基于虚拟模型的四足机器人对角小跑步态控制方法

为提高四足机器人对角小跑运动的稳定性,实现机器人躯干6维运动方向控制的解耦,提出了一种基于虚拟模型的对角小跑步态控制方法.控制器主要包括支撑相虚拟模型控制和摆动相虚拟模型控制.在支撑相,建立了作用于躯干质心的虚拟力与对角支撑腿关节扭矩之间的数学关系,通过调整躯干虚拟力的大小控制躯干的高度与姿态,控制机器人前进速度和自转角速度.在摆动相,将机器人侧向速度控制引入到足端轨迹规划中,并通过虚拟的"弹簧-阻尼"元件驱动摆动足沿给定轨迹运动.此外,在控制器设计过程中,引入了状态机,用于监控机器人各腿的状态,并输出对角小跑步态相位切换指令.仿真实验结果表明,机器人能够以对角小跑步态在平地上进行全方位移动,跨越不平坦地形,并能够抵抗外部冲击,证明了文中控制方法的有效性和鲁棒性.     

四足机器人对角小跑步态非线性控制方法仿真

针对现有的四足机器人对角小跑步态控制方法存在的机器人运动速度较慢、灵活性较差等问题,提出了一种基于虚拟模型的四足机器人对角小跑步态非线性控制方法。方法需要构建一个四足机器人模型,并在该模型的工作范围内建立一个平面直角坐标系,在不考虑机器人足端车轮滑动的情况下,将驱动四足机器人的运动方程转换成矩阵的形式,寻找有界输入平动线速度和转动角速度,使矩阵在其控制下产生的误差可以在大范围内保持稳定。求解该四足机器人在工作平面坐标系中姿态误差的微分方程,构造该微分方程的Lyapunov函数并对其求导,根据求导结果设计一个四足机器人驱动控制器,通过该驱动控制器实现对四足机器人的对角小跑步态非线性控制。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够在快速、灵活的情况下实现对四足机器人对角小跑步态的非线性控制,且鲁棒性较高,能够满足用户需求。     

具有弹性连杆机构的四足机器人对角小跑步态控制

为了提高四足机器人的运动性能和抗冲击能力,设计了一种具有弹性连杆机构和线驱动系统的四足机器人,称为LCS(linkage-cable-spring)四足机器人.借鉴SLIP (弹簧负载倒立摆)模型,提出了基于着地角的速度控制策略和基于能量补偿的质心高度控制策略.采用姿态控制策略来提高对角小跑步态的运动稳定性.仿真实现了给定前进速度条件下稳定的对角小跑步态.搭建LCS四足机器人样机实验平台,完成了踏步、对角小跑步态行走实验.实验结果表明,LCS四足机器人运动过程中机身翻滚和俯仰角能控制在2?以内,并能平稳通过10 mm×10 mm小型障碍物.     

仿生四足机器人设计及运动学足端受力分析

仿生四足机器人腿部结构设计与生物腿部实际结构存在差异,足端与地面的刚性接触力对于控制其运动平稳和收敛会产生不利影响。为解决上述问题,分析德国牧羊犬骨骼结构,通过图像处理和分析手段获取牧羊犬对角小跑步态运动中四肢各关节的运动规律,设计一款四足机器人。该机器人足端具有转化足端与地面刚性接触为柔性接触的机构。根据正运动学和逆运动学理论分析模型足端工作空间。将仿真获得的受力曲线与实际受力曲线进行对比,结果表明,运动控制函数和柔性机构更有助于四足机器人的运动平稳。     

四足机器人节律柔顺行走控制

针对节律运动突变碰撞力大和柔顺性低的问题,改进基于Hopf振荡器的中枢模式发生器模型,提出一种节律柔顺行走控制方法。分析Hopf振荡器输出信号与关节运动之间的关系,整合膝关节变量,改变神经元之间的作用关系,实现对称步态和非对称步态行走;分析节律运动碰撞力突变对四足机器人行走产生的负面影响,提出基于碰撞力大小和四足机器人身体姿态的柔顺性评估方法;通过连续调整碰撞阶段大腿的摆动幅度,增大摆动周期,减小碰撞阶段的关节运动速度,形成机器人本体与地面之间的缓冲,实现节律柔顺行走。四足机器人慢走步态和对角小跑步态仿真实验验证了该控制方法的有效性。     

一种多模型融合的仿猎豹四足机器人复杂运动控制方法

针对具有2自由度主动脊柱关节的仿猎豹四足机器人,基于任务分解思想和生物神经系统机理,提出多模型融合的控制方法。该方法以弹簧负载倒立摆模型实现单腿跳跃控制,通过中枢模式发生器（CPG）实现4条腿之间以及脊柱―腿之间的协调控制,利用虚拟模型控制实现机器人与环境交互,采用基于CPG输出的有限状态机来融合3个控制模型,构建仿猎豹四足机器人的多模型分层运动控制器。参考猎豹脊柱运动特征,设计了机器人脊柱关节运动模式,给出脊柱与腿的协调控制策略。最后,在Webots仿真环境中搭建了仿猎豹四足机器人虚拟样机,实现了不同步态下的脊柱―腿的协调控制、在崎岖地形上稳定奔跑,以及平滑的对角―疾驰―对角步态转换,仿真结果验证了所提出的多模型融合的四足机器人运动控制方法的有效性。     

四足机器人对角小跑起步姿态对稳定步行的影响

对四足机器人对角小跑步态下绕支撑对角线的翻转力矩建立了力学模型，分析了该力矩对机器人运动姿态及稳定步行的不利影响，并提出了利用起步姿态来削弱翻转力矩不利影响的方法——三分法．     

三轮全方位移动机器人运动模型及其控制方法研究

全方位移动机器人在二维空间具有完整性约束条件,能够灵活地任意方向移动,受到了广泛的关注。针对三轮全方位机器人的运动控制问题,建立其运动学模型。采用输入变换解耦及状态反馈法实现对坐标位置、方位角等位姿状态的控制,通过仿真实验验证了算法的有效性。最后给出了一种三轮全方位移动机器人硬件设计方案及控制算法软件实现,实际样机运动实验验证了控制方法的可行性与有效性。     

液压四足机器人的实时分散解耦控制

针对液压驱动四足机器人单腿协调性难以保证的问题,开发了一种实时分散解耦控制系统:基于PC-Based控制系统架构,在RTX环境下模块化了实时控制子任务,并对多任务的处理进行了实时调度,搭建出了机器人的实时分散控制系统框架;针对单腿系统设计了基于PID神经元网络的广义解耦控制算法,并将其嵌入到整体程序框架中,实现了多腿联动的分散解耦控制;物理样机实验表明开发的控制系统能够满足分散解耦控制算法的实时性要求,提高了四足机器人运动的协调性,进而保证其连续稳定地行走,具有一定的独创性与实用价值。     

高性能液压驱动四足机器人SCalf的设计与实现

详细阐述了液压驱动的四足仿生机器人SCalf的结构组成、机载动力系统、液压驱动器和实时控制系统.利用基于姿态解耦的运动控制方法,实现了机器人的平稳、快速运动.开发了基于足底接触力的腿部柔顺控制方法,提高了机器人对复杂地形的适应能力.在实际运行实验中,验证了SCalf机器人在非平整路面、易打滑路面、上下坡及上楼梯状况下的运动能力,以及受到侧向冲击时的抗扰动能力和自主平衡能力,证明了SCalf四足机器人能够满足较为复杂地面环境下的行走需求.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。