Modification of myofibrillar protein functional properties prepared by various strategies: A comprehensive review

Today, both consumers and food industry producers have exhibited an ever-growing interest in improving and broadening the functional performance of proteins in food industry. Myofibrillar protein (MP) is mainly responsible for texture, yield and organoleptic characteristics of final meat products. To increase functional properties of MP, technological and nutritional improvement of MP is needed to modify its structure and functionalities. Considerable approaches, including additives, oxidation treatments, and novel food processing technologies, have been utilized to modify its functional properties to manufacture acceptable meat products with lower cost and more desirable nutritional characteristics. However, a comprehensive summary of structural and functional changes of MP in response to different modification strategies is still lacking. Hence, in this review paper, our main goal is first to provide an overview of the functional characteristics of MP. Then, this review will mainly discuss the current knowledge on the functional changes of MP caused by various modification methods and will present some examples of previous works and recent progress. Finally, future outlooks are presented to tailor the manufacture of functionality enhanced and value-added muscle-based products and enable modified MP can be applied as a novel meat ingredient in food industry.     

功能保健肉食品的开发研究

功能保健肉制品是肉类工业的一个重要领域,主要阐述了开发保健肉食品的具体方法。     

冷等离子体对肉蛋白的影响及其在肉品保藏加工中的应用研究进展

冷等离子体主要通过产生的活性氮或活性氧对肉品杀菌并降低内源酶活性,从而达到肉品保藏的目的,活性氮的存在使其可作为肉制品中亚硝酸盐的替代物,但活性粒子对肉品成分尤其是对蛋白质和脂肪的影响不容忽视,过度氧化最终导致肉品品质劣变。本文综述国内外关于冷等离子体技术在肉蛋白及肉品中的作用形式,及其对肉蛋白中肌原纤维蛋白和肌红蛋白结构和功能的调控作用及相关机制,并概述冷等离子体技术在肉品保藏加工领域的应用研究现状,以期为冷等离子体技术在肉品工业中的广泛应用提供参考。     

肉品质量无损检测技术研究进展

肉类和肉类食品品质与安全检测一直是肉类行业中关注的热点。本文综述了超声波、电磁特性、电子鼻与电子舌、计算机视觉、光谱分析等几种当前主要无损检测技术在肉品质量评价中的研究进展。其中,重点介绍了光谱分析中具有图谱合一、可同时获取样品内外部品质信息特性的高光谱成像技术及其在国内外肉品品质检测中的应用现状,提出了该技术在肉类品质检测研究方向的几点思考,并展望了无损检测技术在肉品品质检测中的研究前景,以期为后续研究提供参考。     

Meat analogs: Protein restructuring during thermomechanical processing

Increasing awareness of inefficient meat production and its future impact on global food security has led the food industry to look for a sustainable approach. Meat products have superior sensorial perception, because of their molecular composition and fibrous structure. Current understanding in the science of food structuring has enabled the utilization of alternative or nonmeat protein ingredients to create novel structured matrices that could resemble the textural functionality of real meat. The physicochemical and structural changes that occur in concentrated protein systems during thermomechanical processing lead to the creation of a fibrous or layered meat-like texture. Phase transitions in concentrated protein systems during protein‒protein, protein‒polysaccharide, protein‒lipid, and protein‒water interactions significantly influence the texture and the overall sensory quality of meat analogs. This review summarizes the roles of raw materials (moisture, protein type and concentration, lipids, polysaccharides, and air) and processing parameters (temperature, pH, and shear) in modulating the behavior of the protein phase during the restructuring process (structure‒function‒process relationship). The big challenge for the food industry is to manufacture concept-based (such as beef-like, chicken-like, etc.) meat analogs with controlled structural attributes. This information will be useful in developing superior meat analogs that fulfill consumer expectations when replacing meat in their diet.     

肉制品中功能性添加物的研究

大量的研究证实了从传统的肉制品到健康食品变化的可能性,在肉制品中添加一些功能性成分对产品物理、化学性质和感官特性的影响作用,以及所带来的一些功能性变化。     

Current and future prospects for the use of pulsed electric field in the meat industry

Pulsed electric field (PEF) is a novel non-thermal technology that has recently attracted the attention of meat scientists and technologists due to its ability to modify membrane structure and enhance mass transfer. Several studies have confirmed the potential of pulsed electric field for improving meat tenderness in both pre-rigor and post-rigor muscles during aging. However, there is a high degree of variability between studies and the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. While some studies have suggested physical disruption as the main cause of PEF induced tenderness, enzymatic nature of the tenderization seems to be the most plausible mechanism. Several studies have suggested the potential of PEF to mediate the tenderization process due to its membrane altering properties causing early release of calcium ions and early activation of the calpain proteases. However, experimental research is yet to confirm this postulation. Recent studies have also reported increased post-mortem proteolysis in PEF treated muscles during aging. PEF has also been reported to accelerate curing, enhance drying and reduce the numbers of both pathogens and spoilage organisms in meat, although that demands intense processing conditions. While tenderization, meat safety and accelerated curing appears to be the areas where PEF could provide attractive options in meat processing, further research is required before the application of PEF becomes a commercial reality in the meat industry. It needs to deal with carcasses which vary biochemically and in composition (muscle, fat, and bones). This review critically evaluates the published reports on the topic with the aim of reaching a clear understanding of the possible applications of PEF in the meat sector in addition to providing some insight on critical issues that need to be addressed for the technology to be a practical option for the meat industry.     

广义核或混合核FLICM畜肉图像分割方法

针对传统核模糊C均值聚类(Kernel Fuzzy C-Means,KFCM)畜肉图像分割方法对噪声适应能力不强的问题,提出基于广义核函数或混合核函数的模糊局部信息C均值聚类(Fuzzy Local Information C-Means,FLICM)畜肉图像分割方法(KFLICM_UG方法和KFLICM_MG方法)。首先利用广义核函数或混合核函数可以有效兼顾学习能力和泛化能力的优势,将图像的每一个像素映射到高维的特征空间,扩大像素有用特征的类间差异,使像素在高维特征空间中拥有更优的线性可聚性;然后结合像素的局部空间和灰度信息,确定其模糊隶属度,在高维的特征空间中依据图像特征对像素进行模糊局部信息C均值聚类,最终实现畜肉图像的分割。大量的实验结果表明,相比现有的模糊C均值(Fuzzy C-Means,FCM)分割方法、KFCM分割方法和FLICM分割方法,本文提出的KFLICM_UG方法和KFLICM_MG方法可以获得更好的分割效果,更低的分割错误率,且具有更强的噪声适应能力和鲁棒性。     

天然抗氧化剂在肉制品中的应用研究进展

肉制品中的脂肪、蛋白质含量丰富,水分活度高,在贮运过程中易被氧化而产生酸败味和褪色,从而失去食用价值和商业价值。因此,如何提高肉制品的货架期成为肉品工业的挑战之一。天然抗氧化剂具有安全性高、抗氧化能力强、无副作用和防腐保鲜等优点,将在肉类工业领域具有广阔的前景。文章概述了天然抗氧化剂的来源、活性成分和抗氧化作用机理以及天然抗氧化剂在肉制品中的应用,讨论了天然抗氧化剂的研究现状及以后的研究趋势。     

肉制品中苯并[a]芘的控制措施

肉类是人们补充营养物质的重要食物之一, 我国是肉制品生产及消费大国。近年来, 随着国民食品消费需求的转变, 肉制品的安全问题受到人们越来越多的关注。肉制品在热加工过程中易发生美拉德反应以及脂肪热解等现象, 进而产生大量苯并[a]芘等有害物质, 因此探索肉制品中有害物质生成的减控手段成为肉制品安全加工的要点。苯并[a]芘是世界公认的致癌物之一, 还具有强致畸性和致突变性, 严重威胁着消费者的身体健康, 并阻碍肉制品品质的提升。近些年来关于肉制品中苯并[a]芘的减控方法的研究日益增多。本文就肉制品中苯并[a]芘的产生途径及控制措施进行综述, 以期为解决肉制品中苯并[a]芘的污染问题提供一定的理论依据, 进而促进肉制品行业的绿色安全发展。     

氧化引起的肌肉蛋白质功能性变化及其控制技术的研究进展

蛋白氧化在肉类研究领域是一项崭新的课题。大量研究表明,宰后和随后的加工过程以及冷藏过程都会发生肌肉蛋白的氧化,但蛋白氧化对肉及肉制品影响的具体程度还不清楚。本文主要针对肉体系中蛋白氧化对蛋白功能性和肉品质的影响进行综述,并总结天然植物提取物对肉蛋白氧化的控制作用,旨在为肉制品贮藏加工中蛋白质氧化控制提供理论依据。     

乳酸菌作为生物抑菌剂在肉与肉制品中的应用研究进展

生鲜肉及其制品由于含有丰富的水分、蛋白质和其他营养物质,极易受到微生物的污染,这会对肉类产业造成巨大的经济损失。基于目前人们更倾向于绿色、天然的肉类产品的消费需求,乳酸菌凭借其天然的来源、提供可持续的保护作用成为传统抑菌剂良好的替代品,但是其抑菌机制和在肉类产业中的应用未得到系统总结。本文首先概述了乳酸菌作为生物抑菌剂的主要抑菌机制,如有机酸、细菌素和竞争性抑制等作用途径,并详细总结了其应用于肉类产品时,在不同的包装方式、使用方式、代谢环境、加工方式和温度变化条件下防控生鲜肉及其制品安全性的应用研究现状;之后综述了乳酸菌应用后对肉与肉制品品质的影响,同时讨论了乳酸菌应用的安全性;最后,对乳酸菌在未来的肉类产业中的发展做了展望,以期对乳酸菌在保护肉类产品安全领域的进一步应用提供参考。     

Spectral Detection Techniques for Non-Destructively Monitoring the Quality,Safety, and Classification of Fresh Red Meat

Red meat is an important source of nutrients and plays a significant role in human diet. With the development of people’s living standard and relative change of dietary structure in recent years, people propose more requirements for meat. Quality, safety, and classification are three crucial themes related with meat and they are important issues for consumers, retailers, as well as the whole meat industry. However, most of the traditional analytical methods for meat evaluation are time-consuming, laborious, tedious, and destructive, which make them inappropriate for fast analysis and early detection, especially under fast-paced production and processing environment. In contrast to conventional approaches, spectral techniques including near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), hyperspectral imaging (HSI), and Raman spectroscopy (RS) have emerged and considered as promising tools for meat assessment. The innovative optical sensing techniques can facilitate simple, fast, accurate, and simultaneous measurements of multiple meat attributes. Recently, these techniques have achieved rapid development and attracted more attention of the public. Hence, the goal of this article is to give an overview of the current progress of the spectral techniques for evaluation of fresh red meat (pork, beef, and lamb). The spectral techniques are described in terms of their basic working principle, fundamental configurations, analysis process, as well as applications on meat inspection. In addition, the problems to be tackled and future potential trends of these spectral methods are also discussed in this paper.     

Advanced retorting,microwave assisted thermal sterilization (MATS), and pressure assisted thermal sterilization (PATS) to process meat products

Conventional thermal processes have been very reliable in offering safe sterilized meat products, but some of those products are of questionable overall quality. Flavor, aroma, and texture, among other attributes, are significantly affected during such processes. To improve those quality attributes, alternative approaches to sterilizing meat and meat products have been explored in the last few years. Most of the new strategies for sterilizing meat products rely on using thermal approaches, but in a more efficient way than in conventional methods. Some of these emerging technologies have proven to be reliable and have been formally approved by regulatory agencies such as the FDA. Additional work needs to be done in order for these technologies to be fully adopted by the food industry and to optimize their use. Some of these emerging technologies for sterilizing meat include pressure assisted thermal sterilization (PATS), microwaves, and advanced retorting. This review deals with fundamental and applied aspects of these new and very promising approaches to sterilization of meat products.     

Nutritional approach for designing meat-based functional food products with nuts

Meat and meat products are essential components of diets in developed countries and despite the convincing evidence that relate them to an increased risk for CVD, a growing consumption of meat products is foreseen. Epidemiological studies show that regular consumption of nuts, in general, and walnuts in particular, correlates inversely with myocardial infarction and ischaemic vascular disease. We assess the nutritional basis for and technological approach to the development of functional meat-based products potentially relevant in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction. Using the available strategies in the meat industry (reformulation processes) and a food-based approach, we address the design and development of restructured beef steak with added walnuts, potentially functional for CVD risk reduction. Its adequacy as a vehicle for active nutrients is confirmed by a pharmacokinetic pilot study in humans using gamma-tocopherol as an exposure biomarker in chylomicrons during the post-prandial state. Effect and potential "functionality" is being assessed by a dietary intervention study in subjects at risk and markers and indicators related to CVD are being evaluated. Within the conceptual framework of evidence-based medicine, development of meat-based functional products may become a useful approach for specific applications, with a potential market and health benefits of great importance at a population level.     

Solubilization of myofibrillar proteins in water or low ionic strength media: Classical techniques,basic principles,and novel functionalities

The qualitative characteristics of meat products are closely related to the functionality of muscle proteins. Myofibrillar proteins (MPs), comprising approximately 50% of total muscle proteins, are generally considered to be insoluble in solutions of low ionic strength (< 0.2 M), requiring high concentrations of salt (> 0.3 M) for solubilization. These soluble proteins are the ones which determine many functional properties of meat products, including emulsification and thermal gelation. In order to increase the utilization of meat and meat products, many studies have investigated the solubilization of MPs in water or low ionic strength media and determining their functionality. However, there still remains a lack of systematic information on the functional properties of MPs solubilized in this manner. Hence, this review will explore some typical techniques that have been used. The main procedures used for their solubilization, the fundamental principles and their functionalities in water (low ionic strength medium) are comprehensively discussed. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of each technique are summarized. Finally, future considerations are presented to facilitate progress in this new area and to enable water soluble muscle MPs to be utilized as novel meat ingredients in the food industry.     

Implications of domestic food practices for the presence of bioactive components in meats with special reference to meat-based functional foods

ABSTRACT

Although an essential component of the diet, the consumption of meat is in question. Meat is a major source of beneficial compounds but it also contains other substances with negative health implications. Functional foods, which are leading trends in the food industry, constitute an excellent opportunity for the meat sector to improve healthier meat options. Most studies on meat-based functional foods have focused mainly on the application of different strategies (animal production practices and meat transformation systems) to improve (increase/reduce) the presence of bioactive (healthy/unhealthy) compounds; these have led to the development of numerous products, many of them by the meat industry. However, like other foods, after purchase meats undergo certain processes before they are consumed, and these affect their composition. Although domestic handling practices can significantly alter the make-up of the marketed product in terms of healthy/unhealthy compounds, there are very few studies on their consequences. This article provides an overview of the influence of different domestic practices (from shopping to eating) habitually followed by consumers on the presence of, and consequently on the levels of exposure to, (healthy and unhealthy) food components associated with the consumption of meats, with special reference to meat-based functional foods.     

魔芋胶的功能特性及其在肉制品中的应用

魔芋胶作为一种可溶性膳食纤维,具有增稠性、乳化性、黏结性、吸水性等功能特性,已广泛应用于饮料、果冻、冰淇淋、肉制品、面制品等食品中。本文综述了魔芋胶的结构、功能特性以及在肉制品中的具体应用,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Molecular epidemiology and disinfectant susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes from meat processing plants and human infections

We have investigated the molecular epidemiology of Listeria monocytogenes from the meat processing industry producing cold cuts and from cases of human listeriosis by discriminative pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A subset of the isolates was also investigated for susceptibility to a disinfectant based on quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) frequently used in the meat processing industry. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain knowledge of sources, routes of contamination and genetic types of L. monocytogenes present along the production line in the meat processing industry, and to compare meat industry isolates and human isolates. Of the 222 isolates from four meat-processing plants, 200 were from two plants responsible for nearly 50% of the production of cold cuts in the Norwegian market. The strain collection included historical routinely sampled isolates (1989-2002) and isolates systematically sampled through a one year period (November 2001 to November 2002) from fresh meat and production environments in three plants. No isolates were obtained in samples from employees (throat, faeces). Human strains included all available reported isolates from Norwegian patients in selected time periods. The L. monocytogenes PFGE data showed a large genetic heterogeneity, with isolates separated into two genetic lineages and further subdivided into 56 different PFGE profiles. Certain profiles were observed on both sides of production (before and after heat treatment) indicating contamination of end products by fresh meat or fresh meat environments. While fresh meat isolates almost exclusively grouped within lineage I, isolates from end products showed a more balanced distribution between lineages I and II. Ten profiles were common among isolates from human and meat industry. Typing of human isolates identified a previously unrecognised outbreak. Generally, a higher QAC resistance incidence was observed among isolates from the meat processing industry than among human isolates although large plant to plant differences were indicated. No correlation between resistance and PFGE profile or resistance and persistence was observed.     

肉制品加工中有害物检测及控制技术研究进展

随着人们生活水平的提高,肉制品的消费量日益增多,肉制品的安全性也倍受广大消费者的关注。肉制品加工过程中带来或产生的亚硝胺类、杂环胺类、多环芳烃类以及生物胺类等有害物质,一定程度上会危害消费者健康。有关这些有害物质的检测与控制技术已成为肉品科学领域中的研究热点,国内外学者对此展开了大量的研究。本文综述了高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱法和毛细管电泳法等技术在肉制品有害物检测中的应用研究进展,并阐述了肉制品加工中的有害物质(亚硝酸盐及亚硝胺类、杂环胺类、多环芳烃类以及生物胺类)的控制技术,为建立肉制品加工中有害物质的高效准确检测方法及控制技术提供理论参考。