Characteristic grain size: Part II measuring principles

The principles for measuring characteristic grain sizes of materials, such as fully-dense single phase materials, porous materials and materials with isolated second phase particles, are developed on the basis of its definition associated closely with the surface area per unit volume, Sv, of grain. The focus of the measuring principles of the characteristic grain size is put on determining Sv of grains. Unlike the measurement of average grain size commonly used, G, correcting factors such as grain shape and grain size distribution factors, will not be applied to the determination of the characteristic grain size, G _c, due to its unique geometric meaning and the measure precision of S _v being guaranteed by quantitative stereological technique and gas adsorption method. The measurement of G _c can be directly carried out on the polished and etched cross section of materials, similar to the measurement of the average grain size using the Heyn intercept method. Project supported by the British Council Academic Link Scheme Synopsis of the first author Cao Shunhua, lecturer, born in Jan. 1965, strong interest in the following research areas: warm compaction, FGMs, prototype design of WC-Co alloys, preparation of β-SiC and sialon powders.     

CHARACTERISTIC GRAIN SIZE: PART DESCRIPTION AND DEFINITION

Quantitativerelationshipsamongtheprocessingvariables.microstructuresandpropertiesofmaterialsforgivencompositions,havebeentheinterestingandperplexedsubjectsformetallurgists,cerarnists,materialsscientistsandsolidphysicists,sincetheserelationsareverysensitivetooneanother.Itisawell--knownfactthatthepropertiesaredominatedbythemicrostructuresofthematerials,whilethemicrostructuresvarywiththeprocessingconditions.Therefore,itisexpectedthattheprocessing--microstructure--propertyrelationwouldbeestablishe…     

最佳晶粒尺寸和介观效应

理论研究表明：存在最佳晶粒尺寸是一种新的介观效应,它来自当晶粒尺寸缩小到一定程度时反映吸附氧负离子的Fermi统计失效;根据当晶粒尺寸缩小到特征长度rm时晶粒将保持电中性的Kubo理论,对Fermi统计公式进行修改,从而给出了最佳晶粒尺寸最佳晶粒尺寸等于2rm的理论结果.用Kubo理论电子逸出功公式估算了rm与最佳晶粒尺寸r*0的数值,其结果与实验一致.     

最佳晶粒尺寸和介观效应

理论研究表明：存在最佳晶粒尺寸是一种新的介观效应，它来自当晶粒尺寸缩小到一定程度时反映吸附氧负离子的Fermi统计失效；根据当晶粒尺寸缩小到特征长度rm时晶粒将保持电中性的Kubo理论，对Fermi统计公式进行修改，从而给出了最佳晶粒尺寸最佳晶粒尺寸等于2rm的理论结果．用Kubo理论电子逸出功公式估算了rm用与最佳晶粒尺寸r0^＊的数值，其结果与实验一致。     

超微颗粒尺寸测量方法比较研究

应用x射线衍射线线宽法、透射电镜法、比表面积法和激光粒度分析法对自制的Ni(OH)2超微粉及标准颗粒度的样品进行比较分析,探讨了分析原理、颗粒形状等因素对粒径测试准确度的影响．实验结果表明：由球形颗粒组成的超微粉,透射电镜法和激光粒度分析法分析的结果均比较准确;4种方法对由不规则形状颗粒组成的超微粉分析结果相差悬殊,应采用不同的测试方法比较以得出可信的颗粒尺寸．实验证实,样品在分散介质中的分散程度对超微颗粒尺寸测量结果有较大影响,测量前对超微粉进行充分的分散是得出准确结果的前提．     

Derivation of Hillert-type 3D grain growth rate model with topological considerations and discussion on its grain size parameter

A Hillert-type three-dimensional grain growth rate model was derived through the grain topology-size correlation model, combined with a topology-dependent grain growth rate equation in three dimensions. It shows clearly that the Hillert-type 3D grain growth rate model may also be described with topology considerations of microstructure. The size parameter bearing in the model is further discussed both according to the derived model and in another approach with the aid of quantitative relationship between the grain size and the integral mean curvature over grain surface. Both approaches successfully demonstrate that, if the concerned grains can be well approximated by a space-filling convex polyhedra in shape, the grain size parameter bearing in the Hillert-type 3D grain growth model should be a parameter proportional to the mean grain tangent radius.     

深度还原工艺对铁颗粒粒度影响规律研究

采用深度还原技术处理浸染微细粒度的复杂难选铁矿石,控制铁颗粒粒度是分选出合格产品的关键.根据深度还原物料中铁颗粒的球形特征,通过测量铁颗粒二维截面参数,求取了其累计粒度特性曲线,定性地描述了不同深度还原工艺对铁颗粒粒度的影响规律.结果表明:适当的提高还原温度、延长还原时间、增大配碳系数,都有利于铁颗粒的长大,但还原温度过高、配碳系数过大将阻碍铁颗粒长大;适宜的工艺条件为:还原温度1 225℃,还原时间30min,配碳系数2.0,获得铁颗粒的d50为278.88μm.     

高纯铝晶粒尺寸与晶粒拓扑学参数定量关系研究

本文采用晶界渗镓剥离晶粒技术实现了三维晶粒尺寸及其拓扑学参数（晶粒界面数N2）的直接实验测量,利用回归分析,得出了晶粒尺寸与晶粒拓扑学参数定量关系;晶粒界面数N2与晶粒尺寸R^-间存在线性对应关系。     

Reanalysis of the 3D quasi-stationary grain size distribution based on Hillert's grain growth rate equation

Based on Hillert's 3D grain growth rate equation, the grain growth continuity equation was solved. The results show that there are an infinite number of 3D quasi-stationary grain size distributions. This conclusion has gained strong supports from results of different computer simulations reported in the literature.     

Grain size distribution and topology in 3D grain growth simulation with large-scale Monte Carlo method

Three-dimensional normal grain growth was appropriately simulated using a Potts model Monte Carlo algorithm. The quasi-stationary grain size distribution obtained from simulation agreed well with the experimental result of pure iron. The Weibull function with a parameter β=2.77 and the Yu-Liu function with a parameter ν =2.71 fit the quasi-stationary grain size distribution well. The grain volume distribution is a function that decreased exponentially with increasing grain volume. The distribution of bounda...     

Effect of relative grain size on the flow stress of polycrystalline FCC sheets

A dynamic explicit finite element code and rate-dependent elastic-viscoplastic polycrystalline model were used to simulate the simple tension test of annealing FCC polycrystal and 6111-T4 aluminum alloy sheet metal. The variability of flow stress was investigated, which was induced by various grain boundary constraints when the ratio of thickness-to-grain size was changed. The simulated results show that, when the relative grain size increases, the constraint of grain boundary will increase accordingly, which results in the increase of the flow stress of polycrystal. The results agree with experiments.     

奥氏体不锈钢晶粒度对晶间腐蚀速度的影响

晶间腐蚀是诱导奥氏体不锈钢产生破坏的主要原因,而晶粒度对晶间腐蚀速度的影响不容忽视。通过在敏化温度和固溶处理温度对奥氏体不锈钢进行相应的热处理,利用草酸电解腐蚀法观察金相组织,并评定其晶粒度大小,通过极化曲线腐蚀实验,比较了奥氏体不锈钢晶粒度对晶间腐蚀速度地影响。实验结果表明奥氏体不锈钢在不同热处理条件下,其晶粒大小随保温时间延长而增大。随着奥氏体不锈钢组织的晶粒粗大,其晶粒度越小,奥氏体晶粒的晶间腐蚀的速度减慢。     

Prediction of grain size for large-sized aluminium alloy 7050 forging during hot forming

A numerical approach for process optimization and microstructure evolution of lager-sized forging of aluminium alloy 7050 was proposed, which combined a commercial FEM code Deform 3D with empirical models. To obtain the parameters of empirical constitutive equation and dynamic recrystallization models for aluminium alloy 7050, the isothermal compression tests of 7050 samples were performed on Gleeble-1500 thermo-simulation machine in the temperature range of 250-450 ℃ and strain rate of 0.01-10 s-1, and the metallograph analysis of the samples were carried out on a Leica DMIRM image analyzer. The simulation results show that the dynamic recrystallization in the central area of the billet occurs more easily than that on the edge. Repetitious upsetting and stretching processes make the billet deform adequately. Among several forging processes e.g. upsetting, stretching, rounding and flatting, the stretching process is the most effective way to increase the effective strain and refine the microstructure of the billet. As the forging steps increase, the effective strain rises significantly and the average grain size reduces sharply. Recrystallized volume fractions in most parts of the final forging piece reach 100% and the average grain size reduces to 10 μm from initial value of 90 μm.     

青海湖防沙治沙工程措施区沙土粒度特征

对青海湖沙区克土及沙岛的固沙草方格进行了调查、采样及样品分析．初步结果显示,克土-草方格区,0～30cm,平均粒径为1．71（φ）,标准偏差平均值为0．68（φ）,平均偏度为-0．12（φ）,峰度平均值为1．18（φ）;30～50em,沙粒平均粒径为1．74（φ）,标准偏差平均值为0．85（φ）,平均偏度为-0．06（φ）,平均峰度值为0．98（φ）．沙岛-草方格内：0～30cm,沙粒的平均粒径为2．22（φ）,标准偏差的平均值为1．13（φ）,平均偏度值为-0．10（φ）,平均峰度值为1．02（中）;30～50cm,平均粒径为2．22（φ）,标准偏差平均值为1．08（φ）,平均偏度值为-0．08（φ）,平均峰度值为0．99（φ）,属于中等峰态．     

Effects of grain size on phase transition behavior of nanocrystalline shape memory alloys

We report recent advances in the experimental and theoretical study of grain size(GS)effects on the thermal and mechanical properties of nanostructured NiTi polycrystalline shape memory alloy(SMA).It is shown that when GS<60 nm,the superelastic stress-strain hysteresis loop area(H)of the polycrystal decreases rapidly with GS and tends to vanish as GS approaches 10 nanometers.At the same time,the temperature dependence of the transition stress also decreases with GS and eventually approaches zero,leading to a wide superelastic temperature window and breakdown of the Clausius-Claperyon relationship.Rate dependence of the stress-strain responses is significantly reduced and the cyclic stability of the material is improved by the nanocrystallization.It is proposed that the emergence of such significant changes in the behavior of the material with GS reduction originate from the large increase in the area-to-volume ratios of the nanometer-thick interfaces(grain boundary and Austenite-Martensite(A-M)interface)in the polycrystal.In particular,with GS reduction,interfacial energy terms will gradually become dominant over the bulk energy of the crystallite,eventually bring fundamental changes in the phase transition responses of the material.Modelling strategy leading to the establishment of quantitative relationships among GS,grain boundary,A-M interfaces and the macroscopic responses of the material are outlined.     

粗骨料粒径对低水胶比砼强度及和易性的影响

本试验采用邯郸当地的混凝土原材料,利用正交设计方法,试验研究和分析了粗骨料最大粒径、水胶比、粉煤灰掺量、砂率对低水胶比混凝土的强度及和易性的影响。结果表明:粗骨料的最大粒径对混凝土强度、和易性有明显影响,但水胶比仍是影响混凝土强度及和易性的主要因素。     

晶粒度对多晶铜纳米压痕表面变形机理影响

为研究晶粒度在多晶材料纳米压痕过程中对其塑性变形机制及位错演生过程影响.采用Poisson-Voronoi和Monte Carlo方法建立大规模多晶铜分子动力学模型,针对多晶铜Hall-Petch效应曲线建立具有不同晶粒度的多晶铜模型,并与单晶铜纳米压痕模型对比,采用分子动力学方法模拟计算金刚石探针压入模型的纳米压痕过程,计算4种模型的缺陷结构的配位数、内应力、原子势能等参数.采用中心对称参数法研究压痕过程中位错等缺陷结构的演化机制.结果表明:具有不同晶粒度的多晶铜纳米压痕过程存在显著的规律性,单晶铜压痕力高于多晶铜,多晶铜压痕力随着晶粒度降低而下降;多晶铜的晶界结构能够限制压痕缺陷、内应力与原子势能向材料内部传递,而单晶铜难以限制此传递过程;压痕过程中,具有较小晶粒度的多晶铜具有更高的静水压力、范式等效应力与原子势能,单晶铜内应力与原子势能低于多晶铜.表层及亚表层为较低晶粒度而材料内部为较大晶粒度的梯度晶粒度材料具有极大的研究价值.     

Effect of suspended sediment grain size on channel sedimentation in the lower Yellow River and some implications

Based on the data of suspended sediment transport and channel sedimentation in various grain size fractions in the period of 1962―1985, the relationship between channel sedimentation in the lower Yellow River and sediment input has been plotted with respect to each grain size fraction. Several fill-scour thresholds in sediment input have been identified from these graphs. It was found that the fill-scour threshold in sediment input decreases with the increase in fraction grain size. The correlation coeffici...     

复杂零件特征定义方法的研究与实现

在详细研究三牙轮钻头零件外形的基础上，提出了对复杂专用零件进行特征提取的方法，对该类零件建立了相应的产品定义数据模型，实现了零件信息的交互与集成．     

Influence of prior austenite grain size on the critical strain for completion of DEFT through hot compression test

A low carbon steel was used to determine the critical strain εc for completion of deformation enhanced ferrite transformation （DEFT） through a series of hot compression tests. In addition, the influence of prior austenite grain size （PAGS） on the critical strain was systematically investigated. Experimental results showed that the critical strain is affected by PAGS. When γ→α transformation completes, the smaller the PAGS is, the smaller the critical strain is. The ferrite grains obtained through DEFT can be refined to about 3 μm when the DEFT is completed.