河流岸线生态敏感性评价研究

正河岸带指河水与陆地交界处的区域,是陆地生态系统和水生生态系统之间的生态过渡带,对提高生物多样性和生态系统生产力、进行水土污染治理和保护、稳定河岸、调节微气候以及开展旅游活动等均有重要作用。随着工业发展和城市扩张,人类对河岸带的开发、利用和侵占日益增加,大量河岸带的生态环境发生了不同程度的退化,因此开展河流岸线生态敏感区调查、定量分析河流岸线生态系统     

筑坝河流生态系统变化与响应研究

河流生态系统是陆地与海洋之间进行物质循环、能量输送、信息传递的重要枢纽,也是河流生态学研究的重点。随着人类对水资源开发利用程度的不断提高,以及水利工程的大量兴建,在一定程度上人为改变了河流的水文、水系特征以及河流的理化性质,干扰了自然状态下河流泥沙和生源物质的输移,进而对生物和生态环境以及人类的生产生活、社会经济的可持续发展造成了显著影响,并对海洋、湖泊、湿地、三角洲、河岸带产生了一系列连带的生态效应。在对河流生态学的重要理论进行整理论述的基础上,归纳总结了筑坝河流生态系统的变化与响应,为开展筑坝的生态影响评估、水库生态调度、河流生态恢复、区域可持续发展提供理论支持和可行性建议,对降低筑坝河流的生态风险和保护生物多样性具有重要的现实意义。     

生态河岸带的概念及功能

生态河岸带是以自然为主导的,能够维持物种多样性、减少对资源的剥夺、维护生态系统的动态平衡,对提高系统的自我调节、自我修复能力、改善人类生活环境等方面具有重要的意义。生态河岸带具有结构稳定性、景观适宜性、生态健康性以及生态安全性等特征。生态河岸带是一个非常重要的生态系统,它具有自然保护功能、社会保护功能以及休闲娱乐功能。根据其功能的差异,从纵向和横向上,可以将生态河岸带分成不同的功能区域。     

基于遥感的河岸带生态修复效应定量评估—以辽河干流为例

物理结构完整性(PSI)是河岸带生态系统的基础特征。通过定量分析PSI的动态变化,可以有效评估河岸带生态修复效应。以辽河干流河岸带为研究对象,选取植被覆盖率、河宽比和人工干扰程度等作为监测指标,利用遥感(RS)和地面实测方法分别评价2010年和2016年的PSI,将其作为评价指标对河岸带生态修复效果进行定量评估。同时,利用Getis-Ord Gi*统计量对PSI值进行空间自相关分析,通过冷点与热点的空间分布来识别河岸带稳定及脆弱区域。研究结果表明,基于RS的河岸带物理结构评价方法与地面实测的结果一致,河岸带生态修复前后的PSI平均值由63.47提升至72.07,处于亚健康状态的河岸减少了189.5 km(97.1%)。辽河干流27.5%河岸带的修复效应显著,结构稳定性状况得到明显改善,整体上达到了生态修复的预期目标。修复后的PSI存在5个统计学意义上的显著热点和冷点,局部空间自相关性较强,其中冷点为低值聚集的河岸带脆弱区,与河岸带生态修复效果不理想的区域在空间上存在一致性。研究结果在评估河岸带生态修复效应的同时指明下阶段治理工作的方向,为我国北方平原河流的生态修复评估提供科学参考,尤其对于缺少实测资料的修复工程具有重要的应用价值。     

生态河岸带功能区划的定性与定量研究

生态河岸带功能区划是河流功能区划的重要组成部分,合理的功能区划有利于保护河岸带、河流以及整个流域的生态,有利于生态河岸带资源的合理开发利用,使其发挥最佳的效率,同时生态河岸带的功能区划也是生态河岸带管理的基础。生态河岸带是一个特殊区划,它包括很多类型的功能区。在纵向上,生态河岸带可以划分为近岸水域、河滨区域、近岸陆域等3个一级功能区;在横向上,它又可分为自然保护区、治理保护区、资源开发利用区以及特定功能区等4个一级功能区。为了较为精确地划分各功能区,必须对其进行定量区划。主要采用聚类分析法,先后经过确定分区指标、数据的标准化、确定分区指标权重系数、计算相似系数、构造谱系图等步骤,最终形成较为精确、合理的功能区划。     

河流生态水文学研究现状

生态水文学是一门新兴的边缘交叉学科,是生态保护的重要理论基础和技术支撑。河流生态水文学作为其一个重要分支,在河流生态恢复中被寄予厚望,以协调河流开发与河流生态系统保护之间的矛盾。本文简要回顾了生态水文学研究的发展历程,并从河流生态学理论、河流水文情势生态效应评价方法、河流生态流量及河流生态修复等方面重点介绍了河流生态水文学领域的研究进展。     

河流生态修复的研究内容和理论技术

系统分析国内关于受损河流生态系统在生态修复方面的研究现状及存在的问题,指出我国开展河流生态修复研究的主要包括的内容。系统阐述了水利工程对河流生态系统胁迫及其机理,对传统意义上的水利工程规划设计理念和方法进行了系统的反思,总结了河流生态修复规划原则与评估方法及河流廊道生态修复技术。     

河流-流域生态系统健康评价研究进展

河流与流域生态健康研究是目前生态系统健康研究领域的研究热点之一。首先介绍生态系统健康、河流健康和流域生态系统健康相关概念的产生与发展及各自不同的内涵,分析河流与其流域生态系统的相互关系,认为从流域的层次进行河流生态的研究有着重要的意义。在分析河流及流域生态健康内涵的基础上,回顾国内外河流与流域健康评价的研究与实践情况,并指出目前河流与流域健康研究存在的问题和研究趋势。     

河流生态系统服务功能研究进展

随着人口的增加和经济的快速发展,人类对河流的过度开发破坏了河流的生态过程,导致河流严重污染、水量大幅减少,河流的生态系统服务功能严重退化,制约了社会的可持续发展。通过论述关于河流生态系统服务功能的研究进展,包括分类方法、价值评估方法,并从气候变化和人类活动两方面深入分析影响河流生态系统服务功能的驱动因素,提出今后应以下几方面加强研究:①河流生态系统服务功能的认识;②河流生态系统结构和生态过程的认识,③河流生态系统服务功能的时空异质性;④人类活动和社会发展与河流生态系统服务功能之间的相互影响。     

河流生态修复的研究内容和方法

系统分析国内外关于受损河流生态系统在生态修复方面的研究现状及存在的问题,认为我国开展河流生态修复研究的主要内容包括：适于生物生存的生境缀块构建研究,适于生物生存的生态修复材料研究,河岸生态系统恢复过程中自组织机理研究.并提出应采取的研究方法.     

河岸植被缓冲带生态功能及其过滤机理的研究进展

河岸植被缓冲带作为河岸生态系统的重要组成部分,是控制水土流失和面源污染、改善水环境的关键措施,对河岸生态系统的生态及水文过程具有重要的影响。概述了国内外关于河岸植被缓冲带研究的现状,总结了河岸植被缓冲带的主要功能、影响其功能发挥的主要因素和作用机理,并对河岸植被缓冲带的设计、管理和效益评估进行阐述,提出了我国在未来关于河岸植被缓冲带研究的发展趋势及后续研究中仍需加强和关注的重要方向,为今后河岸植被缓冲带的研究提供参考和借鉴,具有一定的理论价值和实际意义。     

Assessment of the potential natural status of riparian zones in the Czech Republic

Riparian zones represent an important ecosystem providing a range of functions and services important to humans—for example, biodiversity support, a reduction in erosion risk, or the transport of pollutants from the surrounding landscape to watercourses. At the same time, it is an environment that has been often subjected to significant pressure during the agricultural cultivation of the landscape or the development of industrial and residential activities of human society. Thus, a large number of riparian ecosystems have been disappeared or degraded. The assessment of the overall ecological status of riparian habitats constitutes an important source of information for watercourse management and landscape planning, the aim of which should be to maintain good status or to improve the current unsatisfactory state of these habitats. However, in order to reliably evaluate the current ecological status of the landscape, it is necessary to have information on the reference status, that is, a potentially natural status that would prevail without human influence. For this purpose, a methodology that can determine the potential natural status of riparian zones for Central European conditions was developed. In this study, it was found that approximately a quarter (26%) of all river basins in the Czech Republic reach very low environmental values of the potential natural status of riparian zones and, conversely, approximately 29% of river basins are expected to develop significantly above average riparian zone quality.     

基于遥感的鄱阳湖五河滨岸带生态功能分区研究

河流滨岸带在净化水体、截留污染、景观休闲等方面起着极为重要的作用。为了分析鄱阳湖五河不同河段滨岸带的生态水利功能,从自然功能和社会功能两大方面构建了滨岸带功能分类体系,综合运用遥感、GIS等空间信息技术,对鄱阳湖五河典型河段的滨岸带进行了地表覆盖解译和功能分区,进一步分析鄱阳湖五河典型河段滨岸带现状及横纵向的空间差异。基于典型河段滨岸带现状分析,探讨了滨岸带生态水利功能在河流纵、横向上的空间分区,最终结合不同河流不同河段的特点给出针对性的生态水利治理建议,为实施流域生态保护与生态建设的分区管理、区域产业布局、生态防灾减灾、环境保护与建设规划等提供科学依据。     

大汶河流域水生态系统健康评价研究

以大汶河流域为研究对象,基于2016年10月流域水生态调查数据,采用综合污染指数法、鱼类完整性指数法、层次分析法分别对水质、鱼类、河岸带进行健康评价,并在此基础上采用层次分析法对大汶河流域水生态系统进行综合评价。结果表明:大汶河流域水生态系统健康状况整体较差,较差和极差状态的点位分别占总采样点的50.0%和41.7%,健康等级为一般的采样点位仅占8.3%。从不同评价内容来看,该流域水质状况较差,其中大汶河南支、瀛汶河南段和汇河支流水质最差,为劣Ⅴ类水;在鱼类完整性评价中,24个采样点中1个采样点为健康,10个采样点为亚健康,13个采样点为一般,分别占总点位数的4.2%、42.6%和53.2%,没有较差和极差的采样点;河岸带生境状况评价结果整体较好,未出现河岸带生境较差的采样点。     

Diffuse nitrogen pollution control: Moving from riparian zone to headwater catchment approach—A tribute to the influence of Professor Geoff Petts

A lot of attention has been given to the importance of riparian zones as a nitrogen buffer during the last 30 years. Expectations were high and have resulted often in mismanagement practices. This paper aims at revisiting during this period the main research advancement, questions generated, and the progress in understanding the role of interactions between land and water in river system functioning. We describe how the seminal papers published in the 1980s on the role of riparian zone as nitrogen buffer have triggered several fundamental and applied questions related to the mechanisms at stake or their long efficiency in different hydrological and climatic contexts. We then address how this local riparian buffer capacity can be evaluated at the small drainage basin scale. We finally touch upon the restoration and protection of riparian zones in the context of climate change and especially its potential role on local and global water fluxes and other key aquatic ecosystem functions.     

Role of the floodplain and riparian zone in suspended matter and nitrogen retention in the adour river,south-west France

The retention capacity of the floodplain and riparian zone for suspended matter and nitrogen has been investigated in the Adour River, a seventh order stream in south-west France. Suspended matter and nitrogen fluxes through a 25 km meandering stretch of the river were measured during two flood events and compared with the amount of sediment trapped in the riparian zone (1.1 km²) and the major floodplain (16.8 km²) of the studied area. It was estimated that the floodplain and the riparian zone together retained between 10 and 20% of the suspended matter entering the stretch under study during the two main floods (138 700 Mg). Moreover, they retained about 11% of the total particulate nitrogen fluxes (640 Mg). Although the riparian zones are 15 times smaller than the major floodplain, the total suspended matter and particulate nitrogen deposition were, 50 and 17 times, respectively, larger in the riparian zone. The results obtained on the Adour River floodplain show that large river systems should not be considered only as export systems as riparian zones can retain a significant amount of suspended organic and mineral matter during floods.     

城市河流滨岸缓冲带生态修复模式研究

城市河流滨水地带是城市生态资源保护的重点区域,滨水地带的结构对拦截污染物汇入河流和维护生物多样性等具有重要作用。以蓬莱市平山河为例,通过对沿河土地利用开发的调查,对其河滨带不同区域的生态服务功能进行定位,分析了该河滨带空间体系结构,研究了城市滨河地区的生态修复方法。以河滨缓冲带构建及功能修复为目标,通过河滨缓冲带域内栖息地恢复、河滨缓冲带域内群落结构恢复、河滨缓冲带域内景观系统功能整合性恢复三层修复模式,提出了适宜城市河流不同生态服务功能的河滨缓冲带宽度和结构体系,为最终河流生态修复方案提供思路和技术支撑。研究成果有助于实现河滨带生态景观系统的自我调节与可持续发展,有助于陆地和水域两个不同环境的有机衔接,有利于人与自然和谐共生。     

A Multi‐scale,Hierarchical Model to Map Riparian Zones

Riparian zones are important for their contribution to biodiversity and ecosystem services, especially in the western USA where riparian zones occupy a small proportion of the landscape but support a majority of the biodiversity. However, few accurate datasets of riparian zone locations are available over broad spatial extents, and cost efficient methods to map riparian zones at fine spatial resolutions do not currently exist. We created a multi‐scale, hierarchical, and process‐guided method to map the location of riparian zones using readily available, national datasets. We demonstrate the applicably of this straightforward method in the Southern Rockies Ecoregion, where we mapped both current riparian zones (the riparian zone that is not strongly modified by human land uses and is assumed to support natural riparian vegetation) and potential riparian zones (the area that would likely support natural riparian vegetation in the absence of human activity). The overall accuracy of our method for potential and current riparian zones was 92%. The Southern Rockies Ecoregion is composed of 3.1% (±0.3%) potential and 2.5 (±0.2%) current riparian zones, indicating that roughly 21.0% (±0.5%) of riparian zones have been removed by human activities. This modelling approach can be used to create detailed maps of riparian zones to inform regional conservation and management decision‐making, and the methods can be applied to different regions at multiple scales from small watersheds to a national analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河长制中的河流岸线规划与管理

根据河流城镇区域岸线和乡村区域岸线的特点,针对河岸纵向、横向、功能区划以及主体工程的要求,分别提出了各自规划的具体要求和方法,并详述了岸线评价方法,提出了岸线管控的具体建议,为河长制中的岸线开发、保护提供参考。