甲基环戊二烯基三羰基锰的合成

甲基环戊二烯基三羰基锰(MMT)是一种有机锰油品抗爆添加剂,被认为是有机铅的最好替代物。国内对其研究较少,本文对MMT的合成工艺进行了详细研究。研究了反应温度、反应时间及原料摩尔比对反应收率的影响。用气相色谱分析了产物含量,用FT-IR表征了产物结构。实验结果表明:反应温度160~170℃,反应时间2小时,甲基环戊二烯钠摩尔数∶二氯化锰摩尔数=1∶0.55为适宜的反应条件。在此条件下,该反应收率接近80%,气相色谱法分析产物中对甲基环戊二烯基三羰基锰含量99%以上。     

对叔丁基邻苯二酚的合成研究

以邻苯二酚、异丁烯为原料,混酸作催化剂催化合成对叔丁基邻苯二酚的新工艺,探讨了工艺条件对反应结果的影响,确定了优惠条件:反应温度125℃,反应时间2h,物料比n(邻苯二酚)∶n(异丁烯)=1∶0.65,催化剂用量为邻苯二酚的0.1%(m/m),对叔丁基邻苯二酚收率可达93%以上。     

采用抽油烟机废油合成增塑剂的实验研究

以抽油烟机废油脂和正丁醇为原料,甲醇钠为催化剂,通过酯交换反应制取非芳基绿色增塑剂——脂肪酸丁酯。研究了醇酸摩尔配比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度对酯交换反应产物收率的影响。结果表明,该反应的最佳工艺条件为:醇油摩尔比为4∶1,催化剂用量为0.5%,反应时间为4 h,反应温度110℃。在最佳工艺条件下,酯交换反应产物丁酯增塑剂收率达到了83.05%以上。利用气相色谱对产物含量进行了分析,用红外光谱表征了产物的结构。     

2,6-二氯苯甲腈合成工艺研究

以2,6-二氯甲苯为原料,采用五氧化二钒为催化剂,通过氨气、氧气反应制备2,6-二氯苯甲腈。考察投料比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对收率的影响;结果表明,最佳反应条件为2,6-二氯甲苯:氨气:氧气的摩尔比为1︰1.1︰2.5,反应温度300℃,反应时间15 s,最终原料转化率91%,产品收率89%。     

3,4-亚甲二氧基苯乙醇酸的合成研究

以邻苯二酚为原料制备胡椒环,然后再从胡椒环合成3,4-亚甲二氧基苯乙醇酸,研究了第二步的反应温度、反应时间以及物料摩尔比对收率的影响,该步反应收率为88%.     

甲基丙烯酸丁酯的酯交换合成

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯和正丁醇为反应原料,通过酯交换反应合成甲基丙烯酸丁酯。分别考察了催化剂种类及用量、酯醇摩尔配比、反应时间、反应温度等对反应转化率的影响,结果表明:以催化剂为对甲苯磺酸,且催化剂用量为4%,甲基丙烯酸甲酯和正丁醇摩尔配比为2︰1,在反应温度为98℃,反应时间为8 h条件下,甲基丙烯酸甲酯转化率高于95%,产品收率为98%以上。     

过氧化新癸酸叔丁酯的合成研究

以叔丁醇和新癸酰氯为原料,合成了过氧化新癸酸叔丁酯引发剂。第一步是以叔丁醇、浓硫酸和双氧水为原料合成叔丁基过氧化氢,考察了叔丁基过氧化氢的合成反应条件。结果表明,在硫酸浓度80%,硫酸与叔丁醇摩尔比1.2∶1,双氧水与叔丁醇摩尔比1.3∶1,反应温度5¹0℃,酯化时间和氧化时间1.5 h和2.0 h条件下,叔丁基过氧化氢的收率可达64.9%。第二步是以新癸酰氯和叔丁基过氧化氢、氢氧化钠为原料,合成过氧化新癸酸叔丁酯引发剂。考察了其合成条件,结果表明,在反应时间1.5 h,新癸酰氯与叔丁基过氧化氢摩尔比为1∶1.2,反应温度20℃条件下,过氧化新癸酸叔丁酯的收率为74.3%。     

过氧化新癸酸叔丁酯的合成研究

以叔丁醇和新癸酰氯为原料,合成了过氧化新癸酸叔丁酯引发剂。第一步是以叔丁醇、浓硫酸和双氧水为原料合成叔丁基过氧化氢,考察了叔丁基过氧化氢的合成反应条件。结果表明,在硫酸浓度80%,硫酸与叔丁醇摩尔比1.2∶1,双氧水与叔丁醇摩尔比1.3∶1,反应温度5~10℃,酯化时间和氧化时间1.5 h和2.0 h条件下,叔丁基过氧化氢的收率可达64.9%。第二步是以新癸酰氯和叔丁基过氧化氢、氢氧化钠为原料,合成过氧化新癸酸叔丁酯引发剂。考察了其合成条件,结果表明,在反应时间1.5 h,新癸酰氯与叔丁基过氧化氢摩尔比为1∶1.2,反应温度20℃条件下,过氧化新癸酸叔丁酯的收率为74.3%。     

固体酸催化制备环氧脂肪酸甲酯

氨基磺酸催化下,环氧脂肪酸甘油酯与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备环氧脂肪酸甲酯。考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对反应收率的影响。结果表明,醇油摩尔比为8∶1,催化剂用量为原料油总质量的2.5%,反应温度70℃,反应时间为2.0h,反应收率高达85.6%。采用气相色谱分析了产物的纯度,红外光谱表征了产物分子的官能团结构。     

阳离子树脂催化合成萜烯——邻苯二酚的研究

本文以强酸型阳离子交换树脂为催化剂 ,松节油和邻苯二酚为原料 ,合成了萜烯—邻苯二酚 ,对产物进行了红外、紫外光谱分析以及分子量测定 ,探讨邻苯二酚与萜烯的反应机理 ,并考察了反应条件对实验结果的影响。结果表明 ,在强酸型阳离子交换树脂催化下 ,邻苯二酚与萜烯发生烷基化反应生成萜烯—邻苯二酚 ,催化剂易于与产物分离 ,可重复使用 ;本实验中的较佳反应条件为 :松节油 邻苯二酚的摩尔比为 3∶1 ,催化剂用量为原料的 1 0 % ,温度为 1 2 0℃ ,反应时间为1 6h。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。