The increase in peak strength and strain in confined concrete for a wide range of strengths and degrees of confinement

By statistically processing a great number of experimental data (about 130) from the literature, we have pointed out that the main relations proposed by various authors to express the increase in strength and strain of concrete at the peak due to confinement agree with the physical reality only if parameters involved over a limited range are included. This has led us to propose a relation which is capable of estimating the increase in strength and strain of concrete due to confinement and which is valid up to very high strengths, for a wide range of confinement and for any specimen shape.

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Résumé Le traitement statistique d'un grand nombre de données (environ 130) provenant de la littérature expérimentale nous a fait remarquer que les principales relations proposées par divers auteurs pour exprimer l'augmentation de la résistance et de la déformation du béton à la charge de pointe en raison du confinement s'accordent à la réalité physique uniquement dans le cas où les paramètres concernés sont d'une étendue limitée. Cela nous a amené à proposer une relation pour estimer l'augmentation de la résistance et de la déformation due au confinement qui est valable jusqu'à de très hautes résistances, ainsi que pour de larges étendues de confinement, et qui s'applique quelle que soit la forme de l'échantillon.

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Editorial note Prof. E. Pozzo is a RILEM Senior Member.     

等强度下混凝土组分对徐变性能的影响

采用自制的徐变加载装置,研究了聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维、双掺粉煤灰和矿渣以及减缩剂对7d等强度混凝土徐变性能的影响规律,结合与混凝土同水胶比浆体的化合结合水量分析了其影响机理.结果表明,混凝土徐变系数发展较快,加载100d左右趋于稳定;减缩剂和双掺矿物掺合料均明显降低了混凝土的徐变系数,以掺减缩剂效果更好,450d值仅为...     

Estimation of dynamic fatigue strengths in brittle materials under a wide range of stress rates

This paper aims to statistically estimate the dynamic fatigue strength in brittle materials under a wide range of stress rates. First, two probabilistic models were derived on the basis of the slow crack growth (SCG) concept in conjunction with two-parameter Weibull distribution. The first model, Model I, is a conventional probabilistic delayed-fracture model based on a concept wherein the length of the critical crack growth due to SCG is enough larger than the initial crack length. For the second model, Model II, a new probabilistic model is derived on the basis of a concept wherein the critical cracks have widely ranging lengths. Next, a four-point bending test using a wide range of stress rates was performed for soda glass and alumina ceramics. We constructed fracture probability–strength–time diagrams (F–S–T diagrams) with the experimental results of both materials using both models. The F–S–T diagrams described using Model II were in good agreement with plots of the fracture strength and the fracture time of both materials more so than Model I.     

Fracture behaviour of high-strength concrete at a wide range of loading rates

Three-point bending tests on notched beams of a high-strength concrete have been conducted using both a servo-hydraulic machine and a self-designed drop-weight impact device. The fracture energy and the peak load were measured over a wide range of loading point displacement rates, spanning eight orders of magnitude. Under low displacement rates, from 10⁻⁴ to 10 mm/s, the tests were performed with the servo-hydraulic machine; from 10² to 10³ mm/s we used the drop-weight impact machine. The results show that the fracture energy and the peak load increase as the loading rate increases. Nevertheless, such a trend is relatively slight under low rates and can be attributed to viscous effects mainly originating from the presence of water in the pore structure. Under high rates the increases in the fracture energy and in the peak load are dramatic due to the effect of inertia.     

Strain insensitive Ni-Co films over a wide composition range

The magnetic properties of vacuum deposited Ni-Co films have been studied as a function of film composition, film thickness, and substrate temperature. The experimental parameters ranged from 400-1000 Å for thickness 17-41-percent Ni for composition and room temperature to 300°C for the substrate temperature. It was found that the magnetoelastic strain coefficient approaches zero in the vicinity of 35-percent Ni in agreement with Tolman's result[1] and remains insensitive to film composition from 30-40- percent Ni. These results are in reasonably good agreement with calculations based on single crystal data and the expression of Callen and Goldberg [10]. The coercive force and anisotropy field are an order of magnitude larger than of nonmagnetostrictive Permalloy films. An unexpected result is an increased coercive field with increasing film thickness while the anisotropy field remains practically constant; the films become inverted at a critical thickness in the order of 750 Å For a wide variation of preparation parameters the crystallite size remained less than 100 Å     

等强度下混凝土组分对内部相对湿度和自收缩的影响

采用自制的试验装置,研究了聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维、双掺粉煤灰和矿渣以及减缩剂对7d等强度混凝土早龄期自收缩和内部相对湿度的影响规律和机理以及两者之间的关系.结果表明,减缩剂、双掺矿物掺合料和PVA纤维均明显降低了混凝土的自收缩值,以掺减缩剂效果最佳,自收缩72h(3d)前发展速度很快,可达到672h(28d)的80%以...     

The effect of compressive peak stress on fatigue behaviour

The effect of compressive peak stress on the maximum stress at the endurance limit, crack propagation rate, threshold stress intensity and crack closure was studied in a laboratory environment using two steels (SAE1045 and SAE1010) and two aluminium alloys (2024-T351 and 7075-T651).As the compressive peak stress, Scp, was increased in magnitude, the maximum stress at the endurance limit, Sfa, decreased linearly. Compression-compression cycling did not initiate any cracks in a centre-notched SAE1010 steel specimen but initiated cracks, which gradually became non-propagating, in the notched 2024-T351 aluminium alloy specimens. In compression-tension tests, the crack propagation rate increased, and the threshold and the crack opening stress intensities decreased linearly with increasing compressive peak stress. During compression-compression cycling the load/displacement curves were not linear, indicating that the crack was not fully closed.     

有机玻璃在宽温度、宽应变率范围压缩性能实验研究

采用分离式Hopkinson压杆实验装置和材料试验机对有机玻璃(PMMA)进行不同温度和不同应变率的压缩实验研究,获得PMMA在-70~120℃温度范围和10-4/s~103/s应变率范围内应力应变曲线,分析应变率和温度对PMMA屈服应力和屈服应变的影响规律。结果表明:屈服应力随温度降低和应变率升高而增大,屈服应变随温度降低而增加;在不同应变率范围内,屈服应变随应变率增加的变化规律较为复杂。在-70~120℃温度范围和低应变率条件下,屈服应力和应变与温度关系可以用线性方程和带指数函数多项式进行描述,在室温条件和应变率为10-4/s~103/s范围内,屈服应力随对数应变率呈双线性关系增加,而屈服应变与应变率的关系较为复杂。     

混凝土柱单轴动态抗压特性的应变率效应研究

混凝土材料是典型的率敏感材料,不同动态应变率下混凝土柱的抗压性能有明显的变化。本文通过混凝土柱的轴心动态抗压试验,在10-5/s10-2/s应变率范围内研究了混凝土材料本构关系的应变率效应,系统研究了应变率效应对混凝土抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值应变、吸能能力以及破坏机理的影响,并讨论了试验机刚度、惯性效应对试验结果的影响。试验结果表明：随着应变率的增加,混凝土材料的抗压强度也随之增加,当应变率为10-4/s、10-3/s、10-2/s时混凝土的抗压强度相对准静态抗压强度（应变率为10-5/s）分别增加了7.45%、19.51%和29.23%,弹性模量相对于准静态弹性模量变化不大,峰值应变具有一定的离散性,但是基本趋势也是增加的,混凝土的吸能能力也随着应变率的增加而显著增加。另外,刚性元件的使用有效的改善了试件应变率的稳定性,惯性效应对本次试验结果的影响可以忽略     

High temperature compressive properties over a wide range of strain rates in an AZ31 magnesium alloy

High temperature compressive properties in AZ31 magnesium alloy were examined over a wide strain rate range from 10^–3 to 10³ s^–1. It was suggested that the dominant deformation mechanism in the low strain rate range below 10^–1 s^–1 was dislocation creep controlled by pipe diffusion at low temperatures, and by lattice diffusion at high temperatures. On the other hand, analysis of the flow behavior and microstructural observations indicated that the deformation at high strain rates of 10³ s^–1 proceeds by conventional plastic flow of dislocation glide and twinning even at elevated temperatures.     

Dynamic compressive flow behaviour of S15C low carbon steel over wide temperature range

Abstract

The present study utilises the compressive split Hopkinson pressure bar to investigate the dynamic flow behaviour of S15C low carbon steel at temperatures ranging from 25 to 800°C. The effects of strain rate and temperature on the mechanical response and microstructure of the metal are evaluated. The flow stress of S15C low carbon steel is found to increase with increasing strain rate and to decrease with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the material temperature sensitivity is enhanced at higher strain rates. The study determines the strain rate sensitivity parameter and the activation volume under various strain rates and temperatures. It is found that the activation energy ΔG^* varies as a function of strain rate and temperature and attains a maximum value of 62 kJ mol^?1 under the current test conditions. A Zerilli–Armstrong bcc constitutive model is applied to describe the high strain rate plastic behaviour of S15C and is shown to produce acceptable results. Microstructural examination by TEM reveals that the dislocation density and degree of dislocation tangling both increase with increasing strain rate. Additionally, TEM observations indicate that a higher strain rate reduces the size of dislocation cells. Furthermore, it is shown that the annihilation of dislocations occurs more readily at elevated temperatures. The current results provide a valuable reference for the application of S15C low carbon steel in high speed plastic forming processes.     

Installation for determining instrument frequency error over a wide range

Conclusions The utilization of this installation for a long time under workshop conditions has shown the advisability of using relatively complicated, but highly efficient installations for determining the frequency error of mass-produced instruments.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 7, pp. 65–66, July, 1978.     

Silicificated multidimensional reinforced carbon-carbon materials for a wide range of applications

Improvement of reinforcement schemes and production processes using different types of carbon matrices and reinforcing fibers makes it possible to change the properties of carbon-carbon composites in a wide range depending on the operating conditions. One of the most promising ways to improve oxidation resistance of the composites is a bulk liquid silicon infiltration, which makes it possible to use them in optical and friction systems, as a ballistic protection of vehicles and aircraft, as cutting and grinding tools, and as a thermal protection of spacecrafts.