Intergroup relations and South African social psychology: Historical ties.

Seven research themes in South African social psychology are identified and sketched historically: the use of psychological tests to make comparisons between groups; attitudes; authoritarianism; the "marginal personality"; the contact hypothesis; a state-sponsored investigation into intergroup relations; and social identity theory. It is argued that the development of these themes has to be examined in conjunction with changes in the political discourse in South Africa about "race." (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Graduate education of Negro psychologists.

The "Council on Psychological Resources in the South was impressed with the dearth of psychologists in the South, particularly Negro psychologists" and appointed a committee "… to study the facts in this regard and to make recommendations for pertinent action." Fifty-six (98.2%) of fifty-seven graduate departments of psychology surveyed answered questionnaires concerning Negro psychologists receiving graduate degrees and the undergraduate origin of these students. "Negro personnel in psychology come in considerable proportion (one-third) from Negro undergraduate schools in the South." "In the process of bridging the gap between inadequate undergraduate training and high level graduate work, Howard University is making an exceptional contribution toward training in scientific and professional psychology." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology in flux: The academic-professional bipolarity.

The "main fission in psychology is that between academic psychology and professional psychology." Clinical, industrial, and social psychology, among other applied fields, have expanded dramatically since World War II. Experimental psychology itself is now being professionalized. Serious problems stem from the fact that most graduate curricula are oriented to training "pure scientists" as scholars while most psychology graduates will "wind up in professional work outside universities and colleges." One solution is "to set up a school forthrightly embracing both academic and professional graduate training." There would be an "academic department" and a separate "professional department." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The psychologist as a behavioral scientist in the business school.

There is now a need for entering faculty personnel in business schools "to apply the behavioral science point of view as integrated members of the business faculty, rather than as distinguished visitors from the psychology department." Recent studies critical of business curricula have stressed the importance of the behavioral sciences in the business school curriculum. The "educational and research experiences leading to the doctorate in industrial psychology" gives the industrial psychologist the opportunity to "fill the role of behavioral scientist in the business school." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Professional education in industrial psychology: A statement of policy.

"The industrial psychologist should be a broadly trained psychologist… . Education in industrial psychology should provide grounding in psychological theory… . The curriculum should provide knowledge of the problem areas of industrial psychology… . Education in industrial psychology should include knowledge in other areas important in business and industry… . The student should become familiar with a very wide variety of research tools, methods, and procedures… . The education of an industrial psychologist should be realistic… . The education of industrial psychologists should include discussion of the ethical problems likely to arise in industry." The stated principles "should be interpreted in a flexible rather than a rigid fashion." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

International opportunities for advanced training and research in psychology: The La Napoule planning conference.

"The general purpose of the project is to gather and to disseminate information on advanced training and research opportunities in psychology in the various countries of the world." A 1st phase meeting was convened "in the South of France at the Chateau de la Napoule from July 23 to August 1, 1962." Problems of international exchange of scientists and students in psychology and the development of plans for collecting and distributing information on psychological activities in all countries of the world were discussed. Invitations were extended to psychologists from 24 nations. The conference was informal in nature; the meeting language was English. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A unique regional program of psychological research and training in the south.

"The Council on Psychological Resources in the South was appointed by the Southern Regional Education Board and met for the first time on July 16-17, 1953 in Atlanta, Georgia… . The Southern Regional Education Board has made a real contribution to the development of psychology as a science and as a profession… ." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The idea of an interdisciplinary social psychology: An historical and rhetorical analysis.

Discusses the notion of interdisciplinarity in the history of social psychology. Disciplinary historians generally have some axe to grind, some reasons for telling their tale as they do. But interdisciplinarity also has a rhetoric, one of "sharing" and "bridge-building," "integration" and "synthesis." Some of the functions of these rhetorics are identified. The paper ends with a rejection of the notion of an interdisciplinary social psychology as a solution to social psychology's problems and endorses the call for a "flexible union" of the human sciences. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Image of industrial psychology among corporate executives.

89 executives attending a 1960 executive seminar of the American Management Association completed a 13 item questionnaire. "Almost twice as many executives stated that they would hire an industrial psychologist as compared with those who would decide against such a decision… . There are many executives still unconvinced that industrial psychology has any real worth at its present stage of development… . The areas of competence in which the industrial psychologist was judged to be most useful were morale, selection and training." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

And Esau was an hairy man.

Attention is focussed on "certain aspects of the professional behavior of industrial psychologists… . It is within the realm of possibility for legitimate PhDs in the profession of psychology to exhibit various shades of professional behavior under various levels of motivation. Both inside and outside the profession of psychology, alarms have arisen about the potential misuse of behavioral sciences in the control of human behavior." Attributes of professional and nonprofessional occupations are distinguished. What can be done to preserve our present status as professionals and also insure true professional behavior on the part of industrial psychologists? Realistic ethical codes will only guide the way. "Industrial psychology cannot operate under the rules of the open market. Either we develop acceptable rules of professional service to society or society will define the conditions of psychological practice by legal restrictions. The choice is up to us as to who will shape the future of industrial psychology. Smooth men or hairy ones." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Knowledge.

Presents a citation for Marvin R. Goldfried, who received the Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Knowledge, which is given in recognition of the discovery and development of new information, empirical or otherwise, to the body of knowledge in applied psychology. Goldfried "has made significant and continual contributions to the science and practice of clinical psychology." Accompanying the citation are a biography and selected bibliography, as well as Goldfried's award address, entitled "Integrating Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Issues Into Mainstream Psychology." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Automation, human engineering, and psychology.

"The age of automation presents a challenge for the industrial psychologist. At the same time it clearly presents problems of interest to other areas of psychology besides industrial—social, counseling, and experimental among them." "Broadly defined, human engineering is a phase of engineering which applies knowledge of human factors to design of machines—or of products." "The age of automation confronts not only the industrial psychologist but the entire profession with changes in research and training." "Let the engineer learn more about man—and the psychologist more about the machine. Together with other human factor experts, they will help industry to supply all of us products of greater efficiency, comfort and safety." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Counseling psychology.

"This paper is a proposal to establish counseling psychology as a functionally unique pattern of practice." Three hypotheses are proposed, one of which holds that "… counseling psychologists resemble industrial psychologists to a greater extent than they do psychotherapists." Eight points are made in summarizing "… a relatively unique pattern of function for the counseling psychologist. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Contributions of Canadian psychologists to the war effort, 1939–1945.

Reviews one component of Canada's World War II enterprise, applied psychology. Psychologists' main interest was in the efficient use of manpower through personnel selection and classification, although near the end of the war they became involved with discharge counseling as well. Whereas some psychologists were research- and measurement-oriented, others took a humanistic-clinical approach. Therefore, each of the military services acquired a distinctive "psychological style." Psychology also made substantial contributions in the areas of military and civilian morale. (French abstract) (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Criteria for what?

Criteria are in the key position of determining how tests are to be interpreted and used. Many different kinds of validity can be and are classified in varying ways. "Validity for industrial psychology has largely consisted of… 'utility' and has been banned from the validation universe entirely." Psychologists have not yet paid enough attention "to the processes by which we use our criteria to establish predictive relationships. The difficulties of defining criteria for the many hypothetical attributes of factors found in our test files today and of setting up situations in which they can be observed are admittedly great. However, the attempt might, in and of itself, have a healthy effect upon the thinking of many of our test constructors." Knowledge "of the validity of a test for 1 criterion in 1 job aids us little, if at all, in building a predictor for another job or even a different criterion in the same job." Apparently "industrial psychology, particularly as it relates to selection, appraisal, and training procedures, is approaching Armageddon." We must expand our thinking about criteria and validity beyond the point of utility alone. The "answer to the question 'Criteria for What?' must always include—for understandingp" (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Future directions for industrial psychology in Canada.

Reviews 6 industrial topics of central concern to Canadian industrial psychology (job analysis and classification, criterion development/performance appraisal, personnel selection, training and development, job evaluation/equal pay, and affirmative action/employment equity). Each topic is reviewed in 3 parts: presentation of a brief historical précis, discussion of recent Canadian developments, and identification of future research needs. It is concluded that Canadian industrial psychologists must greatly increase their input to research in these basic personnel areas, as well as contribute more to the development of policy and professional standards, if Canadian industrial psychologists are to fully participate in addressing societal demands for increased productivity and nondiscriminatory personnel practices. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Re-visioning antebellum American psychology: The dissemination of mesmerism, 1836-1854.

Mesmerism, the French method of treating illness and inducing trance, was introduced to the United States in 1836. A cohort of Americans took to the practice enthusiastically, publishing materials, presenting lectures attended by thousands, conducting empirical investigations, and treating untold numbers of ill people. These practitioners understood their profession addressed the mind, and they often referred to their work as "psychology." The mesmerists speculated about mind-brain links and investigated "interior states," "mental healing," and the controversial "higher mind powers" such as clairvoyance. Antebellum culture is the backdrop for this study of the rise, fall, and dispersion of mesmerism in the United States. Evidence provided warrants a reappraisal of mesmerism's significance for 19th-century psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ethical codes in South African psychology: Contribution of the Canadian code.

Discusses the regulation of professional psychology in South Africa, and the changes that professional psychology associations there have undergone. The author discusses the Psychological Society of South Africa's review of its outdated ethical code and states that the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists is a major model for the development of a new code. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Humanistic psychology: A new breakthrough.

A "major break-through is occurring at the present time in psychology." 8 parameters traditionally accepted as given in psychology but now increasingly questioned are examined: (a) The model of man as a composite of part functions. (b) The model of science taken over from physics. (c) The model of a practitioner taken over from medicine. (d) The pattern of compartmentalized subdivided graduate school faculty and curriculum as the appropriate agency for preparing students for psychological careers. (e) The criterion of statistical frequency as a demonstration of truth or reality. (f) The illusion that research precedes practice. (g) The myth of the "clinical team." (h) The fallacy that diagnosis is basic to treatment. A tremendously exciting development in psychology is its returned to consideration of "the functioning and experience of a whole human being." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Of management and measurement.

2 major deficiencies in the field of industrial psychology partially explain the minimal nature of psychology's contribution to the recent development of an increasing quantitative emphasis in American management. "The first of these has been our failure to develop a clear-cut conceptual basis for differentiating between so-called 'basic' and 'applied' research. And second… our tendency in the past to work on problems that fit our methods rather than to devise methods that are appropriate to the major problems of American Management… . As I view the next decade, I see the opportunity for a new era in the field of industrial psychology. Whether it becomes, in fact a new era or not will depend upon the willingness of industrial psychologists to accept the challenge that is currently being presented to them." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)