中东石油工程EPC基准计划编制技巧

中东石油市场是全球石油市场的中心,是中国石油公司近年努力打入的目标。国际石油建设EPC项目计划编制最为核心就是基准计划的编制。本文论述了常规基准计划编制的原则和方法,重点探讨了应对中东业主时基准计划编制注意点和技巧,以为同行人士工作参考。     

未来国际石油市场格局变动的新趋势

伊拉克战争结束后，美国大大增强了对海湾地区的影响力，OPEC对世界石油市场的控制力将因伊拉克重返石油市场而减弱，并有可能丧失对国际油价的控制权。今后，全球将逐渐形成中东、俄罗斯—环里海、东南亚、非洲四大石油供应圈，它们之间将围绕着市场份额进行激烈竞争。世界战略石油储备体制将进一步得到完善。     

油田开发生产中的保护油气层技术应用

石油市场需求量的不断攀升,促使油田勘探开发进程也在不断加深。油田在开发生产中难免会对油气层造成损害,进而使得石油资源被浪费,导致油田开发生产效益受损。     

未来20年中东石油供应展望

据国际能源机构报道 ,未来 2 0年 ,中东产油国将为满足世界石油需求发挥更大作用 ,这些国家将需要大量投资。2 0 2 0年 ,在不断增长的世界能源市场中 ,石油所占比例将维持在 40 % ,中东在石油市场所占的比例将继续增长。1997- 2 0 2 0年世界一次能源需求将增长 5 7%。对石油的需求将从 2 0 0 0年的 38× 10 8t/ a增至 5 7.5× 10 8t/ a。估计不会发生“供应危机”,为了确保稳定供应 ,2 0 10年中东的欧佩克国家必须多提供 5 .5× 10 8t/ a。 2 0 10 - 2 0 2 0年需增加的9.45× 10 8t/ a产油能力中 ,除 1.35× 10 8t/ a以外 ,均应由中东国家提…     

石油地质勘探与储层评价方法的研究

石油资源是现代社会工业生产中非常重要的一种工业原料,随着社会的不断发展,石油资源的消耗量也在不断增加,石油市场供不应求的现象也越来越常见,而随着石油资源紧缺的现象越来越严重导致石油的勘探开发压力也在不断增加,为了有效提升石油地质勘探的水平,就需要不断的加大对石油储层评价体系的研究。本文主要针对石油地质勘探中储层的评价方法进行了分析,希望能对我国石油储层评价体系的完善起到一定的参考作用。     

中化塑料原料来源指向中东

中化香港化工国际有限公司副总经理赵国勋11月5日表示,中化集团塑料原料来源地今后将逐渐转向中东,因为该地区具有较强的成本优势。据介绍,目前中国塑料原料消费增长速度在全球位居前列,并且是世界最大的塑料原料进口国,中国市场为此受到各生产国的高度重视。据了解,目前中东地区新建和在建乙烯一体化项目非常集中,到2015年中东将成为全球最大的乙烯及聚合物产地。由于该地区拥有丰富的石油资源,因而具有极强的竞争力。据ICIS预测,该地区到2015年将成为全球最大的聚合物出口地区。赵国勋表示,在将塑料原料来源地逐渐向中东地区转移的同时,…     

中国石油供需的国际发展战略

自上世纪80年代起,全球的石油开采量已经超过发现量,未来世界的石油供求形势将更加紧张.随着我国经济社会持续快速发展,石油消费也将不断上升,而受资源制约,我国未来石油产量难以显著增加.因此,石油战略安全问题将日益严峻地摆在我们面前.而伊拉克战争的结束,意味着世界能源地缘政治格局和世界石油市场格局正在发生着重大变化,并将导致石油地缘政治格局发生变化.要确保我国的石油安全,除了建立战略储备基地之外,特别要注重对石油资源的有效控制.要坚持走石油资源地多元化的道路,广辟来源,形式多样,以避免资源地单一可能带来的风险.     

全球石油勘探开发业现状

据美国地质调查局估计,截止到1993年1月1日,世界最终石油资源储量在2.1×1012～2.8×1012桶,概率为5%～95%。世界最终石油资源量的均值和最频值分别为2.4×1012桶和2.3×1012桶。中东的石油资源量几乎占世界最终资源量估计均值的40%。该地区的估计期望值是资源量世界排行第二的北美地区的两倍以上,北美在世界石油资源中所占的份额为世界石油最终资源量统计均值的18%。前苏联排行第三,约占15%。尽管欧佩克成员国在世界未探明储量中仅占不到33%的份额,但是60%的世界已探明储量属于欧佩克成员国。在世界石油工业迅速发展和石油价格上扬的70年代…     

利用国外原油资源问题初探

通过对我国石油需求的预测,分析了我国利用国际石油资源的选择方向,给合我国近几年来进口国外石油资源的变化趋势,有针对性地提出了今后立足于中东原油资源的战略及建议。     

石油化工添加剂发展问题的探讨

<正>随着我国和平崛起和经济的腾飞,国内石油燃料的用量与日俱增,已成为世界第二的能源消耗大国,但我们不是石油资源大国。石油做为一种特殊商品,自然与众不同。近百年来,中东始终是世界的斗争热点,外国势力采用各种手段,甚至以子虚乌有的名义发动战争,无非为了那里的石油。如今     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.