改性γ-Al_2O_3纳米颗粒的制备

在由机械研磨2 h的Al粉经超声波作用下发生水解反应、干燥、焙烧后制备Al2O3的过程中,用蔗糖、研磨13 h的Zn粉和Ag+分别作为辅助剂制得具有高比表面积的γ-Al2O3,并考察改性后对γ-Al2O3织构的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和比表面测定(BET)等技术对介孔纳米γ-Al2O3样品进行表征。结果表明,γ-Al2O3不但具有高的比表面积,而且孔径分布较为集中。通过改变蔗糖的用量、Zn粉纳米颗粒和Ag+,在一定程度上对γ-Al2O3的比表面积和孔结构等进行调控。     

二次纳米自组装法制备Ni-Mo/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂

依据框架式大孔容介孔固体材料的形成机理,采用二次纳米自组装法制备出高比表面积和大孔容的纳米TiO2-Al2O3载体.应用低温氮吸附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)技术研究了TiO2助剂对TiO2-Al2O3载体的介孔结构和纳米粒子团聚效应的影响,以及浸渍方法对Ni-Mo/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂的孔结构和金属组分分散性的影响.结果表明,适量TiO2对纳米TiO2-Al2O3载体有较好的扩孔和抗聚集效应;二次纳米自组装TiO2-Al2O3(TiO2,20%)粉体具有较大的比表面积和比孔容以及低纳米尺度.分步浸渍法制备的催化剂上Ni-Mo活性组分具有良好的分散性,其分布较宽的介孔系统适合渣油的加氢精制过程.     

介孔氧化铝制备及对正丁烷吸附性能的研究

以糖类为模板剂,有机铝为铝源,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了介孔氧化铝,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积分析(BET)、透射电镜(TEM)等分析手段考察了制备条件对样品结构的影响,并研究了样品对正丁烷的吸脱附性能。结果表明:产物为具有介孔结构的γ-Al2O3,比表面积为195.9～280.1m2/g,孔径分布范围为3～15nm,孔容为0.38～0.49cm3/g。吸脱附性能测试结果表明:ASu-n由于孔径分布宽、孔径较大,表现出较好的吸附行为。其中,样品ASu-2对正丁烷的吸附率达到4.27%。     

微波水热合成γ-AlOOH和γ-Al2O3纳米片

以九水合硝酸铝和尿素为原料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为表面活性剂,在180℃微波水热条件下反应30min,制备了γ-AlOOH片状结构产物。此前驱物经600℃热分解2h,得到γ-Al2O3纳米片。采用SEM、TEM、SAED和XRD等方法对样品进行表征,并测试了γ-Al2O3纳米片对刚果红染料的吸附性能。实验结果表明,采用微波水热法可以得到长度约为1μm,厚度为30nm的γ-AlOOH纳米片,该产物经煅烧处理后可以得到微观形貌保持不变的γ-Al2O3纳米片,且片状结构表面存在介孔结构。γ-Al2O3纳米片状结构表现出对废水中刚果红污染物的强吸附性能。     

介孔氧化铝的可控制备及优异除氟性能

以偏铝酸钠(NaAlO_2)和氯化铝(AlCl_3·6H_2O)为铝源,葡萄糖(C_6H_(12)O_6·H_2O)为模板剂,采用水热及高温焙烧技术制备了不同晶型的氧化铝。用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N2吸附脱附(BET)对制备产物的晶型、形貌及孔结构进行了表征。研究了不同晶型氧化铝对F-的吸附性能,结果表明550℃条件下的煅烧产物γ-Al_2O_3对F-的吸附效果最佳。吸附等温线结果表明介孔γ-Al_2O_3吸附F-为单层吸附,其Langmuir最大吸附容量为5.96mg/g。吸附动力学试验表明,介孔γ-Al_2O_3在5min内已吸附超过90%的F-,且吸附过程与准二级动力学模型相吻合。介孔γ-Al_2O_3吸附F-的机理涉及OH-与F-的离子交换。     

多孔γ-Al2O3金属基整体式催化剂载体的制备与表征

为制备性能优异的非涂覆整体式催化剂载体,通过电化学抛光、阳极氧化法、水合热反应和焙烧制备了工业纯铝基γ-Al2O3整体式催化剂载体,利用掠入射XRD、EDS、BET对多孔γ-Al2O3薄膜进行了晶型、比表面积的评价,并利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜对抛光表面和多孔γ-Al2O3形貌进行了分析和膜厚测量。以高氯酸和无水乙醇的混合溶液作为电解液,电化学抛光了工业纯铝表面。在此基础上进行一次阳极氧化和水合焙烧,工艺条件为电压25 V、电解液为0.3 mol/L硫酸、反应温度15℃、反应时间4.0 h、阴阳极间距4 cm、搅拌速率中速,水合温度95℃、水合时间1.5 h,焙烧温度550℃、焙烧时间4 h。所制备的多孔γ-Al2O3整体式催化剂载体的比表面积高达214.86 m2/g,孔径分布均匀。通过正交试验确定了最佳电压、电解液浓度、反应时间和温度,有效避免了金属基“烧穿”现象,所制备的多孔γ-Al2O3薄膜比表面积高,并克服了传统整体式催化剂载体涂层和活性组分易从载体上脱落的缺点。     

Ce改性介孔γ-Al2O3的一步水热合成及其对噻吩的吸附性能

采用一步水热合成法,以硝酸铝为铝源,P123为模板剂,NaOH、Na2CO3和K2CO3分别为沉淀剂,硝酸铈为铈源,制备出负载Ce的金属有序介孔γ-Al2O3,并采用低温N2吸附-脱附和XRD等方法对其结构进行表征,同时验证了Ce改性的介孔γ-Al2 O3对模型燃油中的噻吩的吸附性能.结果表明:这3种沉淀剂都能制备出比...     

室温离子液体辅助制备中孔γ-Al2O3

液相反应条件下,以薄姆石溶胶为铝源,室温离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM][BF4])存在下制备了晶态结构中孔γ-Al2O3.采用N2物理吸附,X射线衍射,透射电子显微镜,27Al魔角固体核磁共振对所制备的样品进行了结构表征.结果表明:通过调节[BMIM][BF4]的用量,得到了孔道结构呈脚手架状、比表面积较大、平均孔径在12nm左右、孔容在1.0cm3/g以上,孔径分布较宽的介孔氧化铝;[BMIM][BF4]加入能够明显改善氧化铝的孔道结构.     

高比表面积γ-Al2O3的制备研究进展

综述了近年来国内外高比表面积介孔γ-Al2O3的制备研究进展,介绍了模板法、超临界法、一步湿化学法、爆轰法等制备方法,分析了其制备过程中的影响因素及产品的性能;比较了各种高比表面积介孔γ-Al2O3合成方法,探讨了合成高性能产品的途径,同时展望了今后的研究方向.     

介孔纳米羟基磷灰石对刚果红染料吸附性能的研究

以氯化钙、磷酸氢二铵、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为原料，采用水热合成工艺制备了介孔纳米羟基磷灰石，并用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和比表面积分析仪对其进行物相、形貌和结构进行表征，然后着重研究了介孔纳米羟基磷灰石在各种不同条件下对刚果红染料的吸附性能。结果表明：介孔纳米羟基磷灰石的微观形貌为针棒状，比表面积为29.7376m²/g,平均孔径为41.558nm,孔体积为0.325196cm³/g。介孔纳米羟基磷灰石材料对刚果红染料具有较好的吸附性能，当溶液pH为7时，介孔纳米羟基磷灰石对刚果红吸附效果最好，最大吸附量可达183.77mg/g。通过模型拟合可知介孔纳米羟基磷灰石对刚果红的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和朗格缪尔等温吸附模型，属于自发的吸热过程。因此，介孔纳米羟基磷灰石可以作为绿色生物吸附剂用于染料的吸附。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...