Effect of Structural Parameters of a Transducer on the Duration of an Acoustic Pulse Transmitted into a Solid

A damped piezoelectric plate loaded with a solid medium (steel) through a contact layer/wear face/contact layer system is considered. The piezoelectric plate is excited by an electric pulse in the form of a sine half-period at the frequency of thickness vibrations. The duration and amplitude of pulses of the vibrational velocity as functions of the parameters (specific acoustic impedances and wave thicknesses) of transition layers are studied by calculations.     

Broadband electrostatic acoustic transducer for ultrasonic measurements in liquids

A broadband capacitive electrostatic acoustic transducer (ESAT) has been developed for use in a liquid environment at megahertz frequencies. The ESAT basically consists of a thin conductive membrane stretched over a metallic housing. The membrane functions as the ground plate of a parallel plate capacitor, the other plate being a dc biased electrode recessed approximately 10 mum from the electrically grounded membrane. An ultrasonic wave incident on the membrane varies the membrane-electrode gap spacing and generates an electrical signal proportional to the wave amplitude. The entire assembly is sealed for immersion in a liquid environment. Calibration of the ESAT with incident ultrasonic waves of constant displacement amplitude from 1 to 15 MHz reveals a decrease in signal response with increasing frequency independent of membrane tension. The use of the ESAT as a broadband ultrasonic transducer in liquids with a predictable frequency response is promising.     

基于粒子群参数优化的 O-VMD 数据处理方法研究

针对电磁超声测厚换能器保护提离距过大导致回波信号微弱且信噪比低,难以在时域内直接准确提取渡越时间得到精 确厚度值的问题,提出频域内粒子群(PSO)优化变分模态分解(VMD)参数的 O-VMD 渡越时间提取方法。 分别对分解层数和 惩罚因子选取固定参数,及基于峭度与功率谱熵联合适应度函数的 PSO 算法获取 VMD 遍历优化参数,进行双次 VMD 处理,滤 除高频及低频噪声;选取能量最大模态进行信号重构,并应用希尔伯特变换获取回波信号时差。 在不同提离条件下,对不同厚 度铝板检测数据采用 O-VMD、经验模态分解(EMD)等方法进行信号对比处理,结果表明,提离距在 0 ~ 2. 1 mm,O-VMD 方法最 大误差为 0. 67% ,且误差与提离距成正比,为精确获取高提离距测厚数据提供依据。     

Automatic ultrasonic inspection of large-diameter pipes

A device and a principle of operation of some ultrasound scanners-flaw detectors for diagnosing the basic metal mass of main oil and gas pipelines in reinsulation is considered. Different methods, materials, and devices for efficient excitation and reception of ultrasound waves in pipelines with wall thicknesses of 6–20 mm and the selection of Lamb and Rayleigh wave modes for testing as a function of the pipe-wall thickness are discussed. The principle of operation of a unidirectional primary EMA transducer is described.     

On the Allowance for Direct Piezoelectric Effect when Studying the Pulsed Operation Mode of a Piezoelectric Emitter by d’Alambert’s Method

An emitter in the form of a piezoelectric plate loaded on an aqueous medium is considered. Composite waveforms consisting of two half-periods are considered as electric signals fed to the plate, with one half-period exciting and the other one compensating. The pulsed transducer output signal is studied by D’Alambert’s method (without allowance for direct piezoelectric effect) and the Fourier spectral method. The similarity of the results indicates the correctness of applying d’Alambert’s method and the possibility for using it to assess the shape of signals emitted by the piezotransducer.     

On the influence of certain factors on the characteristics of a signal from a normal linear phased-array transducer in the transmission mode

The specific features of the influence of such factors as the damping of a longitudinal wave in a medium, its transformation into a transverse wave during transmission, and the radiation directivity of array elements on the characteristics of a signal of a normal linear phased-array transducer are considered. Very simple methods for taking these factors into account are presented. It is noted that increasing the dimensions of array elements may lead to a significant reduction of the amplitude of the total transmitted signal in the transducer near-field zone.     

非浸入式超声导波液位测量方法研究

从Navier运动方程出发,求解了自由平板和覆水平板中导波的特征方程,并绘制了其频散曲线。自由平板和覆水平板频散特性对比分析后,发现了覆水平板中导波模态较自由平板多了一种Quasi-Scholte模态导波。通过数值计算、有限元模拟和实验研究,分别对自由平板和覆水平板中导波的传播特性和模态进行验证。在低频区,A_0模态导波存在于自由平板中,而Quasi-Scholte模态导波只存在于覆水平板中。利用Quasi-Scholte模态和A_0模态导波的传播特性设计液位测量实验,采用一激一收压电传感器布置方式,频率130 k Hz的2.5周期汉宁窗调制正弦波作为检测信号,结果表明,液位与导波传播时间呈线性关系,能够用于容器内液位测量。     

超声波传输时间精密测量方法及应用研究

根据超声波回波信号是一个变幅周期性信号这一特点,提出一种用数字细分来精密测量超声波传输时间的方法,阐明了超声波换能器驱动电路原理及利用FPGA电路和高分辨率A/D电路通过高频采样来实现这一方法的原理,并采用该方法和电路设计了超声波流量计。指出超声波传输时间测量的分辨率取决于超声波信号的频率和A/D电路的分辨率,为保证测量精度,应尽可能采用较高的采样频率。超声波传输时间的测量综合了全部回波信号采样数据,有很好的可靠性和很强的抗干扰能力。     

Analysis of acousto-ultrasonic characteristics for contact-type transducers coupled to composite laminated plates

The acousto-ultrasonic (AU) input–output characteristics for contact-type transmitting and receiving transducers coupled to composite laminated plates are considered in this paper. Combining a multiple integral transform method, an ordinary discrete layer theory for the laminates and some simplifying assumptions for the electro-mechanical transduction behaviour of the transducers, an analytical solution is developed which can deal with all the wave processes involved in the AU measurement system, i.e. wave generation, wave propagation and wave reception. The spectral response of the normal contact pressure sensed by the receiving transducer due to an arbitrary input pulse excited by the transmitting transducer is obtained. To validate the new analytical–numerical spectral technique in the low-frequency regime, the results are compared with Mindlin plate theory solutions. Based on the analytical results, numerical calculations are carried out to investigate the influence of various external parameters such as frequency content of the input pulse, transmitter/receiver spacing and transducer aperture on the output of the measurement system. The results show that the presented analytical–numerical procedure is an effective tool for understanding the input–output characteristics of the AU technique for laminated plates.     

Operation of a model of a normal ultrasonic transducer for immersion and conventional inspection techniques

An experimental and theoretical study of the operation of a model of a normal ultrasonic transducer for various acoustic loads has been performed. It has been established that, in the design of the transducer under study, a relatively thick adhesive layer between the piezoelectric plate and the wear plate abruptly reduces the operating (effective) signal frequency in the case of an immersion load. An equation for estimating the effective frequency for a transducer model has been obtained with allowance for the characteristics of such a layer.     

Magnetic inspection of the thickness of components of a chromium-nickel coating deposited on a nonmagnetic base

Simultaneous inspection of the thicknesses of the chromium and nickel layers of a two-layer chromium-nickel coating in the case of one-way access from the side of the chromium layer is shown to be possible. A transducer scheme is given and a graphical analytical procedure for the solution of an equation for determining the component thicknesses (in absolute units) is described.     

超声导波在管中传播的理论分析与试验研究

采用分布式PZT传感器在管中激励和接收超声导波。根据在管状波导中传播的超声波具有频散现象及多模态特征,选择具有单一频率的特定信号激励超声波,使其频散最小;同时采用分布式传感器抑制不同模态的波型。其试验结果与理论预测相吻合。     

复合材料板Chirp激励的Lamb波成像技术研究

作为一种快速、高效的无损检测方法,Lamb波技术在结构健康监测领域具有巨大的应用潜力并受到广泛关注。采用线性宽带Chirp信号作为激励信号,替代传统的窄带Tone burst信号。响应信号经过后处理可以解调出其带宽范围内任意中心频率的等效Tone burst响应信号。优化设计一种压电传感器,能够在低频段激励和接收纯净的A0模态。由于A0模态对板中缺陷非常敏感,使信号更便于分析。将这种传感器按照稀疏阵列的形式布置于准各向同性复合材料板上,对模拟缺陷进行检测。通过实验所得Chirp信号的检测数据解调出多个中心频率下的响应信号,结合椭圆成像技术和数据融合方法进行缺陷成像,实现了板中缺陷定位,并且多个频率下响应信号融合后的成像结果具有更高的分辨率、对比度和定位精度。     

On some features of the signal of a normal linear transducer with a phased array in the transmission mode

Some features in the formation of the signals of a normal linear transducer with a phased array are studied. The characteristics of the signals from a normal linear transducer with a phased array and a radiating element in the form of an elongated rectangular piezoelectric plate are compared. It is shown how much the amplitude of a signal that is focused and radiated along the acoustic axis exceeds that of a signal from a conventional transducer with an extensive radiating element. An analytical equation describing the dependence of the signal amplitude on the distance along the focusing direction at a specified angle to the acoustic axis is deduced.     

高频窄脉冲超声聚焦传感器的工艺及应用

在双金属转子复合层全自动超声特征成像检测系统中,凶柱塞孔孔径小、孔肇薄,针对此类扩散焊检测,为了提高超声成像系统的分辨率和信号的信噪比,研制了用于检测双金属转子复合层扩散焊连接质量的超声传感器.本文提出了用声程相等的理论来设计超声传感器的聚焦,利用耦合剂和工件声速的不同,把内孔铜层作为传感器的声聚焦透镜,用光学方法对传感器的聚焦声场进行了验证.制作的传感器中心频率为10 MHz,波列只有2个周期,在实际的检测中可分辨0.5 mm当量的缺陷.     

Comparative analysis of two impact-sensitive sensors for improved estimation of time difference of arrivals

In this study, an intensive comparative analysis of two impact-sensitive cantilever sensors for improved estimation of time difference of arrivals on plates is presented. Precise locating of the impact point requires exact bending wave propagation velocity due to the impact and time differences between each sensor. However since the bending wave velocity is dispersive on a plate, it is very difficult to decide the velocity when a vibration sensor such as an accelerometer is used. The new sensor philosophy is to provide a more exact bending wave velocity by designing the sensor as a cantilever type with a piezo transducer. Thus in this paper, two different cantilever sensors are considered: a rectangular type with a piezoelectric magnesium niobate ?? lead titanate single crystal patch and a circular type with a piezoelectric zirconate titanate disc. Their responses against impacts are compared with the response of a commercial accelerometer. The two sensors were manufactured and tested on a glass plate and an MDF plate separately. The impact test results showed that the two sensors give narrow band responses against impacts on the both plates and can provide a constant bending wave propagation velocity.     

基于电磁超声导波的铝合金板材缺陷自动检测装置

针对目前国内外普遍采用的压电超声技术在铝合金板材检测中的不足,研制了基于电磁超声导波的铝合金板材自动检测装置.设计了激发和接收导波的电磁超声换能器(EMAT),由FPGA完成电磁超声发射接收电路控制和数据采集.利用LabWindows CVI软件编写上位机程序,通过USB总线实现FPGA与上位机的数据交换,并在上位机完成数据分析和处理.研制了机械装置控制探头在铝合金板材表面折线形运动,实现整个铝合金板材缺陷的检测,并为板材在线检测装置的研制打下基础.基于电磁超声导波的铝合金板材缺陷自动检测装置,可对厚度为10 mm以下的整个铝合金板材进行快速检测,并能在上位机实现缺陷的自动判别.     

Calculation of DGS diagrams of a normal transducer with a rectangular piezoelectric plate

In the Kirchhoff approximation, the acoustic path of a normal transducer with a rectangular piezoelectric plate is calculated for reflectors of the type of rectangular and circular flat-bottom holes. The formula for the acoustic path can be used for constructing DGS diagrams. In limiting cases, relationships coinciding with familiar ones follow from this formula for the acoustic path. Numerical calculations of DGS diagrams of a transducer with a rectangular piezoelectric plate with different ratios of sides are performed and certain features are pointed out. Additional results of numerical calculations of a bottom signal of such a transducer performed with the relation obtained above are presented.     

基于Lamb波传播路径分析的复合材料板中缺陷成像*

板型波导结构中的缺陷对Lamb波的传播会产生干扰,接收信号受干扰程度与缺陷和激励、接收传感器路径间的相对距离有关。提出一种基于Lamb波传播路径分析的多频率数据融合缺陷检测方法,对复合材料板中缺陷区域进行成像。采用压电传感器进行Chirp信号激励,由Chirp激励响应计算出具有不同中心频率的Tone burst信号,为成像算法提供多频率缺陷信息。对各信号中首次抵达波的包络峰值进行分析,确定缺陷所在位置同激励接收路径间的关系。选择同缺陷所在路径具有相近Lamb波传播速度的路径作为关注路径,结合椭圆成像算法和该路径中的缺陷散射信号信息计算出缺陷所在的椭圆轨迹。引入椭圆轨迹计算误差容限,对计算得到的不同频率下的椭圆轨迹进行筛选,将筛选后的椭圆轨迹进行融合实现缺陷区域成像。通过对复合材料板中缺陷区域的试验检测,验证了所提算法的可行性。     

Low-frequency transducers that contain piezoelectric and passive layers

The problem of obtaining short echo-signal pulses using multilayer transducers that consist of alternating active and passive layers is considered. The time characteristics of a transducer for a frequency range of 50–500 kHz are analyzed. The main requirements that are imposed on the transducer, amplifier, and generator of the electronic unit are formulated. The parameters of the transducer that allows the duration of an echo pulse to be reduced to a value that is approximately 5–10 times smaller than the pulse duration, which results from the use of a single piezoelectric element, are determined.