18-8奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头晶间腐蚀的评定及控制

介绍了18-8奥氏体不锈钢焊接件焊接接头抗晶间腐蚀能力的检验和评定方法,对焊接接头晶间腐蚀的原因进行了分析,阐述了在焊接过程中的主要方面实施的有效控制方法,以提高不锈钢焊件抗晶间腐蚀的能力.     

奥氏体不锈钢热轧板焊接接头的腐蚀行为

用低碳不锈钢(ER308L)对304不锈钢进行手工钨极氩弧焊接(TIG),并将其分别置于硫酸、盐酸、6%FeCl3和混合酸溶液中进行电化学腐蚀试验,测试了焊接接头在不同介质中的电化学腐蚀行为、电化学特征值以及晶间腐蚀倾向.结果表明:随H2SO4浓度的升高,焊缝金属抗电化学腐蚀能力先减小后增大,在H2SO4浓度约60%时最差;随HCl浓度升高,焊缝金属抗电化学腐蚀能力逐渐下降,钝化区间短暂,活化区较长;在混合酸中焊缝金属钝化区间较宽,但没有明显的钝化平台;在6%FeCl3溶液中阳极极化曲线出现明显的点蚀特征;焊缝金属的抗电化学腐蚀性能好于母材,其在盐酸和硫酸中的电化学腐蚀性能与浸泡腐蚀结果一致;焊接接头没有产生晶间腐蚀.     

奥氏体钢晶间腐蚀机理电子理论研究

采用递归法计算了奥氏体钢的杂质掺入能、格位能、亲和能等电子结构参数,建立电子参数与奥氏体钢晶间腐蚀关系,探索晶间腐蚀机理。研究表明：奥氏体钢中S和P由晶内向晶界扩散,恶化晶界稳定性,且使电子从晶界流向晶内,造成晶界与晶内产生电位差,形成微电偶结构,发生晶间腐蚀。C和Cr具有较强亲和力,能在奥氏体钢晶界形成（Cr,Fe）23C6相。Ni提高C的格位能,降低C在奥氏体中的固溶度,促进（Cr,Fe）23C6的形成与长大,增加奥氏体钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性。Nb和Ti降低C的格位能,抑制（Cr,Fe）23C6的形成,提高奥氏体钢的抗晶间腐蚀能力。     

304奥氏体不锈钢管焊接接头开裂原因

304奥氏体不锈钢管使用过程中在焊接接头附近发生开裂现象,通过宏观和微观观察、化学成分分析、能谱分析和金相检验等方法对不锈钢管焊接接头的开裂原因进行了分析.结果表明:不锈钢管焊接接头的开裂形式为晶间腐蚀导致的沿晶开裂,主要原因是一侧不锈钢管的成分不符合标准,碳含量偏高、铬含量偏低,在焊接加热的过程中发生了焊接敏化现象,...     

奥氏体-铁素体双相不锈钢晶间腐蚀试验方法

奥氏体-铁素体双相不锈钢在300～1000℃范围内会在晶界、相界及其周边区域析出σ相、χ相、R相、碳化物及氮化物等第二相,并导致晶界或析出相周边形成贫铬区,在特定环境下具有一定的晶间腐蚀敏感性,需在试验室进行准确测定.概述了奥氏体-铁素体双相不锈钢的试验室晶间腐蚀试验方法,包括化学浸泡法和电化学方法,并提出了试验中需要...     

16Cr奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀的敏感性

为了研究1Cr17Mn6Ni5N奥氏体不锈钢(16Cr奥氏体不锈钢)的晶间腐蚀行为,通过光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和晶间腐蚀试验研究了其在不同敏化温度和冷却方式下,晶间碳化物的析出和耐晶间腐蚀性能的变化。结果表明:16Cr奥氏体不锈钢在敏化温度区间内加热时,晶界碳化物随加热温度的上升而增加,加热温度为850℃左右时晶界析出碳化物最多,主要为Cr_(23)C_6和Cr_7C_3;在敏化温度区间内相同加热温度时,水冷可显著减少其晶界碳化物的析出;16Cr奥氏体不锈钢对晶间腐蚀不敏感。     

紫铜和奥氏体焊不锈钢焊接一次合格率的实践经验

通过对紫铜与奥氏体不锈钢的焊接性能分析和试验,确定了合理的TIG焊接工艺,获得了优质的焊接接头,解决了紫铜（T2）与奥氏体不锈钢（0Crl8Ni9）焊接的技术难题。     

304奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的非线性超声表征

利用非线性超声检测技术并辅助于XRD与微观组织分析,探讨了在650℃经过2,6,10h敏化处理的304奥氏体不锈钢样品非线性超声特征参数的变化规律。结果表明:随着敏化时间的延长,归一化非线性系数单调增大;相比于固溶试样,经2,6,10h敏化处理后样品的归一化非线性系数分别增加28%,32%,43%,意味着以非线性系数表征304不锈钢的敏化度是可行的。分析认为:晶界析出碳化物(Cr23C6)与奥氏体基体产生的错配引发了局部应变场,干扰了超声波的传播;此外,随敏化时间延长,析出相的增加进一步加剧了超声波的畸变。     

S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢焊接工艺

本文结合工程实例及工程难点,从化学成分与力学性能、焊接性能、焊材及工艺的选用、焊前准备及焊接参数等方面详细介绍了S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢焊接技术,经焊接性能检测,满足设计要求,为同类材质焊接提供参考.     

Effects of orientation,stress and exposure time on short intergranular stress corrosion crack behaviour in sensitised type 304 austenitic stainless steel

Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in austenitic stainless steels occurs at susceptible grain boundaries after sensitisation. In this study, the effects of test duration, static stress (applied and residual) and microstructure orientation on the developed populations of short crack nuclei are reported for a sensitised type 304 austenitic stainless steel in an acidified potassium tetrathionate (K₂S₄O₆) solution. The crack populations were analysed using the Gumbel distribution method, showing an increase in the characteristic crack lengths with increasing time and grain size. There is a weak, but measurable effect of stress on crack length. Tensile stress increases crack growth and compressive residual stresses introduced by surface machining are shown to be beneficial. A significant dependence on sample orientation is observed and this cannot be explained in terms of the bulk microstructure properties or characteristics, which showed no significant variations.     

奥氏体铸体和18—8不锈钢在烧碱中的腐蚀行为

用失重法和电化学方法研究了奥氏体铸铁的１８－８不锈钢在高温烧碱中的腐蚀行为。用扫描电镜观察了两种材料泵件表面的腐蚀形貌,分析了奥氏体铸铁耐碱腐蚀性能优于１８－８不锈钢的原因。     

Laser power coupling efficiency in conduction and keyhole welding of austenitic stainless steel

Laser welding of thin sheets of AISI 304 stainless steel was carried out with high power CW CO₂ laser. The laser power utilized in the welding process was estimated using the experimental results and the dimensionless parameter model for laser welding; and also the energy balance equation model. Variation of laser welding efficiency with welding speed and mode of welding was studied. Welding efficiency was high for high-speed conduction welding of thin sheets and also in keyhole welding process at high laser powers. Effect of pre-oxidization of the surface and powder as filler material on laser power coupling is also reported. The paper also discusses effect of microstructure on the cracking susceptibility of laser welds.     

On the stress corrosion cracking mechanisms of austenitic stainless steels

In this paper, experimental results on stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steels are described. Crack growth data in sodium chloride solution for AISI 304 steel obtained for different metallurgical conditions, acoustic emission data recorded during crack growth and fractographic observations have been discussed with a view to identifying the operating mechanism. Some of the experimental observations such as crack propagation occurring in discontinuous jumps of the order of a few microns, lowering of the threshold stress intensity andJ-integral values on sensitization and cold working, typical transgranular fractographic features, transition in mode of fracture from transgranular to intergranular in sensitized conditions and activation energies of the order of 50 to 65 kJ/mol can all be accounted by hydrogen embrittlement mechanism. Hydrogen generated at the crack tip by corrosion reaction diffuses ahead of the crack tip under hydrostatic stress and influences the deformation process at the crack tip and also leads to the brittle component of the crack advance in jumps.     

Influence of glyoxal on localized corrosion of austenitic stainless steel in spring water

This paper presents the research regarding the influence of glyoxal on electrochemical and corrosion behaviour of austenitic stainless steel in water. For this purpose, model solutions containing glyoxal in water in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1 % were prepared. Spring water was used as control electrolyte. From the potentiostatic polarisation data (using the standard three‐electrode system), the corrosion current (i_corr), corrosion potential (E_corr) and polarisation resistance (R_p) were calculated. The research included also the conductivity, total dissolved soils, salinity, resistivity and pH, absolute potential, and relative potential of model solutions. The presence of glyoxal at the highest concentration of 1 % in the water solution has accelerating effect on corrosion.     

Effect of cold deformation on corrosion fatigue behavior of nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel for coronary stent application

Due to the excellent mechanical properties, good corrosion resistance, high biocompatibility and nickel-free character, the high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel (HNASS) becomes an ideally alternative material for coronary stents. Stent implantation works in harsh blood environment after a balloon dilatation, i.e., the material is used in a corrosive environment with a permanent deformation. The present study attempts to investigate effects of pre-straining on high-cycle fatigue behavior and corrosion fatigue behavior of HNASS in Hank’s solution and the relevant mechanism for coronary stents application. It is found that higher pre-straining on HNASS results in higher strength and maintains almost same corrosion resistance. Fatigue limit of 0% HNASS is 550 MPa, while corrosion fatigue limit is 475 MPa. And improvement in fatigue limit of 20% and 35% pre-strained HNASS is in comparison with the 0% HNASS, while corrosion would undermine the fatigue behavior of HNASS. In a suitable range, the pre-straining had a beneficial effect on corrosion fatigue strength of HNASS, such as nearly 300 MPa improved with 20% cold deformation. This result provides a good reference for predicting the life of HNASS stent and as well its design.     

新型耐空蚀Cr-Co-Ni-Mn奥氏体不锈钢研究

制备了一种Cr-Co-Ni-Mn含钴奥氏体不锈钢。与304不锈钢比较,研究了其抗空蚀性能,用TEM观察了空蚀试样的组织结构,并测定了该钢种的强度,利用时效处理研究其组织稳定性。结果表明Cr-Co-Ni-Mn含钴奥氏体不锈钢屈服强度、抗拉强度比常用的304不锈钢高,奥氏体组织稳定,空蚀孕育期长,耐空蚀效果好。TEM观察到试样空蚀作用层有ε马氏体组织,这些形变组织有利于吸收应变能,提高材料耐空蚀能力。综合该钢的性能,在耐空蚀领域有潜在的应用前景。     

Fatigue crack growth of a metastable austenitic stainless steel

The fatigue crack growth behavior of an austenitic metastable stainless steel AISI 301LN in the Paris region is investigated in this work. The fatigue crack growth rate curves are evaluated in terms of different parameters such as the range of stress intensity factor ΔK, the effective stress intensity factor ΔK_eff, and the two driving force parameter proposed by Kujawski K¹.The finite element method is used to calculate the stress intensity factor of the specimens used in this investigation. The new stress intensity factor solution has been proved to be an alternative to explain contradictory results found in the literature.Fatigue crack propagation tests have been carried out on thin sheets with two different microstructural conditions and different load ratios. The influence of microstructural and mechanical variables has been analyzed using different mechanisms proposed in the literature. The influence of the compressive residual stress induced by the martensitic transformation is determined by using a model based on the proposal of McMeeking et al. The analyses demonstrate the necessity of including K_max as a true driving force for the fatigue crack growth. A combined parameter is proposed to explain the effects of different variables on the fatigue crack growth rate curves. It is found that along with residual stresses, the microcracks and microvoids are other factor affecting the fatigue crack growth rate in the steel studied.     

Nickel-free austenitic stainless steels for medical applications

Abstract

The adverse effects of nickel ions being released into the human body have prompted the development of high-nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steels for medical applications. Nitrogen not only replaces nickel for austenitic structure stability but also much improves steel properties. Here we review the harmful effects associated with nickel in medical stainless steels, the advantages of nitrogen in stainless steels, and emphatically, the development of high-nitrogen nickel-free stainless steels for medical applications. By combining the benefits of stable austenitic structure, high strength and good plasticity, better corrosion and wear resistances, and superior biocompatibility compared to the currently used 316L stainless steel, the newly developed high-nitrogen nickel-free stainless steel is a reliable substitute for the conventional medical stainless steels.     

Embrittlement of austenitic stainless steel welds

To prevent hot-cracking, austenitic stainless steel welds generally contain a small percent of delta ferrite. Although ferrite has been found to effectively prevent hot-cracking, it can lead to embrittlement of welds when exposed to elevated temperatures. The aging behavior of type-308 stainless steel weld has been examined over a range of temperatures 400–850C for times up to 10,000 hr. Upon aging, and depending on the temperature range, the unstable ferrite may undergo a variety of solid state transformations. These phase changes affect creep-rupture and Charpy impact properties.