对“高规”商店疏散人数和疏散宽度指标的探讨

针对商店类的裙房建筑疏散设计中存在的问题,选择成都市已建成的、楼梯宽度执行规范困难、通过论证等方式确定安全疏散方案的商店进行了调研,与现行规范中相关条文分析比较后,对"高规"中商店疏散人数和疏散宽度指标提出建议.     

大型商场建筑营业厅疏散人数的调查研究

以大型商场建筑营业厅疏散人数的确定为研究目标，选择西安民生百货大厦为研究对象，分别以正常工作日、双休日及长假黄金周为调研时间。通过现场人流实测、统计验证分析，以双休日人数为基础，以黄金周人数为上限，求出了大型商场建筑营业厅疏散人数换算系数区间。并与《商店建筑设计规范》JGJ48—88规定的换算系数做了比较研究，指出了换算系数区间在建筑性能化防火设计应用中的科学合理性。     

对大型专业商场疏散人数的调查研究

选择成都市几个有代表性的商场，分别以正常工作日、双休日及长假黄金周为调研时间，对现场客流量进行实测，并与按《商店建筑设计规范》JBJ48-88规定的换算系数计算出的理论人数进行比较分析，对大型专业商场建筑营业厅疏散人数的确定提出建议。     

商店营业厅顾客人均使用面积计算方法的研究

商店营业厅的顾客人均使用面积的计算是消防疏散设计的重要内容之一。人体尺度法从人体尺度的基本原理出发,分析研究顾客的购物行为特点,建立顾客相互行为的关系模式,提出商店营业厅顾客人均面积的计算方法和公式,以及商店建筑实际疏散人数的控制要素。这一计算方法和结果具有广泛的适用性和较强的现实指导意义。     

某大型商业建筑应急照明设计探讨

目前各种商业建筑越来越多样化,建筑体量偏大,集成的使用功能也多,而且商业建筑的人员密度相比来说也偏大,这些对电气专业设计来讲,如何设计一个安全可靠的应急照明和疏散系统是商店建筑电气设计的一个要点。本文依据现行规范及工程实际情况,对某商店建筑的智能应急照明和疏散指示系统的设计要点进行分析,从智能应急照明和疏散指示系统的框架、商店建筑的典型场所的设计要求两个主要方面对应急照明的设计进行合理性和可靠性分析。     

建筑性能化防火设计应用技术及案例分析

阐述了建筑性能化防火设计的特点、安全目标设定原则。通过某图书馆的实际案例分析,具体提出了性能化设计的解决方案,包括疏散人数的确定和疏散时间预测等。     

对规范中商店营业厅人员密度的理解及探讨

对GB 50016—2014《建筑设计防火规范》中商店建筑各层营业厅的人员密度(人/m2)、商店各层疏散人员数量的理解进行分析,并对每层房间疏散门、安全口、疏散走道和疏散楼梯的最小总疏散净宽度在实际应用中的确定进行探讨。     

关于商住楼裙房部分安全疏散设计的思考

阐述了商住楼裙房的使用功能及功能分区对安全疏散的影响,提出安全疏散设计中,如何确定安全疏散时间、疏散人数、安全出口数量及宽度、安全疏散距离,并对此类建筑的安全疏散管理提出要求.     

刍议幼儿园建筑防火设计

大量已建的幼儿园建筑,往往注重了建筑平面功能、立面造型和空间形态的设计,而忽略了防火安全设计。本文结合现行相关建筑设计规范,从幼儿园服务半径及人数确定、场地选址、总平面布局、建筑平面布置、安全疏散、建筑构造等方面论述了幼儿园建筑防火设计的原则和方法:设计前应认真踏勘场址、了解环境,控制建设规模和人数,降低火灾发生隐患,便于救灾疏散;设计中应合理确定防火间距最小距离,防火分区最大面积,安全疏散出口最少数量、安全疏散最小宽度及最长距离;应对建筑物防火薄弱部位采取有力的构造措施。本文可为幼儿园建筑防火设计提供借鉴。     

某大型医疗建筑门诊楼防火优化设计

以某大型医疗建筑门诊楼为例,针对建筑设计过程中存在疏散楼梯间在首层不能直通室外以及疏散人数计算方法不明确的问题。通过分析现有消防设计,利用消防安全工程学原理对建筑防火设计进行优化;通过对比国内外医疗建筑内人员荷载的计算和现场调研两种方法,确定建筑各区域人员荷载。设定火灾场景,利用FDS模拟计算可用疏散时间和必需疏散时间,验证优化方案的可行性,为同类工程消防设计提供参考。     

大型商业建筑性能化防火设计中应注意的有关问题

近年来,一些具有独特设计理念和全新结构形式的大型商业建筑在我国各大城市不断涌现。这些商业建筑面积大、层数多,给消防工作提出了更高的要求。本文结合我国的消防工作,探讨了大型商业建筑性能化防火设计中应注意的问题。     

Probabilistic assessment of the occupant load density in retail buildings

The occupant load density is a crucial parameter for the design of the means of egress in buildings. In retail buildings the occupant load density is highly influenced by the individual׳s choice and the necessity of a person to visit the store. This causes a high variability of the occupant load density in time. An accurate representation of this variability will provide a basis for enhancing fire safety design. In this paper, a probabilistic approach is used to describe the variability of the occupant load density over a year, based on long-term data of customer frequencies in combination with methods from the queuing theory the distribution of the occupant load density is derived for four different types of retail chains. It is shown that the type of a retail chain has a large influence on the distribution of the occupant load density and that the exceedance probability of current design values in different standards is very small. A method is proposed to derive design values for a performance based design on the basis of probabilistic models for the occupant load density. In addition, the developed probabilistic models describing the number of occupants in a store, allow the assessment of the occupant load density for other types of retail chains, even with incomplete data.     

综合性商业建筑防火疏散研究

随着生活水平的提高,商业建筑越来越在人们的日常生活中占据了重要地位。与此同时,商业建筑的火灾也带来了经济和生命安全上的危险。我国现行的防火规范主要为《建筑设计防火规范》(GB50016-2014),是针对普遍性的建筑,商业建筑因人们对其特殊的需求,具有其特殊性,通常具有体量大、结构复杂、可燃物多、功能复杂等特点。本文从研究目的、商业建筑的火灾特点和疏散影响因素、现行的综合性商业建筑安全疏散设计等方面对综合性商业建筑防火疏散做出研究,为提出性能化防火设计新思路作好铺垫工作。     

金鼎世纪城商业建筑设计体会

通过金鼎世纪城商业建筑的设计过程,指出建筑设计不能代替商业设计,商业建筑中商业功能的通用性设计是建筑设计中首先应该考虑的,而不可按照某一个商业机构的个性需求设计,也就是商业建筑的建筑设计应具有相当的灵活性,以完善商业建筑的设计。     

商业建筑节能研究方法浅析

结合实例分析了我国商业建筑的节能潜力,阐述了与商业建筑节能设计相关的规范和标准,详细介绍了商业建筑节能设计的研究方法,并对商业建筑节能设计的基本原则进行了探讨,为开展商业建筑节能设计提供了依据。     

谈晋商建筑对现代商业建筑的启示

通过对晋商传统商业建筑的研究,论述了晋商传统商业建筑的空间形态,再通过建筑设计方案实例的分析,得出晋商传统商业建筑对现代商业建筑的启示。     

历史文化名城商业建筑空间的特色营造

阐述了商业建筑空间的城市意义,从商业建筑空间环境的场所特征入手,探讨了商业环境特色营造的有效方式,以期对历史文化名城商业建筑空间环境的整体建筑有所启发。     

Stochastic analysis of natural gas consumption in residential and commercial buildings

Consumer consumption characteristic is an important asset for safe design and management of gas distribution networks. Different characteristics of natural gas consumption in residential and commercial buildings are studied from statistical and stochastic points of view. The technique is applied during 2008 and 2009 to a densely populated district in Tehran, Iran, with relatively large number of buildings (67,655 residential and 13,286 commercial buildings). There are different trends in the histograms of gas consumption, but there is a general trend in diagrams of probability index (the probability of gas consumption exceeding a specific value) and their regressions. The most frequent amount of gas consumption for all 45-day periods is 100 m³ as compared with the annual average of 320 m³ for residential buildings. The latter reduces to 80 m³ for the averaged periodic consumption per unit in a building. Also it seems that the most frequent amount of periodic gas consumption of residential buildings is about 31% of their respective annual average during the warm months of the year, and 150% during the cold months. Periodic consumptions less than 1500 m³ and average consumptions less than 1400 m³ are more probable in residential buildings, which are larger than that of commercial ones, but this trend reverses at higher consumption values. If actual consumption is normalized by the average consumption, the number of units in the building or the floor area, the probability index of commercial buildings is generally higher than residential ones. The binomial distribution is analytically used to predict the probability of average gas consumption exceeding 320 and 2000 m³ in two example cases of 500 and 1000 buildings.     

A general approach for generating reduced-order models for large multi-zone buildings

Many approaches for reducing model complexities have been suggested for characterizing the dynamic behaviour of buildings. However, previous work has focused on buildings that have a relatively small number of zones and there have been very limited comparisons with experimental data or with the predictions and computational requirements of validated simulation models that are widely used. In particular, the applicability to large multi-zone buildings has not been addressed. This is an important application, where the cost to generate a reduced-order model (ROM) can be significant, but the benefits of ROM for analysis and design for building system can be tremendous. This paper presents a general and computationally efficient approach for generating a ROM from a detailed representation of the dynamics of commercial sized multi-zone buildings and provides comparisons of predictions and computational requirements with a commercial building simulation tool.