郑州市尖岗水库降雨量演变特征及趋势分析

郑州市尖岗水库上游来水量少,水源补给主要靠大气降水,研究尖岗水库流域降水量变化规律对水库防汛及水资源合理开发利用具有重要意义。以尖岗水库水文站1970~2015年降水资料数据为依据,用Mann-Kendall非参数秩次相关检验法和R/S分析方法分别对尖岗站年际、季节、汛期和非汛期的降水量变化趋势和持续性特征进行分析,对未来降水量变化趋势进行预测。结果表明,尖岗水库春季和非汛期降水趋势未来呈下降趋势、表现强持续性(Ⅳ级);尖岗水库夏季、秋季、冬季、汛期降水趋势未来呈下降趋势、表现弱持续性(Ⅰ级);尖岗水库全年降水趋势未来呈下降趋势、表现较弱持续性(Ⅱ级)。建议在汛期做好防洪度汛的前提下及时安全蓄水,减少汛期的无效弃水,将洪水有效加以利用。     

气候变化对塔里木河流域作物需水量的影响

对塔里木河流域26个气象站1961-2005年的常规气象观测资料进行统计分析,结果表明流域内灌区平均气温近45 a来显著上升,其中2000年以后气温较45 a平均气温升高0.75℃,平均每10 a上升0.28℃,升幅达13.75％.采用FAO-布莱尼-克雷多方法,结合作物系数,计算了流域内主要作物的需水量和农田灌溉需水量,结果表明:流域灌区内现状气温上升的情景下,作物参考蒸散量增加量为24.49 mm,增加幅度为2.83％;灌区小麦、果树、棉花、瓜菜和牧草等作物需水量将分别增加3.39％(70.62 mm)、7.30％(152.35 mm)、3.66％ (76.30 mrn)、2.98％ (62.22 mm)、4.49％(93.58 mm);农田灌溉需水量共增加8.44亿m3.     

基于SDSM的赣江流域未来降水与气温的时空变化分析

利用赣江流域6个气象站数据(1961年～2005年)和NCEP再分析资料,建立了气候要素的SDSM降尺度模型,并将模型应用于Can ESM2模式的RCP4. 5情景,得到了流域未来气温与降水的变化趋势。即SDSM降尺度模型对赣江流域气温的模拟效果较好,降水略差;赣江流域未来降水均呈增加的趋势,降水空间分布基本呈南低北高趋势;未来气温均呈增加的趋势,各时期最高气温稍大于基准期;各时期最低气温稍大于基准期;赣江流域未来不同季节的平均气温均大于基准期;赣江流域未来气温空间分布呈现南高北低,西高东低的趋势。     

龙川江流域主要气象要素及径流变化趋势分析

采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法对金沙江一级支流龙川江流域1970年-2009年逐月气温、降水及1961年-2008年径流资料进行趋势检验,并运用R/S方法分析流域的年平均气温、降水、径流时间序列的持续性,估算各项指标的Hurst指数,以定量估计未来气候及径流的变化趋势。结果表明:(1)过去几十年来,流域内降水呈上升趋势但不显著,未来降水将持续增加且元谋站降水的增长趋势持续性较强;(2)几十年来,流域气温呈显著上升趋势,未来气温将会持续过去的上升趋势;(3)几十年来,流域径流呈减少趋势,但不显著,未来继续呈下降趋势,但持续性不强。     

气候变化对张掖地区作物需水量的影响

利用增量情景法和大气环流模型(GCM s)模拟气候情景,研究了未来气候变化对张掖地区主要农作物需水量的影响。结果表明,在增量气候情景下,作物的需水量与升温幅度呈线性正比例关系,未来气温每升高1℃,作物需水量将增加4%~4.5%,其中春小麦相对增幅最大、而夏玉米的绝对增幅最大。在GCM s模拟气候情景下,未来50年中,春小麦、夏玉米、油菜、蔬菜的耗水量增幅分别为0.6%~5.0%、1.9%~6.3%、1.5%~6.2%、1.0%~5.3%,绝对增幅分别为2.7~31.6、13.1~52.6、9.3~47、3.6~25.9 mm。未来气候变暖将会进一步增加张掖地区水资源和生态系统的压力。     

基于ASD统计降尺度模型的开都河流域未来气候预估

以开都河流域及周边4个气象站点1961—2000年的日降水、日最高气温和日最低气温及NCEP再分析数据为基础,采用ASD(Automated Statistical Downscaling)统计降尺度模型,对Had CM3模式下A2、B2和A1B 3种气候情景进行降尺度,获得流域未来气候情景。研究结果表明:(1)ASD模型选定的预报因子能较好地解释最高温和最低温,但对降水的模拟效果相对较差。验证期,对降水和气温各5个指标的RMSE分析显示RMSE值均较小,ASD模型在研究区具有一定的适用性;(2)未来3种情景下,相较基准期,降水年变化呈先下降后上升趋势,最高和最低温年变化则持续保持上升趋势,未来山区气温变化较大,平原区降水变化大;降水年内变化存在季节分配不均状况,5月增加最多,7月减少最多。最高和最低温变化则以夏季增温最多、冬季次之,秋季降温最多、春季次之为特点。相比较,A2(高排)情景下降水、气温变化比B2(低排)A1B(中排)情景下更为明显。     

气候变化条件下洪泽湖以上流域水资源演变趋势

基于IPCC对全球和中国的气候变化趋势,利用1990—2011年气象资料,采用增量情景设置方法,分析气候变化情景下洪泽湖以上流域水资源的演变趋势。结果表明:该流域水资源量对降雨变化有较强的敏感性,实际蒸散发对温度变化的敏感性较强。与基准期相比,在气温同等条件、降水增加情景下,流域水资源量呈增加趋势;在降水同等条件、气温升高情景下,流域的实际蒸发会增加,导致水资源量呈减少的趋势。径流年内分配受降水变化影响较大;随着降水增加,径流年内分配更集中,加大年内径流分配差异,可能加大流域湖泊调蓄压力。     

鄱阳湖流域气候变化及其对入湖径流量的影响

为分析鄱阳湖流域气候变化特征及评估其对流域径流的影响,研究利用1961-2010年间鄱阳湖流域29个气象站和入湖"五河"水文控制站观测数据,分析该时段内流域气候和径流量变化趋势,建立统计模型分析其对流域径流量的影响。研究结果表明:鄱阳湖流域年气温呈显著性(99%置信度检验)波动上升趋势,流域降水总体呈略上升趋势,降水天数呈下降趋势。受气候变化的影响,鄱阳湖流域径流量呈上升趋势。统计模型计算结果表明,径流量与降雨变化呈非线性关系,径流量对降雨变化有着较强的敏感性,相同的气温变化情景下,降水增加比降水减少对径流量的影响更加显著,表明降水变化对径流量有着不同程度和方向的影响作用。气温对径流的影响呈线性,但其影响不明显。未来气候变化情景下,2050年前鄱阳湖流域在高排放A2和RCP8.5情景下呈现明显增长趋势,但其径流量低于其他排放情景。     

气候变化条件下流域径流演变趋势分析

为了预测流域未来径流演变趋势,通过主分量分析、降尺度模型和SWAT模型,预测分析了流域在大气环流模型(GCMs)A2/B2气候情景下2010—2099年的日最高最低气温、日降水和月径流量。主分量分析提取大尺度下气候预测因子的主成分,降尺度模型利用提取的主成分预测站点的最高最低气温和降水,SWAT模型利用预测的站点数据计算未来径流量。结果表明,A2/B2两种气候情景下流域未来气温呈波动上升趋势,降水、径流均呈波动下降趋势,其中B2情景变化幅度大于A2情景。     

太湖流域气候变化检测与未来气候变化情景预估

基于1954—2006年太湖流域6个气象站点的降水、气温资料,探讨了1954年以来太湖流域的气候变化问题,并同时应用统计降尺度模型SDSM和动力降尺度模型PRECIS,对太湖流域的日降水量和日最高、最低气温进行降尺度处理,建立未来2021—2050年的气候变化情景。结果表明:20世纪90年代以来,太湖流域发生了突变式增温,冬、春季节尤为显著;太湖流域降水变化相对较复杂,Mann Kendall法检测到太湖流域年降水量呈振荡性周期变化,并在1980年和2003年发生突变,而Pettitt方法没有检测出太湖流域年降水量的突变。两种降尺度方法模拟的未来时期日最高、最低气温季节和年的变化情景增幅总体上基本一致,均呈显著增加趋势,与Mann Kendall趋势分析结果一致,高排放情景A2下模拟生成的情景增温幅度较低排放情景B2大,最高气温增加幅度比最低气温明显。降水变化情景差异较大,SDSM模拟的未来时期降水并无明显变化趋势,而PRECIS模拟结果与趋势检验结果较为一致,即未来降水增加趋势明显,增幅较大,总体上全流域年降水量呈增加趋势,并且在未来一段时间内仍将持续增加。     

气候变化对灌区农业需水量的影响研究

气候变暖不仅影响水资源量及其时空分布的变化,而且也会使农作物蒸发蒸腾量增加,从而加剧农业水资源供需矛盾。因此,研究气候变化对农业需水量的影响对保障农业用水安全具有重要的意义。本文利用陕西省宝鸡峡灌区11个气象站28 a的气象资料,分析了灌区气候变化特征;计算了主要作物需水量和农田灌溉需水量;利用单因素敏感性分析法研究了气候变化对农业需水量的影响。研究结果表明:灌区年平均气温显著上升,降水量持续下降,蒸发量明显增大,大部分地区相对湿度和风速显著下降,而日照时数有所增加;冬小麦、玉米、棉花和油菜生育期需水量明显增加;各气候因素对农田灌溉需水量影响顺序为:降水量>相对湿度>最高气温>日照时数>平均气温>风速,气温的上升、相对湿度的下降、降水量的减少以及日照时数的增大使作物需水量明显增大,而灌溉面积减小使农业需水量有减少的趋势。     

Investigating the Vulnerability of Dry-Season Water Supplies to Climate Change: A Case Study of the Gwangdong Reservoir Drought Management System, Korea

This study aims to improve the method to measure the vulnerability of water supply that arises mainly due to water scarcity in the dry season, and a situation that is expected to be exacerbated by climate change. The authors discuss the usefulness of the Gwangdong Reservoir Drought Management Model (GRDM2), which was developed in a previous study, and built on the basis of the adaptation mechanism, specifying the relationship between external disturbances (or future scenarios), system components pertaining to adaptation capacity, and vulnerability. The authors derive a total of 48 future scenarios, which consist of combinations of 6 future inflow scenarios and 8 future water requirement scenarios, of the Gwangdong reservoir drought management system. They then estimate the damage cost due to water scarcity in the dry season until the 2050s after feeding data in each scenario into GRDM2. The simulation reveals that extensive damage due to water scarcity may occur from the 2020s, and catastrophes, with damage four times greater than in the 2009 water scarcity accident, may occur in the 2050s. Assembling those results together, the authors conclude that GRDM2 is useful to measure the magnitude of climate change vulnerability, focusing on damage caused by water scarcity during the dry season. It is finally stated that to well prepare for climate change, engineers should investigate a suitable combination of available solutions, and at the same time perceive the threats that are attributed to high uncertainty.     

Discussion of “Investigating the Vulnerability of dry-Season Water Supplies to Climate Change: A Case Study of the Gwangdong Reservoir Drought Management System, Korea” by Donghoon Cha; Sangeun Lee; and Heekyung Park

Cha et al. (Water Resources Management, 26(18):4183–4201 2012) improved the method used to measure the vulnerability of a reservoir water supply that arises due to water scarcity in a dry season. Water supply vulnerability is expected to increase due to climate change. The authors showed that the Gwangdong Reservoir Drought Management Model (GRDM2), developed in a previous study and based on the adaptation mechanism, is useful to estimate the vulnerability of water supplies. The authors assumed 48 future scenarios, consisting of a combination of 6 future inflow scenarios and 8 future water requirement scenarios, of the Gwangdong reservoir drought management system. They computed damage cost of water scarcity in dry seasons until the 2050s. Simulation results showed that severe damage may take place from the 2020s and damage four times greater than in the 2009 water scarcity event may occur in the 2050s. As a result, GRDM2 was reported to be useful to measure the magnitude of climate change vulnerability, concentrating on damage of water scarcity in a dry season.     

Performance Indexes Analysis of the Reservoir-Hydropower Plant System Affected by Climate Change

Assessing the effects of climate change phenomenon on the natural resources, especially available water resources, considering the existing constraints and planning to reduce its adverse effects, requires continuous monitoring and quantification of the adverse effects, so that policymakers can analyze the performance of any system in different conditions clearly and explicitly. The most important objectives of the present research including: (1) calculating the sustainability index for each demand node based on the characteristics of its water supply individually and also calculating the sustainability index of the whole water supply system, (2) investigation the compatible of changes trend among various reservoir performance indexes and (3) evaluation the changes in performance reservoir indexes in the future time period compared to the baseline tie period under three Concentration Pathway (RCP) RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for all water demand nodes and the entire water supply system. To this end, first, climatic parameters data affecting on the water resources such as temperature and precipitation were gathered in the baseline period (1977–2001) and the climatic scenarios were generated for the future period (2016–2040) using the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Then, the irrigation demand changes of the agricultural products with the Cropwat model and the value of inflow to the reservoir with the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model were calculated under the climate change effects. In the next step, the climate change effects on the water supply and demand were simulated using Water Evaluation and Planning model (WEAP), and its results were extracted so as the water management indexes. The results show that the temperature will increase in the future period under all three RCP scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) compared to the baseline period, while precipitation will decrease under the RCP2.6 scenario but will increases under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Under the trend of changing in temperature and rainfall, the irrigation demand in the agricultural sector in all scenarios will increase compared to the baseline period. However, the inflow of reservoir will decrease under the RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 scenarios and will increases under RCP8.5 scenario. Evaluation of WEAP modeling results shows that the sustainability index of the entire Marun water-energy system will decrease in the future period compared to the baseline period under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios by 13, 10 and 8%, respectively. The decrease in the system sustainability index shows that in the absence of early planning, the Marun water-energy supply system will face several challenges for meeting the increasing demand of water in different consumer sectors in the coming years.

     

气候变化对北江流域径流影响的模拟研究

通过构建北江流域SWAT分布式水文模型,以北江流域13个雨量站10年逐月降水量及北江流域干流石角水文站同步逐月流量数据为输入条件进行水文模型参数率定,应用气候情景设置方法研究了北江流域在降水和气温等不同气候变化条件下径流量的变化规律。研究表明:气温变化1℃对年径流量及其年内分配的影响变化均在1%以内。降水量变化对年径流量影响十分显著,降水量变化10%对年径流量的影响变化可达到15%,而对径流年内分配的影响变化在1%以内,影响较小。随着气温下降和降水量的增加,枯季径流量占年内分配比例均有所上升,枯水期来水量提高,有利于流域城乡供水安全和生态用水安全。     

Operating rules of irrigation reservoir under climate change and its application for the Dongwushi Reservoir in China

Since agriculture development would be affected by climate change, the reservoir operation for agricultural irrigation should be adjusted. However, there are to date few literatures addressing how to design adaptive operating rules for an irrigation reservoir. This study aims to analyze the adaption of fixed operating rules and to derive adaptive operating rules under climate change. The deterministic optimization model is established with the solving method of two-dimensional dynamic programming (TDDP), and its optimal trajectory is supplied to derive reservoir operating rules at time intervals of crop growth periods. Then, two alternative operating rules, including fixed operating rules based on historical data and adaptive operating rules based on climate change data, are extracted using the fitting method with the multiple linear regression model. The alteration of reservoir inflow under climate change is calculated by the Budyko formula. A case study of the China’s Dongwushi Reservoir shows that: (1) fixed operating rules are unable to adapt climate change in the future scenario. Thus, adaptive operating rules should be established, (2) adaptive operating rules can reduce profits loss resulting from climate change, and improve field soil water storages, and (3) precipitation reduction by 7%/40a is the major cause for agricultural profits loss, whereas, the decrement of agricultural profits is less than that of precipitation, which indicates agricultural crops have the resilience to resist the adverse influence from precipitation decrease. These findings are helpful for adaptive operation of irrigation reservoirs under climate change.     

Climate change characteristics of Amur River

Unusually severe weather is occurring more frequently due to global climate change. Heat waves, rainstorms, snowstorms, and droughts are becoming increasingly common all over the world, threatening human lives and property. Both temperature and precipitation are representative variables usually used to directly reflect and forecast the influences of climate change. In this study, daily data (from 1953 to 1995) and monthly data (from 1950 to 2010) of temperature and precipitation in five regions of the Amur River were examined. The significance of changes in temperature and precipitation was tested using the Mann-Kendall test method. The amplitudes were computed using the linear least-squares regression model, and the extreme temperature and precipitation were analyzed using hydrological statistical methods. The results show the following: the mean annual temperature increased significantly from 1950 to 2010 in the five regions, mainly due to the warming in spring and winter; the annual precipitation changed significantly from 1950 to 2010 only in the lower mainstream of the Amur River; the frequency of extremely low temperature events decreased from 1953 to 1995 in the mainstream of the Amur River; the frequency of high temperature events increased from 1953 to 1995 in the mainstream of the Amur River; and the frequency of extreme precipitation events did not change significantly from 1953 to 1995 in the mainstream of the Amur River. This study provides a valuable theoretical basis for settling disputes between China and Russia on sustainable development and utilization of water resources of the Amur River.     

新安江流域气候变化及径流响应研究

针对新安江流域新安江水库控制区域,构建新安江月水文模型,利用1979-2005年实测水文资料对模型进行率定和验证,并以CMIP5大气环流模式输出驱动水文模型,生成2006-2099年该流域在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下的逐月径流过程。在此基础上,研究气候变化背景下流域气温、降雨、蒸发和径流的变化趋势,并对其不确定性进行分析。结果表明:2006-2099年该流域年均气温与年蒸发深度均呈上升趋势,且对于辐射强度变化较敏感,呈显著正相关关系。流域年降雨量与径流深呈波动上升趋势,对于辐射强度变化敏感性并不显著。年径流深在丰水年和平水年相对基准期有所减少,而在枯水年和特枯水年则呈增加趋势。月径流深在秋、冬季呈上升趋势,在春、夏季则呈下降趋势。     

Sensitivity of the Red River Basin Flood Protection System to Climate Variability and Change

An original modeling framework for assessment of climate variation and change impacts on the performance of complex flood protection system has been implemented in the evaluation of the impact of climate variability and change on the reliability, vulnerability and resiliency of the Red River Basin flood protection system (Manitoba, Canada). The modeling framework allows for an evaluation of different climate change scenarios generated by the global climate models. Temperature and precipitation are used as the main factors affecting flood flow generation. System dynamics modeling approach proved to be of great value in the development of system performance assessment model. The most important impact of climate variability and change on hydrologic processes is reflected in the change of flood patterns: flood starting time, peak value and timing. The results show increase in the annual precipitation and the annual streamflow volume in the Red River basin under the future climate change scenarios. Most of the floods generated using three different climate models had an earlier starting time and peak time. The assessment of the performance of Red River flood protection system is based on the flood flows, the capacity of flood control structures and failure flow levels at different locations in the basin. In the Assiniboine River Basin, higher reliabilities at downstream locations are obtained indicating that Shellmouth reservoir plays an important role in reducing downstream flooding. However, a different trend was identified in the Red River Basin. The study results show that flood protection capacity of the Red River infrastructure is sufficient under low reliability criteria but may not be sufficient under high reliability criteria.     

Hydrology under climate change in a temporary river system: Potential impact on water balance and flow regime

The potential impacts of future climate scenarios on water balance and flow regime are presented and discussed for a temporary river system in southern Italy. Different climate projections for the future (2030–2059) and the recent conditions (1980–2009) were investigated. A hydrological model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was used to simulate water balance at the basin scale and streamflow in a number of river sections under various climate change scenarios, based on different combinations of global and regional models (global circulation models and regional climate models). The impact on water balance components was quantified at the basin and subbasin levels as deviation from the baseline (1980–2009), and the flow regime alteration under changing climate was estimated using a number of hydrological indicators. An increase in mean temperature for all months between 0.5–2.4 °C and a reduction in precipitation (by 4–7%) was predicted for the future. As a consequence, a decline of blue water (7–18%) and total water yield (11–28%) was estimated. Although the river type classification remains unvaried, the flow regime distinctly moves towards drier conditions and the divergence from the current status increases in future scenarios, especially for those reaches classified as I‐D (ie, intermittent‐dry) and E (ephemeral). Hydrological indicators showed a decrease in both high flow and low flow magnitudes for various time durations, an extension of the dry season and an exacerbation of extreme low flow conditions. A reduction of snowfall in the mountainous part of the basin and an increase in potential evapotranspiration was also estimated (4–4.4%). Finally, the paper analyses the implications of the climate change for river ecosystems and for River Basin Management Planning. The defined quantitative estimates of water balance alteration could support the identification of priorities that should be addressed in upcoming years to set water‐saving actions.