochemical efficiency of PSII. Finally, at the canopy level and under field conditions, it is shown that PRI can be a useful tool for remote sensing of water stress in grapevines.     

Modelling of diesel engine performance using advanced machine learning methods under scarce and exponential data set

Traditional methods on creating diesel engine models include the analytical methods like multi-zone models and the intelligent based models like artificial neural network (ANN) based models. However, those analytical models require excessive assumptions while those ANN models have many drawbacks such as the tendency to overfitting and the difficulties to determine the optimal network structure. In this paper, several emerging advanced machine learning techniques, including least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM), relevance vector machine (RVM), basic extreme learning machine (ELM) and kernel based ELM, are newly applied to the modelling of diesel engine performance. Experiments were carried out to collect sample data for model training and verification. Limited by the experiment conditions, only 24 sample data sets were acquired, resulting in data scarcity. Six-fold cross-validation is therefore adopted to address this issue. Some of the sample data are also found to suffer from the problem of data exponentiality, where the engine performance output grows up exponentially along the engine speed and engine torque. This seriously deteriorates the prediction accuracy. Thus, logarithmic transformation of dependent variables is utilized to pre-process the data. Besides, a hybrid of leave-one-out cross-validation and Bayesian inference is, for the first time, proposed for the selection of hyperparameters of kernel based ELM. A comparison among the advanced machine learning techniques, along with two traditional types of ANN models, namely back propagation neural network (BPNN) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), is conducted. The model evaluation is made based on the time complexity, space complexity, and prediction accuracy. The evaluation results show that kernel based ELM with the logarithmic transformation and hybrid inference is far better than basic ELM, LS-SVM, RVM, BPNN and RBFNN, in terms of prediction accuracy and training time.     

A label-free amperometric immunosensor based on horseradish peroxidase functionalized carbon nanotubes and bilayer gold nanoparticles

In this work, a novel label-free amperometric immunosensor has been constructed for detecting α-1-fetoprotein (AFP) based on nanocomposite of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). First, the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were electrodeposited on the surface of the glass carbon electrode by electrochemical reduction of gold chloride tetrahydrate (HAuCl₄) to immobilize horseradish peroxidase labeled carbon nanotubes (HRP-CNTs). Then HRP-CNTs bioconjugate was immobilized on the surface of the electrodeposited AuNPs layer by the combination of forces (coordination and electrostatic force). Subsequently, it was immersed into gold colloidal nanoparticles (GNPs) solution, which was used to immobilize antibody biomolecules (anti-AFP). Enhanced sensitivity was obtained by using bioconjugates featuring HRP labeled (HRP-CNTs), which had lager specific surface area and good electronic catalysis (current response signal) compared to carbon nanotubes. Under optimized conditions, the linear ranges were from 0.2 to 200 ng mL⁻¹ with a detection limit of 0.067 ng mL⁻¹ (at an S/N of 3). The proposed immunosenor showed good precision, acceptable stability and reproducibility and could be used for the detection AFP in normal human serum, which provided a potential alternative tool for the detection of protein in clinical diagnosis.