A system decomposition approach to the design of functional observers

This paper reports a system decomposition that allows the construction of a minimum-order functional observer using a state observer design approach. The system decomposition translates the functional observer design problem to that of a state observer for a smaller decomposed subsystem. Functional observability indices are introduced, and a closed-form expression for the minimum order required for a functional observer is derived in terms of those functional observability indices.     

Dynamic event-triggered distributed interval functional observers for interconnected systems

In this paper, we design dynamic event-triggered interval functional observers (FOs) for interconnected systems comprising $M$ $(M\ge 2)$ subsystems where each subsystem is subject to nonlinearities and output disturbances. Our design method consists of two main steps. First, we design decentralized dynamic event-triggered mechanisms (ETMs) which use only locally measured output information. We then consider the design of distributed interval FOs by using the newly proposed ETMs. Their existence conditions are established and formulated in terms of linear programming. We also derive a bound on the estimated error vector and show that this bound is the smallest. Thus, this ensures that the unknown linear functional state vector can be estimated within an upper and lower bound of its true value by the designed interval observers. Finally, we apply the obtained results to design dynamic event-triggered interval observers for linear functions of the state vectors of an $N$-machine power system.     

Minimal single linear functional observers for linear systems

A constructive procedure to design a single linear functional observer for a time-invariant linear system is given. The proposed procedure is simple and is not based on the solution of a Sylvester equation or on the use of canonical state space forms. Both stable observers or fixed poles observers problems are considered for minimality.     

Sliding mode control-based linear functional observers for discrete-time stochastic systems

Sliding mode control (SMC) is one of the most popular techniques to stabilise linear discrete-time stochastic systems. However, application of SMC becomes difficult when the system states are not available for feedback. This paper presents a new approach to design a SMC-based functional observer for discrete-time stochastic systems. The functional observer is based on the Kronecker product approach. Existence conditions and stability analysis of the proposed observer are given. The control input is estimated by a novel linear functional observer. This approach leads to a non-switching type of control, thereby eliminating the fundamental cause of chatter. Furthermore, the functional observer is designed in such a way that the effect of process and measurement noise is minimised. Simulation example is given to illustrate and validate the proposed design method.     

Partial state observers for linear systems with unknown inputs

We consider the problem of constructing partial state observers for discrete-time linear systems with unknown inputs. Specifically, for any given system, we develop a design procedure that characterizes the set of all linear functionals of the system state that can be reconstructed through a linear observer with a given delay. By treating the delay as a design parameter, we allow greater flexibility in estimating state functionals, and are able to obtain a procedure that directly produces the corresponding observer parameters. Our technique is also applicable to continuous-time systems by replacing delayed outputs with differentiated outputs.     

On state observers for nonlinear systems

For linear systems, it is known that there exists a state observer if and only if the system is detectable, or in other words, asymptotically stabilizable by output injection. In this paper, it is shown that asymptotic stabilizability by output injections is neither necessary nor sufficient for the construction of a nonlinear observer which may not have an exponential error decay rate. The concept of uniform observers is introduced and necessary conditions and sufficient conditions are given for the construction of uniform observers.     

A New Algorithm to Design Minimal Multi‐Functional Observers for Linear Systems

Designing minimum possible order (minimal) observers for multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) linear systems have always been an interesting subject. In this paper, a new methodology to design minimal multi‐functional observers for linear time invariant (LTI) systems is proposed. The approach is applicable, and it also helps in regulating the convergence rate of the observed functions. It is assumed that the system is functional observable or functional detectable, which is less conservative than assuming the observability or detectability of the system. To satisfy the minimality of the observer, a recursive algorithm is provided that increases the order of the observer by appending the minimum required auxiliary functions to the desired functions that are going to be estimated. The algorithm increases the number of functions such that the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a functional observer are satisfied. Moreover, a new methodology to solve the observer design interconnected equations is elaborated. Our new algorithm has advantages with regard to the other available methods in designing minimal order functional observers. Specifically, it is compared with the most common schemes, which are transformation based. Using numerical examples it is shown that under special circumstances, the conventional methods have some drawbacks. The problem partly lies in the lack of sufficient numerical degrees of freedom proposed by the conventional methods. It is shown that our proposed algorithm can resolve this issue. A recursive algorithm is also proposed to summarize the observer design procedure. Several numerical examples and simulation results illustrate the efficacy, superiority and different aspects of the theoretical findings.     

Preserving order observers for nonlinear systems

Preserving Order Observers provide an estimation that is always above or below the true variable, and in the absence of uncertainties/perturbations, the estimation converges asymptotically to the true value of the variable. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology to design preserving order observers for a class of nonlinear systems in the nominal case or when perturbations/uncertainties are present. This objective is achieved by combining two important systemic properties: dissipativity and cooperativity. Dissipativity is used to guarantee the convergence of the estimation error dynamics, whereas cooperativity of the error dynamics assures the order‐preserving properties of the observer. The use of dissipativity for observer design offers a big flexibility in the class of nonlinearities that can be considered while keeping the design simple: it leads in many situations to the solution of a linear matrix inequality (LMI). Cooperativity of the observer leads to an LMI. When both properties are considered simultaneously, the design of the observer can be reduced, in most cases, to the solution of both a bilinear matrix inequality and an LMI. Because a couple of preserving order observers, one above and one below, provide an interval observer, the proposed methodology unifies several interval observers design methods. The design methodology has been validated experimentally in a three‐tanks system, and it has also been tested numerically and compared with an example from the literature.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多输入多输出线性定常系统稳定裕度的分析与改进

针对多输入多输出(MIMO)控制系统的稳定裕度求解问题,首先分析了现有的回差阵奇异值法这一计算方法,并得到其解决单输入单输出(SISO)系统的稳定裕度结论,在此基础上,提出两种基于系统回差阵的稳定裕度改进方法;一种是在有限条件下利用矩阵的特征值代替奇异值来建立与稳定裕度关系的策略,另一种是利用系统逆回差阵的行列式,通过求其奇异值来计算系统稳定裕度;最后结合工程实例,通过数值仿真验证两种稳定裕度计算方法相比原方法都有不同程度的改进,而且三种方法可以结合起来进行分析,最大化的减小系统稳定裕度结果的保守性.     

Design of functional interval observers for non‐linear fractional‐order systems

This paper considers the problem of designing functional interval observers for a class of non‐linear fractional‐order systems with bounded uncertainties. First, interval observers for linear functions of the state vector of the considered system are designed. Then, conditions for the existence of such interval observers are established and an effective algorithm for computing unknown observer matrices is provided in this paper. Finally, numerical examples and simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.     

一类3--D非线性系统的稳定性分析及函数观测器设计

本文首先研究了一类3--D非线性系统的稳定性问题,在此基础上,利用秩条件和线性矩阵不等式(LMI)方法,得到了这类系统的渐近函数观测器存在的充分条件,并给出了函数观测器的设计方法.最后,通过算例来说明这种方法是可行且有效的.     

On exponential observers for nonlinear systems

The aim of the paper is to identify the class of nonlinear systems that have exponential observers - a concept introduced by previous authors. It is shown that a necessary condition for the existence of an exponential observer for a nonlinear system is that the corresponding linearized system is detectable, and for local exponential stabilization problems, the condition is also sufficient.This paper gives also a theorem on the separation property for the exponential design problem, and it enables us to tell exactly to what extent the classical local linearization approach is applicable.     

Design of unknown input functional observers for nonlinear systems with application to fault diagnosis

This paper considers the design of low-order unknown input functional observers for robust fault detection and isolation of a class of nonlinear Lipschitz systems subject to unknown inputs. The proposed functional observers can be used to generate residual signals to detect and isolate actuator faults. By using the generalized inverse approach, the effect of the unknown inputs can be decoupled completely from the residual signals. Conditions for the existence and stability of reduced-order unknown input functional observer are derived. A design procedure for the generation of residual signals to detect and isolate actuator faults is presented using the proposed unknown-input observer-based approach. A numerical example is given to illustrate the proposed fault diagnosis scheme in nonlinear systems subject to unknown inputs.     

Set-point-related indirect iterative learning control for multi-input multi-output systems

A form of iterative learning control (ILC) is used to update the set-point for the local controller. It is referred to as set-point-related (SPR) indirect ILC. SPR indirect ILC has shown excellent performance: as a supervision module for the local controller, ILC can improve the tracking performance of the closed-loop system along the batch direction. In this study, an ILC-based P-type controller is proposed for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) linear batch processes, where a P-type controller is used to design the control signal directly and an ILC module is used to update the set-point for the P-type controller. Under the proposed ILC-based P-type controller, the closed-loop system can be transformed to a 2-dimensional (2D) Roesser s system. Based on the 2D system framework, a sufficient condition for asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system is derived in this paper. In terms of the average tracking error (ATE), the closed-loop control performance under the proposed algorithm can be improved from batch to batch, even though there are repetitive disturbances. A numerical example is used to validate the proposed results.     

Semi‐global finite‐time observers for multi‐output nonlinear systems

Finite‐time stability is investigated for nonlinear systems, which satisfy uniqueness of solution. First, a new sufficient condition for local finite‐time stability is presented. Next, by using the high‐gain observers and carefully selecting the homogeneity powers and weights, the problem of semi‐global and finite‐time stable observers is studied for multi‐output nonlinear systems with uniform observability and a triangular structure. Then, a design procedure is worked out for such observers. Finally, two numerical examples further verify the validity of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多输入/多输出系统动态矩阵控制鲁棒稳定性

研究了基于脉冲响应模型的动态矩阵预测控制(DMC)算法,针对多输入、多输出(MIMO)系统脉冲响应模型的特点,利用脉冲响应系数误差矩阵范数平方和定义预测模型的模型误差,以线性矩阵不等式(LMI)的形式提出了DMC闭环鲁棒稳定充要条件,将DMC算法闭环稳定问题转换为一类线性矩阵不等式的可解问题.并且研究了模型误差与闭环系统稳定性之间的关系,给出了保证系统稳定条件下模型误差界的求取方法,通过求解一个线性矩阵不等式约束的凸优化问题得到保证闭环系统稳定的误差界.最后,利用算例对本文方法的有效性进行了验证.     

最小方差观测器逆设计实现方法

针对最小方差观测器正向设计存在的局限性,提出了一种允许部分极点配置的逆设计方法.该方法由观测器部分极点配置和观测器最小方差化两个环节组成.该文重点研究了逆设计方法提出的理论依据和最小方差化实现的技术细节,并讨论了对噪声协方差矩阵的设定估计问题.数值仿真结果印证了该方法的有效性.     

Adaptive sliding mode control for discrete-time multi-input multi-output systems

In this paper, robust adaptive sliding mode tracking control for discrete-time multi-input multi-output systems with unknown parameters and disturbance is considered. The robust tracking controller is comprised of adaptive control and sliding mode control design. Bounded motion of the system around the sliding surface and stability of the global system in the sense that all signals remain bounded are guaranteed. If the disturbance and the reference signal are slowly varying with respect to the sampling frequency, the proposed sliding mode controller can reject the disturbance and output tracking can be approximately achieved. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the proposed approach.