重庆市发展燃料乙醇的现状及对策

分析了国内生物质燃料乙醇发展现状,以及工业合成燃料乙醇的现状,并对比了两种工艺的生产成本,得出国内生物乙醇的生产规模和成本不足以支撑未来燃料乙醇汽油全国范围推广使用的结论,建议国内根据实际情况,同步推进生物乙醇和非生物乙醇。本文重点阐述了重庆发展燃料乙醇的历史和现状,对产业发展面临的问题进行了分析。作为成品油净调入省份,重庆应抓住国家大力推广燃料乙醇的机遇,根据自身特点发展燃料乙醇产业集群。本文从产业定位、集群构建、政策支撑等角度给予了重庆发展燃料乙醇的建议。     

燃料乙醇发展现状及发展潜力

燃料乙醇具有安全、环保和可再生等优点。美国和巴西等国原料充足,出台多项扶持政策,在燃料乙醇发展方面走在世界前列。我国燃料乙醇在政府引导下稳步发展。我国非粮燃料乙醇仍有一定的发展潜力,但应结合原料供应情况,适度谨慎发展;加强宏观调控和政府监管,确保有计划稳步实施;加强纤维素制乙醇技术攻关,解决原料瓶颈。     

我国液体生物燃料的经济性研究

生物燃料来源于可再生资源,是一种很有发展潜力的清洁能源。目前,我国液体生物燃料主要有燃料乙醇、生物柴油、生物航煤等。由于原料成本在生物燃料成本构成中所占比重较大,降低原料收集采购成本、鼓励技术创新、降低原料消耗、出台相关优惠政策、提高液体生物燃料的经济性可促进我国液体生物燃料的可持续发展。本文分析了我国液体生物燃料的原料来源及价格、液体生物燃料的成本及经济性,提出发展液体生物燃料应结合我国原料资源特点,燃料乙醇发展需因地制宜,促进粮食燃料乙醇向非粮燃料乙醇的转型;出台对纤维素燃料乙醇的财税补贴政策;加大生物柴油和生物航煤产业链的财税扶持力度等相关建议。     

生物燃料乙醇生产应用将获推广

正我国将根据《关于扩大生物燃料乙醇生产和推广使用车用乙醇汽油的实施方案》等政策文件,在年内继续推进生物燃料乙醇的生产和推广,进一步提高生物燃料乙醇的使用和应用。业内普遍认为,此举将有效解决我国诸多现存农业问题,同时还将为生物燃料乙醇产业酝酿更大的市场空间。     

世界生物燃料乙醇发展现状及预测

介绍了世界上主要国家燃料乙醇产业的发展现状,重点介绍了美国燃料乙醇的生产、应用、相关环保法规、补贴政策等.根据各国的生物质能产业规划情况进行了趋势分析,分析认为先进生物燃料将成为下一步各国生物质能产业发展的重点.并对2030年前全球燃料乙醇产能需求做出预测.     

燃料乙醇的生产与利用

燃料乙醇作为一种新兴能源,已经列入我国“十五”发展规划项目。笔者介绍了我国燃料乙醇的发展规划、项目建设及相关政策;介绍了美国、巴西等国及我国燃料乙醇的生产和使用情况;介绍了我国生产燃料乙醇和使用乙醇汽油对于节省石油资源、改善环境和增加农民收入的意义。     

衔接生物燃料产销的有效机制——RINs码

在概述国内外燃料乙醇的发展历程、总结经验的基础上指出,实施可再生燃料识别码（RINs）对美国燃料乙醇的广泛推广、实现燃料的部分替代、温室气体排放的降低和农村经济的发展起到了关键作用。文章介绍了RINs码的构成、实施历程与现状,逐一介绍其关键环节及实施效果。作为美国可再生燃料标准（RFS）管理机制中的核心内容,RINs码贯穿了可再生燃料从生产至销售全产业链的各个环节。作为宏观调控和经济激励的手段,RINs码可独立形成自由市场,从而引导可再生燃料的发展方向,促进其在燃料市场中份额增长,为可再生燃料产业的发展创造了强大动力。文章试图从政策和市场两方面对RINs码制度进行剖析,进而简要总结其可借鉴之处,并提出了促进我国生物燃料乙醇产业发展的建议：研究制定有利于燃料乙醇全产业链融合发展的配套政策;引导燃料乙醇价格逐步市场化,利用政策杠杆调节供需关系、刺激消费;建立公开透明的监管系统,确保政策落实。     

车用替代燃料应用展望

发展可再生燃料在世界许多地区已引起高度兴趣,美国和巴西进展很快,美国实施乙醇减税措施,推动含醇汽油发展,乙醇市场已提高到约430万吨/年,占汽油需求量约1.2％。未来的乙醇政策将继续推进乙醇的应用,预计不久,乙醇应用将增加到现在用量的3倍。巴西1931年开始实施     

云南省燃料乙醇产业发展现状与对策

以云南省燃料乙醇产业发展形势、资源潜力、区位优势为背景,阐述了云南省燃料乙醇产业发展的现状。提出从政策保障角度,云南省燃料乙醇产业发展可从积极争取国家燃料乙醇试点省份,成立专门的燃料乙醇协调部门、建立专项补贴资金体系,形成一定规模的燃料乙醇试点、优先拉通产业链、为燃料乙醇推广形成示范效应等对策方面加以完善;从原料保障角度,可从保障甘蔗原料供应、扩大薯类原料种植面积、积极促进土地流转、建立集约化种植管理模式、开发境外种植基地等方面加以提升。最后提出云南省燃料乙醇产业发展措施,整合省内中小型乙醇生产企业以形成规模效应,综合发展以形成产业链并降低燃料乙醇生产成本。     

燃料乙醇领域的专利状况分析

燃料乙醇作为一种新的可再生能源,能够降低对不可再生能源——石油的依赖。在我国,多个部门均发布了燃料乙醇相关的产业政策,为燃料乙醇领域的技术发展铺平了道路。本文梳理了燃料乙醇领域的各国国家政策、技术发展现状及专利状况分析,详细分析了燃料乙醇领域中生产原料的专利状况。为燃料乙醇领域的技术企业提供专利数据支持,并对燃料乙醇领域的技术发展提供建议和展望。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。