Effects of ingesting JavaFit Energy Extreme functional coffee on aerobic and anaerobic fitness markers in recreationally-active coffee consumers

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ingesting JavaFit™ Energy Extreme (JEE) on aerobic and anaerobic performance measures in recreationally-active male and female coffee drinkers. Five male (27.6 ± 4.2 yrs, 93.2 ± 11.7 kg, 181.6 ± 6.9 cm) and five female (29 ± 4.6 yrs, 61.5 ± 9.2 kg, 167.6 ± 6.9 cm) regular coffee drinkers (i.e., 223.9 ± 62.7 mg·d^-1 of caffeine) participated in this study. In a cross-over, randomized design, participants performed a baseline (BASELINE) graded treadmill test (GXT) for peak VO₂ assessment and a Wingate test for peak power. Approximately 3–4 d following BASELINE testing, participants returned to the lab for the first trial and ingested 354 ml of either JEE or decaffeinated coffee (DECAF), after which they performed a GXT and Wingate test. Criterion measures during the GXT included an assessment of peakVO₂ at maximal exercise, as well as VO₂ at 3 minutes and 10 minutes post-exercise. Additionally, time-to-exhaustion (TTE), maximal RPE, mean heart rate (HR), mean systolic pressure (SBP), and mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured during each condition. Criterion measures for the Wingate included mean HR, SBP, DBP, peak power, and time to peak power (TTP). Participants then returned to the lab approximately one week later to perform the second trial under the same conditions as the first, except consuming the remaining coffee. Data were analyzed using a one way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that JEE significantly increased VO₂ at 3 minutes post-exercise when compared to BASELINE (p = 0.04) and DECAF (p = 0.02) values, which may be beneficial in enhancing post-exercise fat metabolism.     

Effects of selected substrate forms on the synthesis of structured lipids by two immobilized lipases

Two immobilized lipases, IM 60 from Rhizomucor miehei and SP 435 from Candida antarctica, were used to synthesize structured lipids (SL). Tricaprin and trilinolein were interesterified to produce SL that contained one linoleic acid per triacylglycerol molecule (SL1) and SL with two linoleic acids (SL2). SL1 and SL2 were separated by silver nitrate thin-layer chromatography according to their unsaturation, and the fatty acid at the sn-2 position was determined after pancreatic lipasecatalyzed hydrolysis of SL1 and SL2. With IM 60, 57.7 mol% capric acid and 42.3 mol% linoleic acid were found at the sn-2 position of SL1, while 43.3 mol% capric acid and 56.7 mol% linoleic acid were at the sn-2 position of SL2. The fatty acid at the sn-2 position of SL1 with SP 435 as biocatalyst was 43.6 mol% capric acid and 56.4 mol% linoleic acid, while SL2 contained 56.6 mol% capric acid and 43.4 mol% linoleic acid. Different structural forms of the capric acid-containing substrate (triacylglycerol vs. ethyl ester) and different chainlengths of triacylglycerol were selected to study the substrate selectivity of lipases. Results indicated that SP 435 had some degree of preference for the triacylglycerol form (tricaprin), and IM 60 produced SL more rapidly and reached steady state faster with tricaprin as substrate than with capric acid ethyl ester. For chainlength selectivity, mol% of synthesized SL from tricaprin + trilinolein and tristearin + trilinolein were compared. SP 435 exhibited no apparent preference for either tricaprin or tristearin. However, IM 60 showed a more rapid reaction with tricaprin than with tristearin.     

Acute effects of ingesting a commercial thermogenic drink on changes in energy expenditure and markers of lipolysis

Background  

To determine the acute effects of ingesting a thermogenic drink (Celsius, Delray Beach, FL) (TD) on changes in metabolism and lipolysis.     

Effects of genotype, nutrient availability, and defoliation on aspen phytochemistry and insect performance

Genetic and environmental variability, and their interactions, influence phytochemical composition and, in turn, herbivore performance. We evaluated the independent and interactive effects of plant genotype, nutrient availability, and defoliation on the foliar chemistry of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and consequences for performance of gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar). Saplings of four genotypes were grown under two conditions of nutrient availability and subjected to three levels of artificial defoliation. Concentrations of all secondary and primary metabolites evaluated responded to at least one or more of the experimental treatments. Of the secondary metabolites, phenolic glycosides were affected strongly by genotype, less so by nutrient availability, and not induced by defoliation. Condensed tannins were strongly dependent upon genotype, soil nutrient availability, and their interaction, and, in contrast to phenolic glycosides, were induced by artificial defoliation. Of the primary metabolites, foliar nitrogen was affected by genotype and soil nutrient availability. Starch concentrations were affected by genotype, nutrient availability, defoliation and interactions among these factors. Foliar water content responded to genotype, nutrient availability, and defoliation, and the effect of nutrient availability depended on genotype. Herbivore performance on these plants was strongly influenced by plant genotype and soil nutrient availability, but much less so by defoliation. Although several of the compound types (condensed tannins, starch, and water) responded to defoliation, quantitative variation in these compounds did not contribute to substantive changes in herbivore performance. Rather, the primary source of variation in insect performance was due to plant genotype (phenolic glycoside levels), while nutrient availability (foliar nitrogen levels) was of secondary importance. These results suggest that genetic variation in aspen plays a major role in determining patterns of insect performance, whereas environmental variation, such as was tested, here is of negligible importance.     

Tribological properties of DLC films deposited on steel substrate with various surface roughness

Tribological properties of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films in water were investigated concerning with the influence of surface roughness and various mating materials. The DLC films were deposited by pulsed-bias CVD method on AISI630 stainless steel. The substrate roughness (R_a) is in the range of 1.4–740 nm. AISI 440C, AISI 304 stainless steel and brass balls were used as a mating ball. The friction coefficients of DLC films against with AISI 440C stainless steel ball indicated under 0.1 irrespective of the roughness. The film having smooth surface (R_a=1.4 nm) had severe damage at a load of 9.4 N. However, the film having rough surface (R_a=263 nm) had no damage at the same load. The specific wear rate of the steel ball increased with increase of roughness of the surface. In the case of AISI 304 stainless steel ball, the specific wear rate of the ball showed similar tendency. The friction with brass ball showed relatively high friction coefficient in the range of 0.12–0.25. However, the damage on the films could not be observed after friction test. It is considered that the roughness of the surface is important factor for the rupture of the film in water environment.     

Haloacetate analogs of pheromones: Effects on catabolism and electrophysiology inPlutella xylostella

A series of mono-, di-, and trihalogenated acetate analogs of Zl 1–16: Ac were prepared and examined for electrophysiological activity in antennae of males of the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella. In addition, two potential affinity labels, a diazoacetate (Dza) and a trifluoromethyl ketone (Tfp), were evaluated for EAG activity. The Z11–16Ac showed the highest activity in EAG assays, followed by the fluorinated acetates, but other halo-acetates were essentially inactive. The polar diazoacetate and the trifluoromethyl ketone were also very weak EAG stimulants. The effects of these analogs on the hydrolysis of [³H]Z11–16Ac to [³H]Z11–16OH by antennal esterases was also examined. The three fluorinated acetates showed the greatest activity as inhibitors in competition assays, with rank order F₂Ac > F³Ac > FAc > Ac > Cl₂Ac > ClAc > Dza > Br₂Ac > BrAc > Tfp > I > Cl₃Ac > Br₃Ac > OH. The relative polarities of the haloacetates, as determined by TLC mobility, are in the order mono- > di- > trihalo, but F, Cl, Br, and I all confer similar polarities within a substitution group. Thus, the steric size appears to be the predominant parameter affecting the interactions of the haloacetate analogs with both receptor and catabolic proteins inP. xylostella males.On leave from Institute of Organic Chemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Science, Flemingovo namstí 2, 16610, Prague, Czechoslovakia.     

Explicit forms for the calculation of heat and momentum transfer coefficients for vapour condensation on surfaces of various forms

A relatively simple method to calculate the heat and momentum transfer coefficients for the laminar condensation of pure vapours on surfaces of various forms is presented. It can be applied generally to surfaces having a variety of geometrical forms. Examples of such applications are presented for the cases of: plane and exponential curved plate profiles, horizontal cylinders, sinusoidal plates and rotating discs and cones. The mathematical treatment leads to explicit expressions for the parameters of the process, among them the heat transfer coefficients. It considers the effects of film acceleration and energy convection. It must be stressed that the method is not intended to bring more precision than existing methods which take into account the mentioned effects, but is proposed as a generalized procedure for geometrical surface forms and also to speed the calculations for complicated condensation surface geometries. A guide for equipment designers is also provided.     

Effects of plant residue quality, application rate, and placement method on phosphorus availability from Sokoto rock phosphate

Plant residues are being suggested as an amendment to enhance P release from rock phosphate, however, plant residue enhanced P release could depend on the residue quality, application rate and placement method. Effects of plant residue quality, application rate and placement method on solubility and P release from rock phosphate (PR) were studied in laboratory and field experiments. Leaves of ten woody and␣herbaceous species were incubated in a P-deficient soil with Sokoto PR under laboratory conditions to study the effects of residue quality on P release from PR. Effects of residue application rate and placement method were investigated in a field trial with five rates (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 t DM ha⁻¹) of leaves of Dactyladenia barteri, two placement methods (incorporation and mulching), and two levels of Sokoto PR (0 and 60 kg P ha⁻¹) in a split-split plot design replicated three times. The plant residues were applied 4 weeks before the main season planting. Maize (main season) followed by cowpea (minor season) was used as test plant. In the laboratory incubation study, addition of plant residues increased the soil pH. Phosphorus released at 8 weeks was greater for plant residues with high C/N ratio, and low magnesium and potassium. In the field trial, soil pH was not affected by the addition of plant residues. Residue placement method showed little effects on P availability from PR. When residues were incorporated with PR, soil Olsen P was highest at lower rates of residues (1 and 2 t DM ha⁻¹) at maize planting. Maize P concentration and P uptake were highest at the incorporation of 4 t DM ha⁻¹ residues with PR. Incorporation at higher rate (8 t DM ha⁻¹) resulted in the greatest P uptake of the second crop, cowpea. The study shows the potential of plant residues in enhancing P release from PR. However, there could be initial immobilization of P, but this could be overcome within a short period if residues of high C/N ratio are used. A lower rate of residues (1–4 t DM ha⁻¹) is efficient at releasing PR–P for short-term effect especially if incorporated.     

Effects of vegetable proteins on iron and zinc absorption and availability in humans

This review discusses research on the effects of vegetable protein diets on iron and zinc absorption and availability. Constituents of vegetables can have either a positive or negative effect on iron absorption. Although the use of soy protein to extend beef patties was found to decrease nonheme iron absorption in some studies, the use of soy-extended beef on a regular basis was not found to deleteriously affect the iron status (serum ferritin levels) of adult men, menstruating females or school age subjects. Factors such as phytic acid level, dietary fiber content or protein source of vegetable protein diets have been implicated in decreasing the utilization of iron and zinc by humans. The effect of the molar ratio of phytate on the zinc of the diet is controversial: some studies find a decrease in zinc absorption with an increase in the phytate to zinc molar ratio; other studies find zinc absorption more dependent on the total amount of zinc in the meal than on the presence of phytic acid. Since many people meet their energy and protein requirements from vegetable sources, attention should be given to the mineral availability of these diets.     

Effects of carbohydrate, branched-chain amino acids, and arginine in recovery period on the subsequent performance in wrestlers

Τhe aim of this study was to examine the effects of the consumption of foods of various glycemic index values on performance, β-endorphin levels and substrate (fat and carbohydrate) utilization during prolonged exercise. Eight untrained healthy males underwent, in a randomized counterbalanced design, three experimental conditions under which they received carbohydrates (1.5 gr. kg^-1 of body weight) of low glycemic index (LGI), high glycemic index (HGI) or placebo. Food was administered 30 min prior to exercise. Subjects cycled for 60 min at an intensity corresponding to 65% of VO₂max, which was increased to 90% of VO_2max, then they cycled until exhaustion and the time to exhaustion was recorded. Blood was collected prior to food consumption, 15 min prior to exercise, 0, 20, 40, and 60 min into exercise as well as at exhaustion. Blood was analyzed for β-endorphin, glucose, insulin, and lactate. The mean time to exhaustion did not differ between the three conditions (LGI = 3.2 ± 0.9 min; HGI = 2.9 ± 0.9 min; placebo = 2.7 ± 0.7 min). There was a significant interaction in glucose and insulin response (P < 0.05) with HGI exhibiting higher values before exercise. β-endorphin increased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of exercise without, however, a significant interaction between the three conditions. Rate of perceived exertion, heart rate, ventilation, lactate, respiratory quotient and substrate oxidation rate did not differ between the three conditions. The present study indicates that ingestion of foods of different glycemic index 30 min prior to one hour cycling exercise does not result in significant changes in exercise performance, β-endorphin levels as well as carbohydrate and fat oxidation during exercise.     

Effects of moisture and temperature ageing on reliability of interfacial adhesion with black copper oxide substrate

The reliability of adhesion performance of bare Cu, as-deposited and surface-hardened black oxide coatings on Cu substrates was studied. The interfacial adhesion with a polyimide adhesive tape and an epoxy moulding compound was measured using the button shear and tape peel tests after hygrothermal ageing in an autoclave, high temperature ageing and thermal cycles. Moisture adsorption and desorption studies at different aging times suggested that the black oxide coating was effective in reducing the moisture adsorption. The bond strengths for all substrates remained almost unchanged after thermal ageing at 150°C for 8 h. Thermal cycling between ?50°C and 150°C for 500 cycles reduced by about 20% the button shear strength of the as-deposited black oxide substrate, but it did change much the bonding performance of the bare Cu substrate. Hygrothermal ageing at 121°C/100% RH in an autoclave was most detrimental to adhesion performance because of the combined effect of elevated temperature and high humidity. The reduction in button shear strength after the initial ageing for 48 h was 50–67%, depending on the type of coating. In all accelerated ageing tests, the residual interfacial bond strengths were consistently much higher for the black-oxide-coated substrates than the bare Cu surface, confirming a higher reliability of black oxide coating. Fracture surfaces analysis of tape-peeled bare copper substrates after 500 cycles of thermal loading revealed a transition in failure mechanism from interfacial to cohesive failure. In contrast, the failure mechanism remained unchanged for black-oxide-coated substrates. The observations made from the button shear and tape peel tests were generally different because of the different fracture modes involved.     

投加不同形态的铁对厌氧消化的影响和作用机理

厌氧消化(AD)因具有有机负荷高、能耗低、污泥产量少、可回收再生能源等优点被广泛用于有机固废、工业废水及复杂物料处理。Fe是厌氧微生物所必需的生长因子,参与多种酶的激活反应,甚至可直接参与种群间的直接电子传递。然而,过量投加Fe会对微生物产生毒害和抑制作用。研究表明,螯合剂[次氮基三乙酸(NTA)、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)等]可与Fe形成螯合物,有助于提高Fe的生物利用度,进而降低Fe的投加量。重点总结Fe在AD中的作用机理,以及投加不同形态的Fe对厌氧产酸产甲烷的影响,同时阐述螯合剂提高Fe的生物利用度的效能。     

Effects of biocide and nutrient availability on microbial contamination of surfaces in cooling-water systems

The results of an evaluation of the effects of different factors on formation, growth and removal of biological films are reported. Experiments have been performed both on laboratory equipment and a test system located on a cooling-water system at an industrial site. The effects of temperature, nutrient availability and surface material of construction are discussed in relation to film formation. Experiments concerning continuous biocide treatment are assessed in relation to biofilm removal. A pure culture of Pseudomonas fluorescens was used to grow biological films in the laboratory under identical hydrodynamic conditions but at different temperatures. Drastic reductions in film thickness were noted at temperatures 5°C above and below the optimum temperature for growth of the organism. The effects of nutrient loading under similar hydrodynamic conditions have been studied in the laboratory. The maximum biofilm thickness was reduced by 55% when no air was present and by 80% when neither air nor nutrient were supplied. Biofilm growth at the industrial site was unexpectedly more pronounced on brass than mild steel. Examination of destruction of existing biofilms in the laboratory showed that at a concentration of 4 parts 10^?-6 free chlorine (sodium hypochlorite) the initial rate of film removal was four-to-six times higher than that at 2.5 parts 10^?-6 free chlorine. A higher velocity of sodium hypochlorite solution over the biofilm resulted in a higher rate of removal. The results are discussed in the light of published data in related tests.     

Effects of thickness and substrate on the mechanical properties of hard coatings

Nanoindentation technique was employed to characterize the mechanical properties of TiN coatings deposited on high-speed steel and stainless steel substrates. Effects of thickness and substrate on-the mechanical properties were investigated. The results show that TiN coatings exhibit different mechanical properties corresponding to the variation in thickness and substrate.