粉煤灰在饱和Ca（OH）2溶液中的溶出行为

对在饱和Ca(OH)2溶液中养护至不同龄期的粉煤灰进行测试,对粉煤灰中氧化硅、氧化铝等成分的溶解速率、粉煤灰颗粒表面的微观形貌以及反应产物进行了分析,同时,对SO42-在钙矾石AFt晶体的形成过程中的影响也进行了探讨。结果表明:在饱和Ca(OH)2溶液体系中,粉煤灰中活性SiO2和Al2O3的溶出速率要比粉煤灰水泥浆体中的火山灰反应快;经饱和Ca(OH)2溶液处理后,粉煤灰颗粒表面主要有4种形貌———碱刻蚀现象、结构致密层、疏松的沉积层、颗粒表面形成钙矾石晶体;SO42-的浓度影响钙矾石的成核结晶。     

制革污泥及其固化块的微观结构研究

采用扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)对制革污泥及其固化块的微观结构进行研究。结果表明每千克污泥掺加石灰、粉煤灰和煤渣分别为0.12、0.02和0.08kg,经过6、8、10、15、20d自然条件养护后,污泥固化块污泥致密性及抗压强度均随养护时间的增加而增强。污泥固化块经过20d养护后通过5000倍扫描电镜观察,发现污泥固化块内部出现明显的针状结构。污泥固化块的抗压强度主要来源于石灰和活性硅酸盐料(粉煤灰、煤渣)与水反应生成的钙矾石,养护时间的延长也是制革污泥固化块抗压强度增大的主要原因。     

纳米CaCO_3对硫铝酸盐水泥水化硬化特性的影响

研究了纳米CaCO_3(NC)对硫铝酸盐水泥(SAC)凝结时间、抗压强度、水化热、水化产物和微观形貌的影响。结果表明,NC可促进SAC的凝结,缩短初凝和终凝时间间隔;显著提高SAC各龄期的抗压强度;缩短SAC的水化诱导期,使水化第一、第二放热峰值分别提高了15.4%和18.9%,并增加了水化放热量;NC在SAC结构中起微集料成核效应和填充效应,提高了水化产物钙矾石(AFt)的结晶度,从而促进SAC的凝结和水化,并使硬化浆体呈整体化的均匀致密结构,提高了SAC净浆的强度。     

硅酸盐水泥早期体积稳定性的调控研究

分别研究了利用硬石膏、粉煤灰制备的钙矾石型膨胀剂和硬石膏、石灰和粉煤灰三元组分制备的钙矾石-羟钙石复合膨胀刑对水泥体系膨胀性能的影响.利用XRD、TG-DSC-DTG和SEM等测试方法对水泥体系中的钙矾石和羟钙石进行了定性和定量分析,在微观上对钙矾石和羟钙石的形态进行了分析.结果表明,由硬石膏、粉煤灰制备的膨胀刺,膨胀主要发生在前7d,由硬石膏、石灰和粉煤灰制备的复合膨胀剂,膨胀效果较好,28d时仍有微膨胀.对硅酸盐水泥早期的体积稳定性进行调控,可以有效减小水泥体系早期开裂的几率.     

赤泥复合充填材料浸出行为及固化机制

针对赤泥高碱性、化学成分复杂、资源化利用率低的问题,以赤泥协同粉煤灰等多固废制备矿山充填材料,对比研究赤泥复合材料配比对充填体抗压强度的发展规律,采用XRD、SEM等微观分析手段揭示充填材料水化机制,通过淋溶试验、毒性浸出试验探明充填体固碱机制、浸出行为及毒害离子固化机制。结果表明：赤泥复合材料质量比为赤泥∶粉煤灰∶水泥=3:7:0.4时,充填体3、7、28天抗压强度分别为0.76、1.35、1.87 MPa,材料成本为78.08元/吨,满足矿山充填开采要求。在赤泥-粉煤灰-水泥的协同互锁作用下,充填体生成了以水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶、钙矾石、钠系菱沸石为主的水化产物,且赤泥∶粉煤灰质量比越小,粉煤灰比表面积越大,充填体结构越致密,固碱效果越好。钙矾石和C-S-H凝胶通过物理固封和化学结合的形式,使赤泥复合材料毒性离子浸出浓度满足固废要求。     

化学活化剂对铬铁渣水泥复合材料力学性能及水化的影响

以工业废弃物铬铁渣替代不同比例的水泥,并添加不同含量的KCl作为化学活化剂,成功制备了铬铁渣水泥复合材料。分析了铬铁渣掺量及KCl添加量对铬铁渣水泥复合材料抗压强度的影响,并利用傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、热重-差热分析等方法对不同水泥复合材料的样品进行了测试。结果表明,10%(质量分数)铬铁渣掺杂具有较好的抗压强度,且符合Cr~(6+)排放标准;0.6%(质量分数)的KCl加入到10%(质量分数)铬铁渣含量的水泥复合材料中,抗压强度最高,养护7,28和90 d后抗压强度分别为46.13,67.45和78.98 MPa;化学活化剂KCl的加入加速了钙矾石和C-S-H凝胶的形成,有利于提高水泥复合材料的致密性,同时化学活化剂中的氯离子可与水泥复合材料中粉煤灰提供的活性Al_2O_3反应生成水铝钙石,促进了熟料的水合作用,提高了水泥复合材料的早期强度和耐久性。     

发泡混凝土碱浸试块碳酸化增强固碳特性研究

发泡混凝土与CO_2碳酸化反应不仅可以改善混凝土性能而且可实现CO_2的矿化固定达到减排的效果。本实验分别考察了CO_2反应时间对未浸、水浸和电石渣饱和液浸泡后发泡混凝土试块抗压强度的影响,并采用XRD、TGA、SEM分析测试手段,分别对试块的矿物组成、热失重特性和微观形貌特性进行了表征。结果表明:发泡混凝土试块的抗压强度随碳酸化反应时间延长出现先增加后降低的变化趋势;碱浸碳酸化反应4 h试块强度最高为6.5 MPa,较未碳酸化反应试块强度上升80.6%。SEM分析结果显示,发泡混凝土试块孔壁结构随碳酸化反应时间延长发生较明显变化,整体上呈现"先片状致密后粒化疏松"的转化历程,这可能是导致试块抗压强度随碳酸化时间延长出现先增加后降低现象的内在原因。TGA曲线结果表明,试块达最高抗压强度时,每吨发泡混凝土可固定37 kg CO2,在不降低试块强度前提下,每吨发泡混凝土可固定61kg CO_2。     

微胶囊在修补砂浆中延迟释放早强剂的应用及性能分析

为使修补砂浆具备合适的凝结时间和较高的早期强度,将无水硫酸钠经微胶囊包覆后掺入到修补砂浆中,进而研究微胶囊对修补砂浆凝结时间、抗压强度、水化进程、水化产物以及水化早期钙矾石生长速率的影响。结果表明,微胶囊的掺入显著延长了浆体的凝结时间,缩短了其初凝、终凝的时间间隔,且对砂浆的早期强度无明显影响;使浆体的水化速度在开始的3 h内处于一个较低的水平,随后其水化速度增大,并最终与掺等量无水硫酸钠浆体的水化程度达到相当水平。另外,掺微胶囊的浆体早期钙矾石的生长速率处在一个较高的水平,且水化4 h后能达到与掺等量无水硫酸钠体水化产物相当的致密度。     

高性能硫铝酸盐-硅酸盐复合胶凝体系的制备及性能研究

根据实验配比,制备了硫铝酸盐-硅酸盐复合胶凝体系,通过XRD、SEM、TG-DTG和力学性能分析等对复合胶凝体系进行了表征,探究了不同硫铝酸盐掺量下复合胶凝体系的物相结构、显微形貌、热性能和力学性能。结果表明,硫铝酸盐-硅酸盐复合胶凝体系中主要检测到Ca(OH)_2、Mulite、钙矾石(AFT)、水硫铝钙石(Kuzelite)、单硫型硫铝酸钙(AFm)和Ca_3SiO_5等产物相,随着硫铝酸盐掺量的增加,体系水化产物中Ca(OH)_2的峰均有降低趋势;不同硫铝酸盐掺量的复合胶凝体系的结构致密性相差不大,随着硫铝酸盐掺量的增加,大量针状的钙矾石(AFT)的含量明显增加,块状的Ca_3SiO_5含量减少;所有复合胶凝体系的失重曲线规律较为相似,且掺杂硫铝酸盐水泥的体系的失重率均明显高于不掺杂的试样;随着硫铝酸盐掺量的增加,复合胶凝体系在1,3和28 d的抗压强度均呈现逐渐增大的趋势,当硫铝酸盐的掺量为25%(质量分数)时,复合胶凝体系在28 d的抗压强度达到了最大值49.3 MPa,相比在1 d时36.5 MPa,增加了35.1%。     

硫铝酸盐复合水泥体系水化特征研究

通过正交试验研究了硫铝酸盐复合水泥中不同掺量的普通硅酸盐水泥、石膏、硅灰及粉煤灰对其强度、自收缩以及水化热的影响。结果表明:普通硅酸盐水泥及石膏的掺入显著改变了硫铝酸盐复合水泥水化进程,硅灰及粉煤灰是影响后期强度的主要因素;自收缩试验结果表明普通硅酸盐水泥和石膏是影响硫铝酸盐复合水泥水化早期自收缩的主要因素;水化热测试结果表明粉煤灰和普通硅酸盐水泥在水化前6 h起到显著作用,粉煤灰降低了水化放热,而普通硅酸盐水泥增加水化放热;硅灰及石膏对6~24 h水化放热影响显著。结合XRD及SEM测试结果,表明普通硅酸盐水泥和石膏的存在加速了硫铝酸盐复合水泥水化早期钙矾石生成,随着石膏浓度的下降,发生转晶(AFm),随着后期硫铝酸盐水泥中β-C₂S的水化以及硅灰、粉煤灰的火山灰反应产生C-S-H凝胶,使得体系致密化。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from