Modelling rural population change in the Cilento region of southern Italy

The relevance of established models of rural population change to the situation in the Cilento region of southern Italy is considered. The author notes that in this region, tourism seems to be the major factor explaining rural population change between 1961 and 1971. The need for a family of models to explain rural population change while taking into account a variety of cultural and developmental factors is suggested.     

Landsliding in seismic areas: the case of the Acquara-Vadoncello landslide (southern Italy)

On 29 December 1993, a slump-earthflow was activated in the outskirts of Senerchia (southern Italy) in a locality named "Vadoncello". Mass movement has been active until the time of writing, at a variable rate. Maximum velocity was reached during 1995, when a seismic sequence of low magnitude (maximum 3.6) was recorded. The landslide evolution was studied considering both the characteristics of seismic activity and slope stability conditions. The results of the analyses showed that the role of seismic action in triggering mass movement is uncertain, although it cannot be excluded. Slope behaviour is more likely to have been controlled by morphological and hydrogeological factors and their modifications, which could also have been responsible for the vulnerability of the slope. In conclusion, the mass movement observed in 1995, triggered by the possible contribution of low magnitude shocks repeated at short intervals, determined new and more stable equilibrium conditions in the slope.     

Heavy metal contamination of the soils used for stocking raw materials in the former ILVA iron-steel industrial plant of Bagnoli (southern Italy)

The total contents and the chemical and mineralogical forms of the metals Fe, Al, Cu, Co, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni and Mn in the horizons of a soil profile, representative of an area devoted to stocking raw materials in the dismantled iron-steel industrial plant of ILVA of Bagnoli (Naples), were studied by physical and chemical methods. The geological setting of the study area is the result of volcanic activity in the Phlegrean Fields, a group of polygenic volcanoes to the west of Naples, which give rise to the parent soil material. Soil morphology appeared to be strongly disturbed by the occurrence and stratification of materials used in the industrial process. Fine sediments illuviation down the profile resulted in the occurrence of silt and clay coatings. The total contents of Cu, Co, Cr, Pb, Zn and Ni, in the whole soil samples, especially in the surface layers, were above the regulatory levels (Cu 120, Co 20, Cr 150, Pb 100, Zn 150, Ni 120 mg kg(-1)) stated by the Italian Ministry of Environment for soils in public, private and residential areas, and below the levels (Cu 600, Co 250, Cr 800, Pb 1000, Zn 1500, Ni 500 mg kg(-1)) outlined for soils and subsoils of industrial and commercial areas (Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana, 1999). Speciation of heavy metals and the determination of the different chemical pools in the fraction < 2 mm identified the large presence of elements trapped in the mineralogical structure of oxides and silicates and occluded in easily reducible manganese or iron oxides. A constant amount of Cu was associated with organic compounds. A significant amount of Zn (> 20%) was extracted in diluted acetic acid solution, indicating that the element was present in a more readily and potentially available form. In the clay fraction (< 2 microm) heavy metals were associated with both amorphous and crystalline iron forms. The presence of iron-rich clay coatings was evident in the illuvial pores of deeper horizons. Enrichment in Cu, Co, Cr and Zn of the coatings was observed. Possible translocation of metals down through the soil profile mainly bound to fine particles of relatively inert forms of iron is hypothesised. The dispersion in water of the clay fraction resulted in an average percentage dispersion of approximately 20% with a peak of 41.7% at 68-72 cm depth. Magnetite, goethite, hematite, calcite and quartz mixed with K-feldspars, clynopyroxenes and mica occurred in the coarse sand fractions (2-0.2 mm) of the soil samples from all the surface horizons. Talcum and goethite together with clay minerals at 1.4 nm, kaolinite and illite were found in the clays (< 2 microm).     

山西省农村建筑用能情况调研

调查研究了山西省农村建筑用能及新技术使用情况,从节能技术、能源利用率、节能意识三方面,分析了农村建筑的节能现状,并提出了一些建筑节能措施,以提高农村地区的能源利用率。     

农村地籍房屋调查对自然资源管理的作用

分析了自然资源管理中地籍调查的内容与特点,对农村地籍调查在自然资源管理中的重要作用进行了分析,总结了现阶段农村地籍调查的一些问题及解决思路以及自然资源管理中地籍调查作用的强化对策。     

Current status of arsenic contamination in drinking water and treatment practice in some rural areas of West Bengal,India

The aim of the present investigation was to draw the current scenario of arsenic (As) contamination in drinking water of community tube well and drinking water treated by tube wells installed with different adsorbent media-based treatment plants in districts Nadia, Hooghly and North 24-Parganas districts, West Bengal, India. As removal efficiencies of different treatment plants varied from 23 to 71%, which is largely governed by adsorption capacity of adsorbent and influencing environmental factors. Though investigated treatment plants removed substantial amount of As from tube well water, high As concentration in treated drinking water was retained after passing through the treatment plants. This high level of As concentration in tube well water and retention of high As concentration in treated drinking water were severe for the consumers which therefore, indicating the improvement of removal efficiency of treatment plant by meticulously considering favorable influencing factors or/and application of other high capacity treatment alternatives to adsorb the excess As retained in drinking water and regular monitoring of As concentration in the treated drinking water are indispensable.     

冀南农村地区冬季采暖的墙体优化设计

冀南地区农村住宅的冬季室内热环境较差,主要问题在于墙体保温能力有限,对农村住宅的墙体保温性能进行设计研究,基于实际调研的数据,构建农村住宅模型,并通过计算机仿真实验,对既有建筑墙体进行设计优化,量化不同材料结构对冀南地区农村住宅冬季采暖负荷的影响,为提高农村住宅冬季室内热环境提供数据支撑。     

Natural radionuclides in industrial and rural soils

Radium-226, lead-210, uranium and thorium are dispersed in the environment by fly ash emitted by coal fuelled power stations. Concentrations of these nuclides have been determined in fly ash from three power stations and in soils collected in six industrial and twenty rural regions. In industrial areas the concentrations of natural radionuclides, in a 5 cm thick surface soil layer, were found to be higher than in lower layers. With the exception of lead-210 this effect was not observed in rural soils, which contained less of radium-226, uranium and thorium. It was found that the type of coal, or combustion technology, influences the amount of radium-226 dispersed in the environment which is accessible to plants.     

Soil to plant uptake of fallout 137Cs by plants from boreal areas polluted by industrial emissions from smelters.

To study the impact of industrial pollution on the soil-to-plant uptake of fallout-radiocesium in a boreal forest ecosystem, four study sites were selected at distances of 7, 16, 21 and 28 km from the large copper-nickel smelter at Monchegorsk on the Kola Peninsula (Russia). At each site, soil and selected plant species were sampled from five plots and analysed separately for 137Cs and 40K. The data show that the root-uptake of 137Cs, as characterised by the median aggregated transfer-factor T(ag), decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with decreasing distance from the smelter for the plants Vaccinium myrtillus (from 0.023 to 0.007 m2 kg-1) and Empetrum nigrum (from 0.015 to 0.007 m2 kg-1), but increased for Deschampsia flexuosa (from 0.013 to 0.031 m2 kg-1). For Vaccinium vitis-idaea a significant trend for the T(ag) was not observed. The median 40K activity concentrations in these plants also decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with decreasing distance from the smelter for Vaccinium myrtillus (from approx. 140 to 20 Bq kg-1 dry wt.), Empetrum nigrum (from approx. 90 to 40 Bq kg-1 dry wt.), and also for Deschampsia flexuosa (from approx. 270 to 40 Bq kg-1 dry wt.). For Vaccinium vitis-idaea such a continuous significant trend was not observed. The results for the Cu-Ni polluted soils thus show: (1) that the soil-to-plant transfer of radiocesium can be significantly modified; (2) that these modifications are quite specific; and (3) that modifications of the uptake of potassium do not always correspond to those of radiocesium.     

工业园区带动型新农村建设规划浅谈

通过对工业园区带动型村庄进行细致分析,整理出此类村庄的特点,针对虎山村自身情况和发展条件进行了新农村建设规划,并提出规划重点和分期实施措施,从而达到规划目的。     

Source impacts by volatile organic compounds in an industrial city of southern Taiwan

This study investigates source impacts by airborne volatile organic compounds (VOC) at two sites designated for traffic and industry, in the largest industrial area Kaohsiung, southern Taiwan. The samples were collected at the two sites simultaneously during rush and non-rush hours in summer and autumn seasons. Same pattern of VOC groups were found at both sites: most abundant aromatics (78-95%) followed by alkanes (2-16%) and alkenes (0-6%). The BTEX concentration measured at the two sites ranged from 69 to 301 ppbC. Toluene, isopentane, ethylbenzene, and benzene were found to be the most abundant species. Speciation of VOCs was characterized with several skills including principal component factor analysis and BTEX characteristic ratios. Each of the resulted principal factors at the two sites explained over 80% of the VOCs data variance, and indicated that both of the sampling sites were influenced by both traffic and industrial sources with separately different levels. The remarkable patterns of the first two factors described not only the similarity but also the discrepancy at the two sampling sites, in terms of the source impacts. The high T/B ratios (7.56-14.25) observed at the industrial site implied the important impact from mobile emissions. The indicators, m,p-xylene/benzene and o-xylene/benzene, also confirmed the potential source of motor vehicles at both of the sampling sites. Air age assessment showed that more than half of the total observations located in the domain of fresh air. Low X/E ratios implied somewhat aged air mass transported to the sampling sites. The industrial site might not only encounter emissions from the industry sources, but also under unavoidable impact from the traffic sources.     

开发性金融与农村小城镇融资

国家开发银行是政府的开发性金融机构,具有政府赋权的法定信用。它把准国债性质的开发性金融债券和金融的资产管理结合起来,把融资优势和政府的组织优势结合起来,用建设市场的方法实现政府意志。它以国家信用与市场业绩的完整统一作为经营目标,运用政府特许权和各种灵活的开发性金融产品,通过融资支持基础设施、基础产业、支柱产业、高新技术产业等政府优先发展及市场失灵的行业和领域,用融资推进投融资体制建设和相关金融市场建设,弥补体制缺损和市场失灵,从而促进经济和社会发展。开发性金融在城镇基础设施建设中的发展方向开发性金融是通…     

Competition,supply areas and industrial location: an equilibrium perspective

The relationship between producer supply areas and the location of production is considered for a particular class of manufacturing activity. The spatial structure of production is examined by means of a free-entry model, in which producers within a region compete for access to a dispersed commodity input. The situation at long-run equilibrium may be characterised in terms of the output of each producer, the size and shape of his supply area, and the frequency and spacing of producers. This is seen to depend on the prevailing price which is exogenously determined. Various features of the equilibrium are then discussed, including the manner in which it differs from the conventional competitive equilibrium.The author wishes to acknowledge the helpful suggestions of anonymous referees and those of H. Beguin, D. Dawson, A. Gee, I. Gordon, D. Greenstreet and G. Wood who commented on an earlier version of this paper.     

BOT：新农村农居点整理的项目融资新模式

为筹措资金和改善农居点整理效率，多元化融资和市场化经营是未来农居点整理项目运营的一个趋势，在城乡结合部和经济发达地区可积极采用BOT项目融资模式。理顺农居点整理BOT项目融资的运行机制，并明确其优缺点，可为农居点整理项目融资的顺利实施提供参考。     

浅议华北地区中小城镇及农村地区预应力混凝土构件生产质量控制

对华北地区部分中小城镇及农村地区预应力混凝构件的生产质量情况进行了调查,对该类构件在工程应用中引发质量事故的原因进行分析,提出了建立保证构件生产质量长效机制的措施建议。     

对我国农村城镇化的再思考

农村城镇化是实现我国农村经济发展的大战略,是我国实现小康社会的必由之路,是解决“三农”问题的关键。只有提高农村城镇化的水平,才能改善农民的生活水平,才能加快产业结构的优化调整,才能促进第三产业的发展和壮大,才能提高农业的生产率,真正地消除城乡差别。近年来,中国农村城镇化问题受到了学术界的广泛关注,关于农村城镇化的研究热点也主要集中在“三农”问题上,笔者从宏观经济和国家政策两方面来阐述农村城镇化问题,从新的角度给予农村城镇化以新的理解。一、在实践中把农村城镇化摆在国民经济发展的战略地位是农村城镇化发展的基础…     

论农村危旧房屋的现状与修缮

通过多年基层工作中对农村房屋现状的考察,结合实际对危旧房屋维护及加固提出针对性措施方案,为今后更为科学有效的维护人民的生命财产利益和保护散落在祖国各地的建筑文化瑰宝提出合理性建议。     

住房和城乡建设部农村危房改造十二五规划调研课题南疆农村危改现状与发展态势

南疆农村危房改造现状南疆位于新疆天山以南环塔里木盆地的广大地区,具有地广人稀、气候恶劣、经济条件差的特点.该地区处在帕米尔高原地震带上,其中42个县有37个县位于7度以上的高烈度区,发生地震频率高,分布广,强度大,地震烈度不确定性强,据不完全统计,多数地震均发生在广大农村.特别是2003年巴楚-伽师地震,造成直接经济损失高达13．71亿元.由此,自2004年新疆维吾尔自治区全面实施了举世瞩目的抗震安居工程,大大改善了南疆广大农村的居住条件,成为我国农村危房改造的成功案例.如库车、伽师、疏勒、乌恰等地,由于“十一五”期间全面实施抗震安居工程,使昔日贫穷落后的南疆农村发生了翻天覆地的变化,农村房屋提高了抗震设防能力,农民建房热情高涨,农村面貌焕然一新,见图1、图2,与此同时获得了农村危房改造的大量经验和教训.     

太阳能光伏发电技术及在农村地区住宅建筑上的应用

世界范围内的能源危机和环境污染日渐严重,人们希望用新型的可再生能源替代常规的有限的能源.太阳能光伏发电技术可直接将太阳光能转换成电能,由于太阳能的洁净、可持续性,很多国家开始实行"阳光计划",将光伏发电作为能源发展的重点任务.介绍了太阳能光伏发电的原理、太阳能电池、光伏发电的应用情况,展望了国内光伏发电的前景,提出了发展太阳能光伏发电的建议.