基于谱元法的复合材料裂纹梁Lamb波传播特性研究

基于谱元法提出了一种弹簧元来模拟复合材料梁由于横向裂纹导致的轴弯耦合效应,分析复合材料裂纹梁中Lamb波的传播特性。由断裂力学的相关知识求得弹簧元的刚度,建立复合材料裂纹梁的损伤谱元模型。通过模拟复合材料裂纹梁内Lamb波传播,并和传统的有限元结果进行比较,验证了所提出模型的可行性和有效性。推导了频域内Lamb波各模态的能量计算公式,裂纹处的能量守恒证明了所提出模型的正确性,同时计算表明复合材料梁中裂纹处反射与透射的Lamb波各模态能量随着裂纹深度的变化规律具有单调性,结论可以为定量识别复合材料梁裂纹提供实用依据。     

基于三维弹性理论的碳纤维板中Lamb波建模

基于主动Lamb波的结构健康监测是目前复合材料结构损伤监测技术研究的热点之一,了解Lamb波的传播特性对进行可靠的损伤监测非常重要.本文结合经典三维弹性理论与Lamb波的运动位移方程,对碳纤维复合材料板中传播的Lamb波传播特性进行了建模研究,在此基础上推导了碳纤维板的相速度频散曲线,并讨论了Lamb波传播方向与坐标轴之间的夹角及碳纤维铺层方向对频散曲线的影响,建模结果证明了这种建模方法的正确性.     

基于相移光纤光栅传感器的碳纤维增强树脂复合材料基体裂纹超声探伤

复合材料内部的微小裂纹常会引起后续严重的破坏,因此需要对其进行检测。然而超声探伤复合材料基体裂纹非常困难。本文搭建了一个具有高灵敏度、大带宽的相移光纤光栅超声传感系统,利用此系统探测了在正交铺层碳纤维增强树脂复合材料板中传播的Lamb波。对Lamb波进行数据处理发现,随着三点弯曲实验产生的基体裂纹个数增加,Lamb波的幅值和频谱峰值线性减少。通过和传统压电传感器比较表明,相移光纤光栅传感器测得的Lamb波信号随复合材料基体裂纹数的增加其幅值具有更高的下降速率,表明相移光纤光栅传感器更适合于复合材料基体裂纹的超声探伤。研究表明,新开发的传感系统能够探测到中心频率为300 kHz的微弱超声信号,并能够对碳纤维增强树脂复合材料板中微小基体裂纹个数进行精确评估。      

基于Lamb波和Hilbert变换的复合材料T型加筋损伤监测

为了监测整体成型复合材料结构的损伤,提出了一种基于Lamb波和Hilbert变换的能量损伤指数。首先,通过应用Hilbert变换提取Lamb波信号的波形包络;然后选取具有最大峰值的波包,将此波包在结构出现损伤后的能量变化值与损伤前的能量之比作为损伤指示;该方法不需要选择特定的Lamb波模式,克服了Lamb波在复合材料结构中存在的频散、多模式及模式转换给信号分析带来的困难;最后在复合材料T型加筋的损伤演化试验中,对该能量损伤指数进行了应用验证研究。研究结果表明：该能量损伤指数可以用于复合材料T型加筋的损伤监测,当能量损伤指数（EDI）值达到0.62时,所研究的复合材料T型加筋确定有损伤产生。     

复合材料无损检测中Lamb波的优化

如何解决Lamb波检测机理的复杂性并将之运用于复合材料损伤检测是个重要课题.以玻璃纤维增强的复合材料层合板为研究对象,搭建试验平台,利用集成在复合材料层合板上的PZT压电陶瓷片作为驱动元件和传感元件,对接收的Lamb波信号进行分析与研究,从信号频率范围、信号中心频率、波振幅值、波形个数和信号激励形式等五个方面完成Lam...     

碳纤维增强复合材料层合板Lamb波衰减特性研究

为提取适用于碳纤维增强复合材料层合板声发射故障诊断的模态信号,利用三维弹性理论及传递矩阵法获得Lamb波的频散曲线。以碳纤维增强复合材料层合板为研究对象搭建实验平台,改变断铅激励位置从而获得不同声发射信号。对采集的声发射信号进行小波尺度谱分析,结合频散曲线分离出不同模式的Lamb波,分别研究其不同频率的幅度及能量衰减特性。实验结果表明,较其它信号,低频率S0波幅度信号衰减速度较低,对碳纤维增强复合材料层合板的声发射故障诊断研究具有较大优势。     

Lamb波在复合材料板中传播的谱有限元建模和仿真

基于谱有限元对Lamb波在复合材料层合板中的传播进行了模拟。结合Gabor小波分析对谱有限元及传统有限元模拟结果与理论结果进行了对比, 并对相控阵法结构探伤的扫描过程进行了模拟和分析, 给出了Lamb波的传播和扫描图像。结果表明, 在得到更精确模拟结果的同时, 谱有限元较传统有限元法能大大缩短计算时间, 证实了该方法在模拟Lamb波在复合材料板中的传播方面的优越性。同时, 谱有限元法能很好地模拟相控阵法探伤的扫描过程, 模拟结果与实际结果吻合, 证实了本文建模方法的可行性和精确性。      

基于多重信号分类算法的复合材料冲击定位

为了提高复合材料结构冲击定位的精度和实时性, 将阵列信号处理技术引入到结构健康监测领域, 提出了利用小波变换和多重信号分类算法实现复合材料结构冲击定位的新方法: 通过小波变换提取冲击响应信号某一窄带频率成分, 运用多重信号分类(MUSIC) 算法实现冲击源到达方向的估计; 根据Lamb 波传播特性, 用小波变换求出某一中心频率下的对称模式和反对称模式的Lamb 波到达同一传感器的时间差, 结合对称模式和反对称模式Lamb 的速度差就可以估计出冲击源到达传感器的距离, 实现冲击定位。对玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板和碳纤维/双马树脂基复合材料层合板2 种试件的实验均表明该方法能快速、精确地识别出冲击源位置。      

基于时间反转加权分布的复合材料Lamb波损伤成像

超声Lamb波是检测板状结构损伤的常用方法,然而碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（Carbon Fiber ReinforcedPlastics,CFRP）本身的各向异性会对Lamb波的损伤成像和定位造成很大的影响。且大多数检测方法均采用健康结构的检测信号作为参考信号,用差信号的方法来实现损伤成像,该过程容易受到待测结构和实验环境变化等外界因素的影响。针对该问题,采用时间反转和加权分布成像相结合的方法,将其应用在复合材料板状结构的Lamb波损伤检测和成像中。仿真结果表明,该方法能够有效地实现板中单源脱层损伤和多源脱层损伤的二维成像与定位,且具有较高的精度和准确性。     

基于Shannon 复数小波的复合材料结构时间反转聚焦多损伤成像方法

研究了一种基于压电传感器阵列和主动Lamb 波的结构损伤成像方法,有助于克服Lamb 波在板结构中、特别是在复合材料板结构中存在的频散、多种模式及模式转换的现象给结构健康监测带来的困难。分析了结构多损伤散射信号的时间反转聚焦原理,在此基础上提出了一种基于Shannon 复数小波和时间反转聚焦的信号合成成像方法。该方法中,确定Lamb 波响应信号的到达时刻是信号能够准确聚焦的关键因素之一。提出了利用Shannon 复数小波变换计算Lamb 波响应信号到达时刻的方法。在碳纤维复合材料板结构上对整套信号合成成像方法进行了验证。研究结果表明,该方法能够有效地对同一个监测区域中的多个损伤进行成像定位。相对于30 cm ×30 cm 的监测区域,定位误差不超过2 cm。该方法有助于结构健康监测技术的工程应用。      

回转部件传递运动精度测试

本文主要论述了对机械回转部件传递运动精度的测试，重点概括了采用静态与动态两种方法的测试原理与方法，并进行理论分析与实验比较，从而得到验证。     

A general Bayes weibull inference model for accelerated life testing

This article presents the development of a general Bayes inference model for accelerated life testing. The failure times at a constant stress level are assumed to belong to a Weibull distribution, but the specification of strict adherence to a parametric time-transformation function is not required. Rather, prior information is used to indirectly define a multivariate prior distribution for the scale parameters at the various stress levels and the common shape parameter. Using the approach, Bayes point estimates as well as probability statements for use-stress (and accelerated) life parameters may be inferred from a host of testing scenarios. The inference procedure accommodates both the interval data sampling strategy and type I censored sampling strategy for the collection of ALT test data. The inference procedure uses the well-known MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) methods to derive posterior approximations. The approach is illustrated with an example.     

Supply current monitoring in cmos circuits for reliability prediction and test

The monitoring of supply current in CMOS VLSI devices has been suggested as a tool for both detecting reliability hazards and increasing the effectiveness of standard functional testing. This paper reviews these techniques and describes a method used at Lancaster for evaluating the IDDQ test.     

关于软件测试的浅议

本文从介绍软件测试的概念人手，紧接着简单地阐述了软件测试的目的、分类及重要性，然后着重分析了软件测试的过程，最后说明了软件测试的现状。     

薄板拉伸能力验证计划与技术分析

介绍了由宝钢股份公司组织的"BSTC T002金属材料拉伸试验"能力验证计划,以及围绕金属薄板所开展的"两步法"性能均匀性检验.基于稳健统计技术与Z比分数,对15家实验室获得的数据进行了技术分析,讨论了影响试验结果可靠性的测量因素.稳健化置信椭圆揭示出造成PT计划离群结果的主要因素应为系统误差(实验室间变异).     

Fabrication and mechanical testing of glass fiber entangled sandwich beams: A comparison with honeycomb and foam sandwich beams

The aim of this paper is the fabrication and mechanical testing of entangled sandwich beam specimens and the comparison of their results with standard sandwich specimens with honeycomb and foam as core materials. The entangled sandwich specimens have glass fiber cores and glass woven fabric as skin materials. The tested glass fiber entangled sandwich beams possess low compressive and shear modulus as compared to honeycomb and foam sandwich beams of the same specifications. Although the entangled sandwich beams are heavier than the honeycomb and foam sandwich beams, the vibration tests show that the entangled sandwich beams possess higher damping ratios and low vibratory levels as compared to honeycomb and foam sandwich beams, making them suitable for vibro-acoustic applications where structural strength is of secondary importance, e.g., internal paneling of a helicopter.     

水下机器人测试及相关机构介绍

为探讨水下机器人在设计制造完成后开展相应测试、试验的现状,对水下机器人测试、试验方法的主要内容,国内水下机器人主要测试机构现状,国外水下机器人主要测试机构现状三方面进行了论述。水下机器人测试的主要内容包括整机总成测试、螺旋桨推进器测试、机械手性能测试等几块。通过介绍国内外水下机器人测试的主要机构,表明我国目前已有部分机构具备相应的测试能力,也有机构成立了专门的水下机器人测试中心。与国外水下机器人测试机构相比,除个别以外,国内的水下机器人测试系统一般较为大型,部分和船舶共用一套系统,而国外的测试系统更具有针对性,专业性也更高。整体来说,目前国内水下机器人测试系统基本都能满足相应的测试要求,并不断地向国际先进水平靠拢。     

Cryocooler reliability issues for space applications

Analyzing cryocooler reliability has been problematic from the beginning. Classic reliability analyses rely on statistical sampling and comparing failure modes to other similar systems where statistical results are available. These approaches do not apply to cryocoolers, particularly cryocoolers for aerospace applications. The industry has not built enough total cryocoolers, let alone a single type of cooler, to provide any meaningful statistical sample. This forces us to rely on comparing failure modes of similar systems to that of the cryocooler, which leads to the next problem; today's aerospace cryocooler is designed to have no failure modes. What can it be compared to? Any classic reliability study performed on a cryocooler makes several critical assumptions that completely dominate the results. Change the assumptions and you get a different answer; the results are dictated by the assumptions not the hardware. There are no easy answers to these problems. This paper attempts to show why classic reliability studies do not apply to cryocoolers and that as an industry we must work together to show that all cryocoolers have high levels of reliability.     

2-D biaxial testing and failure predictions of IM7/977-2 carbon/epoxy quasi-isotropic laminates

In previous research, a series of a thickness-tapered cruciform specimen configurations have been used to determine the biaxial (two-dimensional, in-plane) and triaxial (three-dimensional) strength of several carbon/epoxy and glass/vinyl-ester laminate configurations. Refinements to the cruciform geometry have been shown capable of producing acceptable results for cross-ply laminate configurations. However, the presence of a biaxial strengthening effect in quasi-isotropic, [(0_N/90_N/ ± 45_N)_M]_S, laminates have brought into question whether the cruciform geometry could be used to successfully generate two-dimensional strength envelopes. In the present study, a two-dimensional failure envelope for a IM7/977-2 carbon/epoxy laminate was developed at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, using a triaxial test facility. The electromechanical test frame is capable of generating any combination of tensile or compressive stresses in σ₁:σ₂:σ₃ stress space and can evaluate the uniaxial (one-dimensional, in-plane), biaxial or triaxial response of composite materials. Results are promising as they indicated that failure in the majority of the IM7/977-2 specimens occurred in the gage section. This leads the authors to believe that maximum biaxial stress states were correctly generated within the test specimen. In addition to the experimental data presented, multi-continuum theory (MCT) was used to predict and analyze the onset of damage and ultimate failure of a biaxially loaded IM7/977-2 laminate. Multi-continuum theory is a micromechanics based theory and associated numerical algorithm for extracting, virtually without a time penalty, the stress and strain fields for a composites’ constituents during a routine structural finite element analysis. Damage in a composite material typically begins at the constituent level and may, in fact, be limited to only one constituent in some situations. An accurate prediction of constituent failure at sampling points throughout the laminate provides a genesis for progressively analyzing damage propagation in a composite specimen allowing identification of intermediate damage modes. A constituent-based, quadratic, stress-interactive, failure criterion was used to take advantage of the micro-scale information provided by MCT. There was reasonable correlation between analytically and experimentally developed IM7/977-2 2D failure envelope which leads us to believe that the thickness-tapered cruciform specimen can be used to determine the biaxial strength of quasi-isotropic laminates.     

Testing for Reliability

This tutorial article describes the role of testing in the creation of reliable products. It is based upon parts of the author's book ‘Test Engineering’.Reproduced by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The book has a web page (www.pat‐oconnor.co.uk/testengineering.htm), which provides information on and links to test organizations, standards, suppliers of equipment and facilities, etc. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.