Recent progress of CERN RD50 Collaboration

The objective of the CERN RD50 Collaboration is to develop radiation hard semiconductor detectors for very high luminosity colliders, in particular, for the upgrade of the large hadron collider （LHC） which itself is scheduled to be operational in 2007. The approach of the RD50 has two major research lines, material engineering and device engineering. These are further subdivided into projects covering defect characterization and engineering, new detector materials, detector characterization, new detector structures and full detector systems. Presently, 264 members from 53 institutes are actively participating in the RD50 Collaboration. Detectors made of defect engineered substrates, e.g. high resistivity magnetic Czochralski （MCz-Si）, epitaxial silicon （Epi-Si） on Czochralski silicon （Cz-Si） substrate, intentionally thermal donor （TD） compensated p-type MCz-Si and oxygen enriched （DOFZ） silicon, have been demonstrated by the RD50 Collaboration. An overview and highlights of the results of these defect engineering techniques were given in this report.     

Deformation behavior of TC 1 titanium alloy sheet under double-sided pressure

In order to investigate the influence of normal stress through thickness on the formability of sheet metal, the viscous pressure bulge（VPB） tests of an annealed TC1 titanium alloy sheet were carried out under two different conditions： double-sided pressure bulging and conventional single-sided pressure bulging. The automated strain analysis, measurement environment （ASAME） and scanning electron microscope（SEM） were used to study the strain distributions and the fracture morphology of bulged specimens. It is found that thickness strain is increased for double-sided pressure bulging specimens, and the limiting dome height（LDH） of double-sided pressure bulging specimens is increased by 31.8% compared with conventional single-sided pressure bulging specimens. The dimples in fracture surface for double-sided pressure bulging specimens are larger and deeper than those for conventional single-sided pressure bulging specimens. The results indicate that normal stress through thickness is helpful in improving the formability of titanium alloy sheet metal.     

Effect of alumina short fiber and air-cooling processing on solidification microstructure and tensile properties of Al2O3/Al-15Si composites

The effect of microstructure variation by addition of alumina short fiber and optimization of tensile properties by air-cooling processing in Al2O3/Al-15Si composites were studied.The results show that in Al-015Si alloy matrix composites with 14% and 30%(volume fraction)fiber,the primary silicon is hardly refined,but the eutectic silicon is effectively refined and granulated.Granulation of some eutectic silicon mainly happens in fiber segregation areas.Refining and granulation of the eutectic silicon are related to the physical constraint arising from the fiber,After the 30%Al2O3/Al-15Si composite was remelted and air-cooled,the number of the eutectic silicon on the surface of the fiber increases,which results in the improvement of fiber/matrix interface and tensile properties for the as-cast composite,Air-cooling processing may be reliable for the optmization of the microstructure and properties of fiber reinforced hypereutectic Al-15Si alloy composites.     

Recent progress of CERN 39-cryogenic tracking detectors collaboration

Significant progress was made by the CERN RD39 collaboration in the development of super radiation-hard cryogenic silicon detectors for applications in experiments at LHC, in particular after its future luminosity upgrade. The detailed modeling shows that the electric field in irradiated silicon detectors can easily be manipulated by the filling state of two deep defect levels at cryogenic temperature. Advanced radiation hard detectors using charge or current injection and the current injected detectors（CID） were developed by RD39. The results show that CID detectors can be operated at the temperature of 100-200 K with much improved charge collection efficiency（CCE） as compared with RT operation. Future studies are developing ultra-hard cryogenic silicon detectors for the LHC upgrade, where the radiation hardness is required up to 1016 neq/cm^2, at which trapping will limit the charge collection depth to the range of 20 to 50 μm regardless of the depletion depth. The key of our approach is to use freeze-out trapping to affect CCE.     

The Effect of Si Impurity at the Al ∑5 Grain Boundary： a First Principle Computational Tensile Test Study

First principle computational tensile tests （FPCTT） are performed to the Al ∑5 grain boundaries （GBs） with and without substitution or interstitial Si impurity. The obtained stress-strain relationships and atomic configurations demonstrate that the Al ∑5 GBs with and without substitutional or interstitial Si impurity show different fracture modes. The mechanisms of the different fracture modes are analyzed based on the charge density and the density of states. The results show that the charge redistributions of the atoms in the vicinity of GBs and the covalent interactions between Si and its neighboring Al atoms determine the fracture modes.     

Microstructure of Nb／Nb5Si3 in—situ composites

The Nb-10Si(mole fraction,%)alloy was fabricated using the vacuum arc-melting method and heat-treated at 1850℃ and 1550℃ for2-100h in Ar atmosphere.The microstructure of the alloy has been investigated using Xray diffractometry(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)equipped with X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS)and transmission electrom microscopy(TEM).The results show that 1550℃,100h is an optimum heat-treatment condition to acquire the equilibruum Nb Nb5Si3 two-phase microstructure.The microstructure of Nb-10Si alloy in the as-cast condition consists of continuous Nb3Si matrix and dispersed Nb particles,which implies that th alloy is in the metastable equilibrium state.In th case of 1850℃，2h heat-treatment the Nb particles are coarsened evidently.However,in the heat-treatment condition of 1550℃ for 25-100h the growth of Nb particles in unconspicuous.After heattreated at 1550℃，Nd3Si phase transforms into the equilibrium Nb5Si3 and Nb phase with the increase of heat-treatment time gradually.TEM obsevations reveal that the interface of Nb phase Nb5Si3 phase is clean and some twins with about 10nm in width are found.     

Experimental investigation of laser surface processing of flexure silicon nitride ceramic

A continuous wave carbon dioxide （CO2） laser （λ=10.6 μm） was employed to treat the surface of Si3N4 MOR （modulus of rupture） bars. The effects of the CO2 laser process on physical and mechanical properties of ground Si3N4 samples were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） analysis shows that the area occupied by cavities and fracture is decreased by about 49.4% after laser treatments. Cross-sectional metallography results indicate that the secondary YSiAlON phase in the Si3N4 ceramic is softened/melted and flowed into the defects. Four-point bending tests show that the flexural strength of the treated samples is improved to 10.9%. Fractographic analysis show that the fracture origins move from the surface to subsurface. It is concluded that laser surface processing have significant effects on fracture behavior of flexure Si3N4 ceramic.     

ISOTROPIC TEXTURING OF POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON WAFERS

An isotropic etching technique of texturing silicon solar cells has been applied to polycrystalline silicon wafers with different acid concentrations. Optimal etching conditions have been determined by etching rate calculation, scanning electron microscope (SEM) image and reflectance measurement. The surface morphology of the textured wafers varies in accordance with the different etchant concentration which in turn leads to the dissimilarity of etching speed. Textured polycrystalline silicon wafer surfaces display randomly located etched pits which can reduce the surface reflection and enhance the light absorption. The special relationship between reflectivity and etching rate was studied. Reflectance measurements show that isotropic texturing is one of the suitable techniques for texturing polycrys talline silicon wafers and benefits solar cells performances.     

Electron irradiation effects on DC electrical performances of SiGe HBT in a comparison with Si BJT

The DC characteristics of SiGe HBT irradiated at different electron dose have been studied in a comparison with those of Si BJT. Generally, Ib and Ib - Ib0 increase, Ic, Ic - Ic0 and its /- transition Vbe as well as DC current gain β decreases with increasing dose; increase of I - Ib0 with increasing dose for Si BJT is much larger than that for SiGe HBT; β increases with Vbe or Ib, but decreases at Ib < 0.25 mA with 4, and congregates at higher dose; and a damage factor d(β) is much less at the same dose for SiGe HBT than for Si BJT. SiGe HBT has much better anti-radiation performance than Si BJT. Some anomalous phenomena for increase of Ic, Ic -Ic0,Ib- Ib0 and β at low dose have been found. Some electron traps have been measured. The mechanism of changes of characteristics is discussed.     

Generalized CAPP and synthetic evaluation strategy for production line of accuracy welding

This paper presents generalized CAPP （G-CAPP） method which deals with macro process planning for multiobjective in the planning stage of production line of accuracy welding （PLAW） based on the features of accuracy welding production （ AWP ）. G-CAPP offers foundations for prototype design and general equipment sorting, production capacity predication and production analysis by means of simulation and optimization. A synthetic hierarchy evaluation （SHE） model for G-CAPP established according to the planning objective is utilized to estimate the alternate processing plans by using membership function and analytic hierarchy process （AHP） of operational theory. The assembly welding line of hydraulic torque converter （HTC） is as an example of typical A WP to explicate G-CAPP and synthetic evaluating strategy of PLAW. The feasible and rational process configuration strategies of HTC assembly welding line are pointed oat under different planning objective.     

Static oxidation behaviour of silicide coating on niobium alloy at high temperature

A silicide coating was prepared on the surface of the Nb521 alloy by the complex pack cemented method. The oxidation resistance properties of the present coating were exeamed by the static oxidation tests at 1 700 ℃in air. The compositions and the microstructures of the coating before and after test were characterised and analysed through scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction analysis （XRD）, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry （EDS） and electron probe microanalysis （EPMA）, respectively. The present silicide coating can provide an effective protection for the Nb alloy for 25 h at 1 700 ℃ in air. The results show that the oxidation kinetics of the present silicide coating is parabolic. The diffusion of Si leads to the phase transformation and evolution during the oxidation.     

Subpixel accuracy for extracting groove center based on corner detection

Subpixel accuracy for V-groove center in robot welding is researched and a software measure to increase the accuracy of seam tracking by laser is presented. LOG （ Laplacian of Gaussian ） operator is adopted to detect image edge. Vgroove center is extracted by corner detection of extremum curvature. Subpixel position is obtained by Lagarange polynomial interpolation algorithm. Experiment results show that the method is brief and applied, and is sufficient for the real time of robot welding by laser sensors.     

Compound fabrication technology of semi-solid billet of A1-Si alloy based on SIMA method

Based on SIMA, the AI-Si alloy semi-solid billets were successfully fabricated by means of strain inducement and isothermal treatment for A1Si9Mg poured in the range of near-liquidus. Through orthogonal test, the effects of combination action of near-liquidus casting, strain inducement and isothermal treatment on the morphology of primary α-Al phase of AISi9Mg close to eutectic point were investigated, and the optimal match relation between the processing parameters of solidification, deformation parameters of strain inducement, processing parameters of isothermal treatment and microstructure parameters of semi-solid alloy was established. The results indicate that compared with the single near-liquidus casting or SIMA, the microstructure of primary a-Al phase in A1Si9Mg alloy prepared by compound fabrication process is more homogeneous, with more globular and finer particles, which has average grain size of 40-50 Brn and shape factor of greater than 0.75. After holding at 605 ℃ for 30-40 min under a certain cooling rate, increased deformation volume in SIMA benefits the refinement of the grain and the improvement of the morphology for primary phase.     

Microstructure of flow pattern defects in boron-doped Czochralski-grown silicon

The morphology and microstructure of flow pattern defects （FPDs） in lightly boron-doped Czochralski-grown silicon （Cz-Si） crystals were investigated using optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The experimental results showed that the morphology of FPDs was parabola-like with several steps. Single-type and dual-type voids were found on the tip of FPDs and two heaves exist on the left and right sides of the void. All the results have proved that FPDs were void-type defects. These results are very useful to investigate FPDs in Cz-Si wafers further and explain the annihilation of FPDs during high-temperature annealing.     

Developing of robot flexible processing system for shipbuilding profile steel

A robot flexible processing system of shipbuilding profile steel was developed. The system consists of computer integrated control and robot. An off-line programming robot was ased for marking and cutting of shipbuilding profile steel. In the system the deformation and position error of profile steel can be detected by precise sensors, and figure position coordinate error resulted from profile steel deformation can be compensated by modifying traveling track of robotic arm online. The practical operation results show that the system performance can meet the needs of profile steel processing.     

Magnetic and mechanical properties of FeSi alloys with high Si content

The chemical vapor（CVD） deposition-diffusion method was applied to prepare FeSi alloys with high silicon content up to 6.5%. In spite of various deposition and post-annealing, the sample remains α-Fe bcc structure. The cross section of the composition was analyzed to evaluate the Si content and distribution before and after annealing. The results show that the soft magnetic properties are improved by increasing the silicon content. For the samples containing about 6.5% Si, the coercivity decreases to 60 from 237.3 A/m of the original. It is also obtained that, in addition to the Si content, Si distribution has a large influence on the core loss due to the effect of resistivity. The micro-hardnesses were also evaluated along the cross-section after various annealings.     

XPS study of BZT thin film deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate by pulsed laser deposition

Ferroelectric materials were widely applied for actuators and sensors. Barium zirconate titanate Ba（Zr0.25Ti0.75）O3 thin film was grown on Pt/Ti/SiOdSi（100） substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Structure and surface morphology of the thin film were studied by X-ray diffractometry （XRD） and scan electronic microscopy （SEM）. The composition and chemical state near the film surface were obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. On the sample surface, O 1 s spectra can be assigned to those from the lattice and surface adsorbed oxygen ions, while Cls only result from surface contamination. The result shows that only one chemical state is found for each spectrum of Ba 3d, Zr 3d and Ti 2p photoelectron in the BZT thin film.     

Thermomechanical treatment of super high strength Cu-8.0Ni-1.8Si alloy

The microstructures and properties of Cu-8.0Ni-1.8Si alloy subjected to different heat treatments were examined by mechanical and electrical properties measurements, optical and transmission electron microscopes observation. The results show that the precipitation process during aging can be accelerated by the cold deforming before aging. As the Cu-8.0Ni-1.8Si alloy is subjected to solution treatment at 970 ℃ for 4 h, cold rolling to 60% reduction, and then aging at 450 ℃ for 60 min, its properties are σb=1 050 MPa, σ0.2=786 MPa, δ=3.2% and conductivity 27.9%（IACS）. The strengthening mechanisms of the alloy include spinodal decomposition strengthening, ordering strengthening and precipitation strengthening. The precipitation of the alloy is nano-scale Ni2Si phase.     

Application of protonic conductors in metallurgy

Two types of disposable EMF hydrogen sensors for measurements of solute contents of liquid metals in situ in metal-refining processes and their general principles are introduced. The way to design new electrochemical sensors and the direction to develop new protonic conductors as new electrochemical sensors are discussed. The feasibility of protonic conductors worked as hydrogen pump in non-ferrous metal refining processes is discussed as well.     

Study on dynamic optimization of the double railway suspended vehicle for automatic transportation in the welding shop

The 2DOF dynamic equations of the doable railway suspended vehicle for automatic transportation in the welding shop are established. The sensitivities are analyzed. The parameter design is researched in ADAMS in terms of the inner railway radius, wheelbase, gauge, girder length of the doable railway suspended vehicle for automatic transportation in the welding product line. The mutual-restriction among the design variables is discussed and the selective ranges of the variables are confirmed. The result shows that the stability of the doable railway suspended vehicle for automatic transportation in the welding product line depends on parameters of the inner railway radius, wheelbase, gauge, girder length. The optimal results of the optimal objective and design variables have research significance for the virtual prototype of the doable suspension railway automation vehicle. The optimal results are input into the simulation model iteratively and the simulation results are fed back to the physical prototype. The veracity and reliability of peoformance forecast are improved so that the manufacture cost of the doable suspension railway automation vehicle is reduced significantly.