工位辐射供暖末端对人体局部及整体热感觉的影响

将辐射供暖末端与工位相结合,组成一种新型个性化舒适系统。为了探索工位辐射末端的供暖效果,通过实验收集了24名受试者在不同环境温度下的局部与整体热感觉,并与传统空调环境进行对比。实验结果表明:当环境温度偏离舒适温度区间时,工位辐射末端能有效地提升受试者的热感觉;使用工位辐射末端后,受试者上肢和下肢热感觉改善明显,躯干热感觉变化不大;在16℃的环境下,受试者整体热感觉也能达到热中性。工位辐射末端在保证人体热舒适的同时,拓展了舒适温度区间。     

胸部送风工位空调的局部送风参数范围研究

工位空调由于可提高吸入空气品质和热舒适度的同时节能而备受关注。本文提出胸部送风的工位空调方式,并通过人体热舒适实验的方法研究了在背景温度为28℃,即略高于混合通风一般设定温度时,采用不同局部送风口面积、送风温度及风速的工位送风改变人体热感觉及提高人体热舒适度的可能性。实验采用主观投票方法调查人体的热感觉和热舒适。研究结果表明,人体的热感觉在所研究的胸部工位送风工况下比背景环境下更加偏中性或偏凉;相对于背景环境,胸部工位送风可以使人体的热舒适度显著升高,且热不满意度可降低至小于15%。进一步分析了可提高人体热舒适度的局部送风温度、风速和风口尺寸3个因素的合理范围,可为设计开发提供参考。     

基于等效温度的工位空调环境下热舒适区研究北大核心

针对工位送风空调形式营造的非均匀热环境,利用等效温度指标对人体的局部和整体热感觉进行了评价。在准办公室环境对受试者进行了人体热反应实验,得到了不同刺激工况下人体各部位的热感觉和等效温度值,对比分析后发现:刺激部位等效温度值与非刺激部位等效温度值出现明显的分离现象;刺激温度和风速是影响刺激部位等效温度值的重要因素。由热感觉投票值与等效温度值的散点图发现,二者有很好的线性关系,通过拟合得到了适用于工位送风非均匀环境的等效温度舒适区范围。     

基于等效温度的工位空调环境下热舒适区研究

针对工位送风空调形式营造的非均匀热环境,利用等效温度指标对人体的局部和整体热感觉进行了评价。在准办公室环境对受试者进行了人体热反应实验,得到了不同刺激工况下人体各部位的热感觉和等效温度值,对比分析后发现:刺激部位等效温度值与非刺激部位等效温度值出现明显的分离现象;刺激温度和风速是影响刺激部位等效温度值的重要因素。由热感觉投票值与等效温度值的散点图发现,二者有很好的线性关系,通过拟合得到了适用于工位送风非均匀环境的等效温度舒适区范围。     

厦门高校教室冬季热环境测试及热舒适预测

为考察冬季非空调环境下人体热感觉,对厦门某高校教室的热舒适度进行了现场测试.在测量室内外热舒适参数的同时,通过问卷调查得到了人体热反应样本.分析样本得出厦门高校教室冬季非空调工况下人体热中性温度和热期望温度分别为19.3和19.4℃.综合考虑温度、相对湿度、平均辐射温度、风速及服装热阻对坐姿轻度活动状态人体的热舒适影响,使用MATLAB软件进行非线性回归,得到非空调工况下热舒适预测方程.该预测方程与实测得到的人体热舒适投票两者结果有较高相关度,同时较大程度上反映了冬季非空调环境下人体热感觉的变异.     

辐射空调房间室内热舒适性实验研究

本文通过在人工环境室中设置电热膜模拟外墙,研究辐射顶板+地板送风空调房间室内热舒适性.结果 表明:室内设定温度为26℃时,较低和较高外墙负荷工况条件下辐射顶板表面温度分别为20 ℃及15～17℃时,靠外墙受试者的热舒适感受明显优于靠内墙受试者.此外,靠内墙受试者的局部热感觉稍高于靠外墙受试者,而靠内墙受试者的局部皮肤温度却略低于靠外墙受试者.因此,外墙负荷及人员位置对辐射空调房间人员热舒适性具有显著的影响,在进行辐射空调系统气流组织设计时应该考虑外墙负荷及人员位置的影响.     

不同供暖末端室内热舒适实验研究

实验测量了室内设计温度为18℃时,分别采用风机盘管、顶板辐射、侧墙辐射、地板辐射4种不同供暖末端时的室内温湿度、空气流速和壁面温度等。结合16名受试者的皮肤温度测试和主观问卷调查,对比分析了这4种供暖末端的热舒适性。结果表明:4种供暖末端室内竖直温差和辐射非对称性均满足热舒适要求;地板辐射的竖直温差最小,脚背温度及脚部热感觉和热舒适投票最高,整体热舒适和热可接受度都高于其余3种末端;顶板辐射的头部和上身热感觉和热舒适投票高于其余3种末端;毛细管网底端距地面0.5m的侧墙辐射,头脚温度梯度最大,其整体热感觉与热舒适投票均偏低;对于顶板辐射和风机盘管,在空气温度相差不大时,有较高黑球温度的顶板辐射的热感觉和热舒适投票更高;PMV预测评价辐射环境热舒适时,需对其进行修正。     

基于太阳辐射影响的室内热环境特性

通过实验测试和理论计算,从平均辐射温度和实际热感觉投票等方面综合分析了太阳辐射影响下室内热环境特性的变化规律,分析了适用于此环境下平均辐射温度的计算方法,并提出了现阶段空调分区存在的问题,研究了更为细致的空调分区方法。研究表明:太阳辐射影响下室内热环境整体呈现不均匀分布的现象,壁面温度、空间温度及平均辐射温度与太阳辐照度之间存在密切联系;当室内环境受太阳直射影响时,使用黑球辐射温度换算得到平均辐射温度的方法存在一定偏差,使用辐射区平均辐射温度理论值计算得到的PMV与人体实际热感觉投票值基本一致;建议在建筑内外区划分的基础上,对建筑进行更为细致的分区,以便对建筑不同区域的瞬时负荷实时调控,以期达到热舒适及节能的目的。     

侧墙热辐射对人体热舒适的影响

通过人工气候室实验,以24名身着热阻为0.6 clo夏季室内服装的受试者为研究对象,研究了在中性空气温度(26℃)、侧墙热辐射条件下不同暴露时间对人体热反应与热舒适的影响。结果表明:随着受试者在不均匀辐射环境中暴露时间的增加,受试者热感觉逐渐降低并趋近中性,热舒适度和热可接受度逐渐增大,平均皮肤温度无显著变化,心率略有降低;中性环境温度下,暴露时间为60、120、180 min时,5%局部热不舒适的不对称辐射温度限值分别为1.7、1.9、4.5℃。得到了不同部位热感觉、热舒适对全身热感觉、热舒适的影响权重,建立了适用于中性环境温度、侧墙热辐射环境下的人体热感觉和热舒适评价模型。     

偏热环境下空调非等温可感送风对人体热舒适影响的实验研究

通过实验研究在2个工况下,低温稳态气流、低温仿自然风动态气流以及等温仿自然风动态气流方式下,受试者热感觉、热舒适和热环境满意度投票情况。实验结果表明,在室温为28~30℃、相对湿度为40%~45%的热环境下,平均送风速度为0.5~0.7m/s、送风温度为28℃的气流能够使受试者达到舒适水平。建议当室温为28℃时,使用风扇提供平均风速为0.5m/s的仿自然风动态气流进行人体降温;当室温为30℃时,使用空调提供平均风速为0.5m/s、送风温度为28℃的仿自然风动态气流进行人体降温。     

Thermal comfort and energy consumption of the radiant ceiling panel system.: Comparison with the conventional all-air system

The purpose of this study is to investigate the various characteristics of a radiant ceiling panel system and their practical application to office buildings. The radiant ceiling panel system and conventional air-conditioning system were compared in terms of thermal comfort, energy consumption, and cost. Thermal environment, along with human response, was tested by using a small meeting room equipped with radiant ceiling panels. The responses were collected by questionnaires given to the male subjects in the room. The experiment for the female subjects was conducted separately. Results show that the radiant ceiling panel system is capable of creating smaller vertical variation of air temperature and a more comfortable environment than conventional systems. When using a cooled ceiling, a small volume of supplied air creates a less draught environment, which reduced the discomfort of feeling cold in the lower part of the body. Numerical simulation of yearly energy consumption and cost estimation were conducted. Typical office rooms located on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th floor of a six-floor building in the Tokyo area were simulated. Since part of the sensible heat load is handled by radiant ceiling panels, the volume of supplied air can be reduced, leading to lower energy consumption for air transport. By using the radiant ceiling panel system in one of the three floors of the simulated building, energy consumption can be reduced by 10%. Estimated pay back time was from 1 to 17 years depending on the market price of the radiant ceiling panel.     

日较差对居住建筑夜间通风室内热环境的影响

为了研究不同日较差情况下,夜间通风对室内热环境的影响,采用Energyplus软件对西安地区某公寓室内空气温度、平均辐射温度进行了模拟研究。结果表明,与无夜间通风相比,夜间通风时室内最高气温、最高平均辐射温度分别降低了0.32℃、0.34℃。室内空气温度、平均辐射温度随日较差的增大而降低,且机械通风时段比渗透通风时段降低显著。当日较差为4℃、6℃、8℃、10℃、12℃时,室内处于热舒适时段的比例分别为0,16.11%,28.06%,32.01%和34.86%。     

A simplified model of thermal comfort

The purpose of conditioning the air in a building is to provide a safe and comfortable environment for its occupants. Satisfaction with the environment is composed of many components, the most important of which is thermal comfort. The principal environmental factors that affect human comfort are air temperature, mean radiant temperature, humidity, and air speed; virtually all heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, however, are usually controlled only by an air-temperature set-point. Significant efficiency improvements could be achieved if HVAC systems responded to comfort levels rather than air-temperature levels. The purpose of this report is to present a simplified model of thermal comfort based on the original work of Fanger, who related thermal comfort to total thermal stress on the body. The simplified solutions allow the calculation of predicted mean vote (PMV) and effective temperature which (in the comfort zone) are linear in the air temperature and mean radiant temperature, and quadratic in the dew point, and which can be calculated without any iteration. In addition to the mathematical expressions, graphical solutions are presented.     

寒冷地区居室热舒适设计温度的研究

根据寒冷地区人类居住特点,利用VB语言编程,以ISO7730为理论依据,通过PMV和PPD模拟计算了寒冷地区室内热环境,给出了寒冷地区人体不同代谢率条件下常规采暖和地板辐射采暖的舒适性温度。结果表明,在PPD≤20%的前提下,寒冷地区满足人体热舒适的室内常规采暖设计温度推荐值为20℃,地板辐射采暖设计温度推荐值为19℃,明显高于我国现行的设计温度。     

湿热地区老年人夏季室外热舒适阈值研究

旨在探索湿热地区老年人夏季室外热舒适阈值。以课题示范工程、样本量集中的广州市老人院为研究案例,结合现场实测与问卷调研,获得各气象要素（空气温度、相对湿度、黑球温度、风速）的逐时数据及老年人室外热舒适状况;借助Rayman模型,计算生理等效温度PET,运用SPSS进行回归分析建立老年人室外热舒适评价模型;并评析不同类型测点空间的热环境情况与特点。结论如下：（1）湿热地区夏季老年人室外热环境中性PET值为25.60℃;台湾、香港、广州等湿热气候地区,老年人与混合年龄层中性PET值接近,人群中性PET值具有一定普适性;（2）老年人热感觉中性范围为23.79℃~27.41℃,较混合年龄层窄;老年人室外环境热舒适PET范围为22.70℃~32.53℃,老年人对偏凉感觉（PET=23.10℃）更感舒适;老年人达到90%可接受率的PET范围是22.62℃~31.15℃;（3）老年人夏季热敏感度为3.62PET（℃）/TSV,夏季老年人对室外热环境敏感度明显高于混合年龄层,因此室外热环境设计对老年人具有更大影响;（4）在适当遮荫条件（植物或建筑）下,老年人在夏季依然乐于接受室外阳光辐射;但需综合运用遮阳、通风、降温等设计策略才能满足老年人对热环境的舒适需求。以期为湿热地区室外环境适老设计提供研究方法和设计目标的参考。     

The distorted power of medical surgical masks for changing the human thermal psychology of indoor personnel in summer

The medical surgical mask (MSM) has been the essential protective equipment in people's daily work. The experimental purpose is to explore the effects of wearing MSM on human thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and breathing comfort in office buildings in summer. A total of 30 healthy college students were recruited for the testing. The experiment was carried out in a climate chamber, which can simulate the office buildings in summer. The experiment collects the subjects’ skin temperature, microclimate in the mask, and subjective votes, including thermal sensory votes (TSV), thermal comfort votes (TCV), and respiratory comfort votes (BCV). Experimental results show that wearing MSM has no significant effect on the skin temperature of the human body. The microclimate temperature inside the MSM reaches over 34℃, and the relative humidity reaches over 70%. The high-temperature and high-humidity microclimate put human beings in an uneven thermal environment, which leads to poor human tolerance to the thermal environment and becomes the main reason for destroying human thermal comfort. Wearing MSM has a significant impact on the subjective thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and breathing comfort of the human body, and the impact becomes more significant as the environmental temperature increases. Once the mask is taken off, the human body will enter an extremely comfortable environment, resulting in an excessively high vote value. The difference in voting values before and after removing the mask becomes larger with the environmental temperature. By fitting the voting results and perform data processing, it can be found that wearing MSM will reduce the neutral temperature by 1.5°C, and the environmental temperature with the optimal thermal comfort by 1.4°C, and as the temperature increases, the respiratory discomfort will become more and more intense. Regardless of whether wearing a MSM, the subjects preferred a slight warmer environment. In conclusion, with the increase of ambient temperature, wearing MSM can cause the human worse tolerance to the thermal environment, and this disturbance will become more and more intense.     

冬季室内热环境与被褥微气候的匹配

冬季睡眠状态下,室内热环境与被褥微气候分别对人体头部和被覆躯体的热感觉造成直接影响。为了分析两个热环境的匹配关系以满足睡眠人体的热舒适水平,实验在不同的室内温度下,调节被褥微气候温度,测试了受试者的皮肤温度,并记录了热感觉和热可接受水平。研究结果表明:睡眠状态下,相比于室内热环境,人体热感觉对被褥微气候更敏感;此外,通过分析室内热环境和被褥微气候分别与整体热感觉和整体不满意率的关系,得到了睡眠热环境舒适区间。     

哈尔滨地区既有住宅冬季室内热环境研究及其优化设计

2013年对哈尔滨地区部分既有住宅室内温度测试发现:典型起居室室内平均温度16.2℃,点测90%室内不足18℃;遂采用正交实验法和全因素实验法对哈尔滨地区既有住宅就围护结构及采暖方式进行优化。对比Fluent模拟结果发现,当使用壁挂式采暖器时,采暖温度起主要影响作用,以EPS保温板为例:370 mm外墙选用90 mm厚保温层、PVC三玻窗、采暖器表面温度65℃。当采用表面温度23℃低温辐射供暖时,保温层对其影响较大,370 mm外墙选用100 mm厚保温层、20 mm双玻塑钢窗,当墙体厚度为490 mm时将保温层减少5 mm。     

辐射板供冷性能影响因素与计算方法

通过对现有计算方法的分析,提出了以室内等效辐射温度作为辐射换热计算参数的方法。通过实例计算定量地分析了室内热源环境对辐射板供冷能力的影响。提出将辐射板热阻作为衡量辐射板供冷性能优劣的参数。