多烟管燃气开水炉的设计与实践

根据哈尔滨锅炉厂设计的容水量为500kg的燃气开水炉的设计测试及使用情况，剖析了多烟管开水炉的结构及热工参数，总结了该炉成功经验，提出了尚面需解决的问题。     

可调燃气燃烧器在炼油厂 10t/h 锅炉上的应用

针对ＳＨＬ１０－２５／４００－ＡⅡ型链条炉存在燃料浪费严重、热效率低、污染环境等不良情况，对该炉燃烧器进行了改造，改后的可调燃气燃烧器增强了对煤种的适应性，节约了大量燃煤，提高了炉子的热效率，减少了对环境的污染。     

井式电阻炉炉口溢气损失的理论计算方法探讨

在电炉设计当中,常常要对炉子进行热工计算,以便正确地确定炉子的功率及检验炉子的热效率,对炉子进行热工分析,以达到最佳设计效果。在对炉子进行热工计算中,有通过炉门孔、缝隙的溢气热损失一项。我们常用的计算公式是:     

两用车底炉的设计及应用

本文介绍某厂设计制造的两用式车底炉。该炉可作淬火加热或冲压件加热之用。文中详细阐述了炉子结构及烧嘴。通过运行和测试,炉温均匀,热效率高。     

提高YJP-Q系列车用液体加热器热效率的试验研究

为提高车用液体加热器的热效率,设计了双水腔换热器和双面燃气加热换热器。经台架试验,二者的热效率比原机有大幅提高,而排气温度大幅下降;还对燃烧室燃气回流罩位置及水流量对加热器热效率的影响进行了试验研究。     

不同供热方案下加热炉节能效果的对比分析

以实际生产步进梁式加热炉为例,通过详细的热平衡计算,对比分析了不同煤气热值及供热方式下加热炉的节能效果,为炉子设计选择合理的供热方案提供参考,以节约燃耗和提高炉子热效率。     

节能型锻造加热炉的设计

由北京节能技术服务中心设计的燃煤气锻造加热炉现为北京第一机床厂准备推广生产用炉,该炉采用了先进的自身产热烧咀。炉子的特点是升温快,隔热好,节能效果显著、劳动条件好,经北京钢铁学院测定效果良好。一、主要技术参数1.炉底面积:1.5米~22.燃料:焦炉煤气3.加热温度:1160～1230℃4.炉子产量:725公斤/小时5.炉子生产率:483公斤/米~2、小时6.空气产热温度:500℃7.空气过剩系数:1.048.炉子热效率:34%二、炉子设计我国目前锻造加热炉存在的问题,主要是能耗高余热未回收,烧咀燃烧情况不佳,炉体隔热差,炉子蓄热损失散热损失大,炉门冒烟冒火严重、炉子热效率低。     

电弧炉燃气助熔炼钢热效率的研究

由于电弧炉加热存在炉温不均的弱点,以及我国普遍存在电力供应不足,炉子电功率不够等,因而单位电耗普遍较高,迫切需要寻找新的途径提高热效率,降低电耗,节约能源。 为此,针对电弧炉加热的特征和弱点,提出了电弧炉燃气助熔方案,它改善了炉内的温度分布,消除了低温区,加强了上部炉料的预热,在炉门和出钢口处迅速形成熔池,为提前割料,吹氧助熔,早期造渣去磷创造了条件,缩短了冶炼时间。结果:①提高了整个炉子的热效率,并使燃气的η折算高达47～57％,比燃气直接发电η热高0.6～1倍,比燃气用于平炉炼钢高0.5倍以上;②平均电耗降低246～300度/吨钢,其中100多炉,已从过去的800～950度/吨钢降至356～500度/吨钢;③扣除额外消耗的燃气后,纯节能94～150度/吨钢,其中100多炉纯节能250～350度/吨钢;④提高炉子生产率30～50％;⑤仅节能一项就降低成本10～19元/吨钢,这时钢的含S量、机械性能、非金属夹渣、白点符合国家标准,炉墙寿命保持在120～200炉。 今后节能是一个长期目标,且我国在一个较长时期内电力仍将不足,而某些地区的焦炉煤气、高、焦炉混合煤气、天燃气、发生炉煤气又较易获得。该方法简单易行,易于推广,效果显著。但若供气量计算不当,气压不合适,喷咀设计不好,布料不当,排烟不良,则不能达到最佳效果。     

基于浸没式燃烧技术的节能高效燃气热水锅炉

通过对锅炉热效率、烟气余热回收及浸没式燃烧技术的基本原理进行分析,结合该技术特点及相关技术经验,设计出一种节能高效热水锅炉,并从技术经济等方面讨论该新型燃气热水锅炉的可行性和适用性。     

内置烟囱式节能环保型开水壶的研究

民用开水壶存在热效率低等不足,设计开发了一种内置烟囱式节能环保型民用开水壶。该水壶所采用的新型结构不仅增大了换热面、增强了传热效率,而且有利于燃气的充分燃烧,对实现节能减排以及能源的充分利用具有现实意义。     

山水气林田湖草城系统治理工程技术研究

本文对“山水气林田湖草城”系统治理的理论与工程技术进行了全面深入地研究.提出了修复山形地貌、净化水体质量、调节大气成分、优化森林结构、改良农田土质、重建湖域生态、扩大种草面积、完善城市规划的方法.对“山水气林田湖草城”进行整体保护、系统恢复、综合治理;量化生态资源的隐性价值;发展新气候经济;实施碳热氧产品交易;设立碳热氧税制度;建立经济生产总值与生态生产总值平衡发展体系;创建零碳模式;使人与植物、动物、微生物和自然环境之间,生物各个种群之间,生态诸子系统之间,通过能量流动、物质循环和信息传递达到高度适应、协调和统一的平衡状态,减弱减少自然灾害,延长人类在地球上的生存时间.     

烘焙对生物质热化学转化特性影响的研究进展

生物质是可再生能源的重要组成部分,储量巨大,但其含水量高、能量密度和热值低等缺点致使其研磨难度大、存储运输不便,难以资源化利用。本文对烘焙预处理技术的过程及特点、能耗分析和较为理想的烘焙标准进行了简述;并重点阐述了烘焙对生物质燃烧、热解和气化特性影响的研究进展。经烘焙处理后的生物质在炉膛内可快速、稳定燃烧,炉内温度迅速升高,产生的烟气量减少;热解产生的生物质焦油中水和乙酸含量明显减少,苯酚含量增加,热值总体升高;气化合成气品质明显提升,能量密度增大,总气化效率显著提高。此外,对烘焙预处理技术在城市固体废弃物处理的应用进行了简要的概述,并对其在生物质和城市固体废弃物研究方向上进行了展望。     

A critical review of ash slagging mechanisms and viscosity measurement for low-rank coal and bio-slags

Gasification or combustion of coal and biomass is the most important form of power generation today. However, the use of coal/biomass at high temperatures has an inherent problem related to the ash generated. The formation of ash leads to a problematic phenomenon called slagging. Slagging is the accumulation of molten ash on the walls of the furnace, gasifier, or boiler and is detrimental as it reduces the heat transfer rate, and the combustion/gasification rate of unburnt carbon, causes mechanical failure, high-temperature corrosion and on occasions, superheater explosions. To improve the gasifier/combustor facility, it is very important to understand the key ash properties, slag characteristics, viscosity and critical viscosity temperature. This paper reviews the content, compositions, and melting characteristics of ashes in differently ranked coal and biomass, and discusses the formation mechanism, characteristics, and structure of slag. In particular, this paper focuses on low-rank coal and biomass that have been receiving increased attention recently. Besides, it reviews the available methodologies and formulae for slag viscosity measurement/prediction and summarizes the current limitations and potential applications. Moreover, it discusses the slagging behavior of different ranks of coal and biomass by examining the applicability of the current viscosity measurement methods to these fuels, and the viscosity prediction models and factors that affect the slag viscosity. This review shows that the existing viscosity models and slagging indices can only satisfactorily predict the viscosity and slagging propensity of high-rank coals but cannot predict the slagging propensity and slag viscosity of low-rank coal, and especially biomass ashes, even if they are limited to a particular composition only. Thus, there is a critical need for the development of an index, or a model or even a measurement method, which can predict/measure the slagging propensity and slag viscosity correctly for all low-rank coal and biomass ashes.     

Research progress on hydrate plugging in multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipelines

The plugging mechanism of multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation in submarine pipeline is a prerequisite for maintaining the fluid flow in the pipeline and ensuring safe fluid flow. This paper introduced the common experimental devices used to study multiphase flow, and summarized the plugging progress and mechanism in the liquid-rich system. Besides, it divided the rich-liquid phase system into an oil-based system, a partially dispersed system, and a water-based system according to the different water cuts, and discussed the mechanism of hydrate plugging. Moreover, it summarized the mechanism and the use of anti-agglomerates in different systems. Furthermore, it proposed some suggestions for future research on hydrate plugging. First, in the oil-based system, the effect factors of hydrates are combined with the mechanical properties of hydrate deposit layer, and the hydrate plugging mechanism models at inclined and elbow pipes should be established. Second, the mechanism of oil-water emulsion breaking in partially dispersed system and the reason for the migration of the oil-water interface should be analyzed, and the property of the free water layer on the hydrate plugging process should be quantified. Third, a complete model of the effect of the synergy of liquid bridge force and van der Waals force in the water-based system on the hydrate particle coalescence frequency model is needed, and the coalescence frequency model should be summarized. Next, the dynamic analysis of a multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipeline should be coupled with the process of hydrate coalescence, deposition, and blockage decomposition. Finally, the effects of anti-agglomerates on the morphological evolution of hydrate under different systems and pipeline plugging conditions in different media should be further explored.     

Combustion characteristics and flame stability of linear esters of palmitic acid based on OH-PLIF technology

Experimental study on combustion characteristics and method for evaluating flame stability was carried out. Methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate, propyl palmitate, butyl palmitate, and amyl palmitate were prepared using pyridine n-butyl bisulfate ionic liquid as catalyst in a self-designed reactor to catalyze esterification reaction of palmitic acid with methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol, respectively. Combustion characteristics including the flame height, flame front area, and flame speed were analyzed; and OH-PLIF time-average total signal strength by the OH-PLIF technique and cold flow properties of linear-chain alkyl esters of palmitic acid were also studied. Image diagnosis was applied to the study of flame stability, and an image segmentation method using three color feature matrices of flame corresponding to the red, green, and blue components was proposed. A color was selected as the evaluation color and the iterative method was used to obtain the optimal threshold for the area where the flame was located. Each pixel in the matrix was compared with an optimal threshold, and the flame stability was evaluated by calculating the ratio variance under continuous conditions. The method is simple in operation, accurate in repeatability, less interfered, and provides some guidance for analysis and optimization of biodiesel combustion process.     

生物质燃烧过程中结焦、积灰及腐蚀形成机理及其制剂开发研究进展

大力发展生活垃圾及农林废弃物等生物质直接燃烧发电和煤炭掺烧生物质燃烧发电对缓解我国能源安全问题和实现“双碳”战略目标具有重要意义。然而生活垃圾和农林废弃物中较高含量的碱/碱土金属、硫、氯和硅等元素在高温燃烧过程中会发生复杂交互反应,导致锅炉结焦、积灰和腐蚀等一系列问题,严重影响锅炉的安全稳定运行。通过系统分析生活垃圾和农林废弃物等固体燃料燃烧过程中可能的结焦、积灰和腐蚀形成机理,探讨了原料灰分组成和结焦、积灰、腐蚀形成的关联关系和预测方法,在此基础上比较了不同类型结焦、积灰和腐蚀抑制剂的作用机制及其施加效果,并对未来高效抑制剂的开发进行了展望。     

Investigation of the gas injection rate shape on combustion,knock and emissions behavior of a rotary engine with hydrogen direct-injection enrichment

The application of hydrogen direct-injection enrichment improves the performance of gasoline Wankel rotary engine, and the hydrogen injection strategy has a significant impact on combustion, knock, and emissions. The Z160F Wankel rotary engine was used as the investigated compact engine, and the simulation model was developed using CONVERGE software. The combustion, knock and emissions characteristics of the engine were studied with the different mass flow of hydrogen injection, i.e., the trapezoid, wedge, slope, triangle and rectangle type of gas injection rate shape. In the numerical simulations, the in-cylinder pressure oscillations were monitored using monitoring points, and the knock index (KI) was used as an evaluation indicator. The study revealed that the gas injection rate shape significantly affected the mixture of hydrogen and air, thus impacting combustion, knock and emissions. When the injection rate shape was rectangle, the flame speed was faster, the peak pressure in the cylinder was higher, and the corresponding crank angle was earlier, which led to higher pressure oscillations in the cylinder and larger KI. Based on the rectangle injection rate shape, the KI decreased by 75.81%, 33.47%, 26.46% and 76.58% for trapezoid, wedge, slope, and triangle, respectively, and the indicated mean effective pressure increased by 15.68%, 5.07%, 0.56% and 14.98%, respectively. Due to the small difference in maximum temperature, which resulted in very little variation in nitrogen oxides for each injection rate shape, the total hydrocarbon emissions of the trapezoid and triangle injection rate shape was high due to the delayed combustion phase. This paper provides a solution for direct hydrogen injection to improve the combustion, knock and emissions behavior of the rotary engine.     

钻井液处理剂现状分析及合成设计探讨

近年来,国内钻井液处理剂新品种逐年上升,而投入生产及应用的产品却很少。对于聚合物处理剂,尽管从上世纪70年代到90年代相继研制应用了不少新产品,特别是AMPS聚合物的应用,使聚合物处理剂的水平上了一个新台阶,但处理剂主体结构与基团没有变,只是基团与相对分子质量的优化而已,产品性能没有取得突破性进展。对于沥青、褐煤、单宁等类产品,虽然名称没有变,而有效物减少,且大多数产品通过复配而得,产品质量大幅下滑。淀粉、纤维素、植物胶改性产品,由于改性难度大,研究多、应用少。阳离子黏土稳定剂,正电胶,乳化沥青/石蜡,聚合醇或多元醇,凝胶聚合物,"不渗透"产品和"聚胺"等产品得到了一定应用和发展。纵观上世纪70年代以来钻井液处理剂的发展,整体情况是从初期具有明确化学名称及成分的产品,逐步出现了产品成分模糊,以代号为主体的现象,特别是90年代以来,随意编代号的现象越发严重。由于存在较多制约因素,国内钻井液处理剂研制出现停滞不前的局面。应从研制专用原料、聚合物优化设计、SMP改性、天然高分子材料改性等方面出发,结合钻井液发展需要,研制新单体、适用于高钙环境下合成聚合物、传统产品的替代品、超支化聚合物、天然材料改性产品、固相控剂(清洁剂)、润滑剂、沥青类产品、高性能凝胶材料及油基泥浆处理剂,以及工业废料的利用等,推动钻井液技术进步。     

换流站三维数字化及智能巡检系统设计与应用

目的  针对换流站运维的痛点,提出了换流站三维数字化应用及智能巡检系统的设计方法,并将其在工程中进行实际应用。 方法  首先阐述了系统的总体架构、技术架构、数据架构和功能模块,利用数字孪生技术实现了智能巡视、智能操作、智能安全等运维业务;接着研究了系统的关键技术,包含换流站建模及精细化处理、模型数据融合技术、全景可视化技术,实现了三维场景下全站集中运维管控;最后,将系统部署在工程现场,大幅提升了运维效率与体验。 结果  系统的应用情况表明,日常智能巡视项目人工替代率达大于80%,现场操作时间减少60%,提高作业风险管控能力与安全水平,节省65%工时。 结论  换流站三维数字化与智能巡检系统能有效提高运维人员对设备的精准管理,实现运维业务的降本增效。