Relationship of ego disjunction and manifest anxiety to conflict resolution.

The purpose of this study was to discover the influence of 2 determinants, ego disjunction (ED) and manifest anxiety (MA), on conflict resolution. ED, defined as antagonistic response tendencies within an individual, was measured by the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, and MA by the Taylor MA scale. From a sample of 56 college Ss, it was found that Ss high in both ED and MA required significantly more time to resolve approach-approach and avoidance-avoidance conflicts than Ss high in only one determinant but low in the other and Ss low in both determinants. No significant differences in conflict scores were found when Ss low in both determinants were compared with Ss high in only one determinant but low in the other. The results were interpreted as indicating that ED and MA interact, producing interfering responses which hinder efficient resolution of conflicts when ED and MA are both high within an individual High MA and high ED scores, when taken alone, did not yield any conclusive results. It is only when both determinants are taken into consideration that greater confidence can be invested in those measures to predict conflict performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ego disjunction: A failure to replicate Trehub's results.

Previous research had demonstrated a linear relationship between ego disjunction (the result of incompatible, conflicting needs, as measured by the EPPS) and severity of psychopathology. These results were not cross-validated. The MMPI turned out to be more effective than the EPPS in discriminating psychotics from nonpsychotics. Explorations for these findings are offered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) and fakability.

19 Ss took the EPPS under standard conditions; 2 weeks later, 6 retested under standard conditions, 6 were asked for socially desirable responses, and 7 for personally desirable responses. It was found that "the EPPS can be faked" under both sets of instructions, and that "the consistency score and the profile stability coefficient are not adequate indices of inventory fakability." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A statistical evaluation of Edwards Personal Preference Schedule.

What is the nature of the factor structure of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS)? Edwards supplied 360 sets of responses from 1509 cases used in original normative sample. 15 factor analyses were made. "The results of these analyses revealed an unexpectedly large descrepancy between what the PPS is designed to measure and the actual item factorial content… . In the opinion of the authors the failue of the EPPS to give the expected factor results stems from: (a) using the same item statement in several different items, (b) scoring the same item on two scales, and (c) using the forced-choice item form with equated social desirability of the item statements." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Real-life" faking on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule by sales applicants.

This study investigated possible faking of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule in an industrial selection situation. EPPS scores for 97 Retail sales applicants and 66 Industrial sales applicants (all later hired) were compared to those of scores of 69 Retail salesmen and 49 Industrial salesmen (all tested on the job). Results showed that Retail applicants tended to score significantly higher on Orderliness, Intraception, and Dominance scales and lower on the Heterosexuality scale than Retail salesman. No significant differences were found, however, between Industrial applicants and Industrial salesmen. This suggests that persons more oriented toward selling in terms of interests and personality (i. e., Retail sales applicants) are more likely to distort answers to the EPPS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality characteristics of engineers as measured by the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule.

What are the personality characteristics of people who are doing well in engineering? "The average personality (PPS) profile of 81 experienced engineers and that of the 750 male liberal arts students in Edwards' norm group were found to be significantly different by an analysis of variance technique." Things and processes appeal to engineers more than do people. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships between personal and social desirability sets and performance on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule.

"This study was concerned with the hypothesis that a personal desirability set operates somewhat independently of a social desirability set in determining response selection on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. To test this hypothesis 248 college Ss were administered the PPS." "It would appear that utilization of only social values for matching purposes does not represent a crucial flaw in Edwards' attempt to minimize desirability of verbal statements as an important source of performance variance." "The hypothesis of some independent effects of personal and social desirability sets upon response endorsement was supported." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Collinearity in the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule.

The EPPS and other constant-sum tests cannot be used as prediction batteries for any multivariate statistical technique such as multiple-regression or canonical analysis unless the amount of collinearity in the set is reduced. The present analysis showed that the heterosexuality scale contributed more collinearity than the other 14 EPPS scales, with the abasement and nurturance scales 2nd and 3rd. With these 3 scales deleted, the collinearity is reduced to acceptable levels. The effects of deleting particular variables on collinearity in a given study can be determined experimentally by calculating the inverse of the correlation matrix and applying a simple formula utilizing the value of the diagonal element of the inverse matrix. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Simulated patterns on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule.

How susceptible to simulation are scores on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS)? Does he really have a way of reducing ability or tendency of Ss to reflect their views of social desirability in their test scores? 75 students in introductory psychology classes, being tested with the EPPS, and divided into 4 role playing groups, were instructed to deliberately simulate purposes or roles. They did so very effectively. "The consistency score did not discriminate the simulated records. The results were discussed with reference to the failure of the attempted control of the social desirability factor in eliminating the effect of test-taking attitudes, the problem of subtlety, and the validity and practical usefulness of the instrument." 28 refs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The relationship between the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule variables and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales.

Scores on the Edwards PPS and the MMPI were intercorrelated for a sample of 130 undergraduates (82 males, 48 females). Only five pairs of scores on the two instruments were substantially related to each other; in general, the PPS and the MMPI are fairly independent. However, "the significant and fairly substantial intercorrelations among many PPS variables suggest a reexamination of the relative independence that is claimed for the components of this inventory." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Over- and underachievement and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule.

Does the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule differentiate between under- and overachievers? How does an aptitude test battery compare with 3 achievement tests and high school standing as a basis for determining over and underachievement? "Two samples, each consisting of 120 Ss were selected; the samples were termed aptitude-based and performance-based. 73 Ss were in both samples.... there were 20 Ss [college freshmen] at each of three levels of expected performance for both over- and underachievement groups." Differences between groups were found according to the Edwards. "For the purposes of selection, the EPPS and certain evidences of past performance are functionally equivalent." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Prediction of college achievement from the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule using intellectual ability as a moderator.

Following the procedures of Goodstein and Heilbrun (see 37:3), scores for 102 males on the EPPS, the Minnesota Scholastic Aptitude Test (MSAT), and 2 grade-point indices were analyzed for the entire sample and for low, middle, and high ability groups using partial correlation with MSAT scores held constant. The results show little agreement with those reported by Goodstein and Heilbrun. The sample was also randomly divided into cross-validation groups and a similar analysis performed. These results were not stable. The possible moderating effects of intellectual ability are noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Prediction of college achievement from the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule at three levels of intellectual ability.

The scores on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) were correlated with the semester grade point average on a sample of 357 undergraduates, 206 males and 151 females, with the variance attributable to a brief vocabulary test estimate of scholastic ability partialled out. While the results of the analysis of the total male and female groups were essentially negative, further analyses which followed a subdivision of each of the 2 sex groups into low, middle, and high ability groupings yielded more promising results, especially for the middle ability male subgroup. Following a comparison of the obtained results with previous studies, the importance of using levels of intellecutal ability as a control variable in studies of nonintellectual factors in achievement was noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality needs of under-and overachieving freshmen.

240 freshmen classified into 12 groups (over- vs. underachievement; high, average, or low ability; engineering, arts, or sciences) were compared on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Significant differences were found for each classification dimension. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relations among scores on Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, California Psychological Inventory, and Strong Vocational Interest Blank for an industrial sample.

The significant intercorrelations among scores on the EPPS, the CPI, and the SVIB are reported for a group of 102 salaried employees of the 3M Company. Comparison of the CPI and EPPS scales generally shows correlations in the expected directions, and correlations between occupational interests and personality variables make "good clinical sense." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Culture and psychopathology.

"In my opinion, the major contribution of anthropology to symptomatology is the opportunity it offers for reducing the ethnocentrism of the diagnostician… . The fact is that most distinctions between the fundamental symptomatological concepts in psychiatry have implicit or explicit social or cultural reference… . It follows that a valid diagnosis cannot be based on symptomatology alone, but must be derived from a study of the psychodynamics of the individual's patient in relation to his social and cultural milieu… . It is obvious that the content of a syndrome is influenced by the patient's culture… . Finally, the culture influences the individual's perception of a situation." The author's points are illustrated by material drawn from case studies. 45 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Learning and psychopathology.

Experiments concerning the learning of abnormal human Ss are reviewed. The review includes discussion of how persons with particular types of psychopathology learn different kinds of tasks as well as the reasons suggested for the learning phenomena found. (73 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality and psychopathology.

The author outlines a biometric model for analysis of behavior on 5 major levels of activity: physiological, sensory, perceptual, psychomotor, and conceptual. The tests and the technique are described and evaluated. 47 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ego strength and the recall of tasks.

"A study was made of the relation between selected Rorschach factors believed to measure ego strength and recall preferences obtained from a modified interruption-of-tasks procedure… Recall ratios for the group (of Ss) as a whole did not reveal any preference, either for completed or for interrupted tasks." Two Rorschach factors, M greater than FM, and A%, correlated slightly with the recall ratios in a manner which supported the hypothesis that strong egos will recall mostly interrupted tasks and weak egos will recall completed tasks. F + % of 80 to 90 correlated with the recall data in a manner opposite to the hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conjunctive and disjunctive conflict: A theory of need conflict.

The ego disjunction theory of conflict for pairs of needs is revised to yield a theory of conjunctive and disjunctive conflict for individual needs: the concept of incompatibility is dimensionalized; the concept of compatibility is introduced; a combined dimension of compatibility-incompatibility is posited for all pairs of needs; however, joint scores of pairs of needs are not independent; the dimension of compatibility-incompatibility is therefore posited for all needs individually. Intensity of conjunctive or disjunctive conflict is specified as a function of the score for the need in relation to the degree of compatibility or incompatibility. Assumptions are made concerning variations of conflict within different populations. The assumptions generate predictions which are generally confirmed. (17 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)