The mechanical energy equation for total flow in open channels

The mechanical energy equation is a fundamental equation of a 1-D mathematical model in Hydraulics and Engineering Fluid Mechanics. This equation for the total flow used to be deduced by extending the Bernoulli＇s equation for the ideal fluid in the streamline to a stream tube, and then revised by considering the viscous effect and integrated on the cross section. This derivation is not rigorous and the effect of turbulence is not considered. In this paper, the energy equation for the total flow is derived by using the Navier-Stokes equations in Fluid Mechanics, the results are as follows：（1） A new energy equation for steady channel flows of incompressible homogeneous liquid is obtained, which includes the variation of the turbulent kinetic energy along the channel, the formula for the mechanical energy loss of the total flow can be determined directly in the deduction process.（2） The theoretical solution of the velocity field for laminar flows in a rectangular open channel is obtained and the mechanical energy loss in the energy equation is calculated. The variations of the coefficient of the mechanical energy loss against the Reynolds number and the width-depth ratio are obtained.（3） The turbulent flow in a rectangular open channel is simulated using 3-D Reynolds averaged equations closed by the Reynolds stress model（RSM）, and the variations of the coefficient of the mechanical energy loss against the Reynolds number and the width-depth ratio are discussed.     

Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of mechanical energy loss and wall resistance of steady open channel flow

The mechanical energy loss and the wall resistance are very important in practical engineering. These problems are investigated through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation in this paper. The results are as follows.(1) A new mechanical energy equation for the total flow is obtained, and a general formula for the calculation of the mechanical energy loss is proposed.(2) The general relationship between the wall resistance and the mechanical energy loss for the steady channel flow is obtained, the simplified form of which for the steady uniform channel flow is in consistent with the formula used in Hydraulics deduced by ? theorem and dimensional analysis.(3) The steady channel flow over a backward facing step with a small expansion ratio is numerically simulated, and the mechanical energy loss, the wall resistance as well as the relationship between the wall resistance and the mechanical energy loss are calculated and analyzed.     

明渠恒定均匀流机械能损失构成分析

明渠水流机械能损失的确定是水力学乃至工程流体力学中的重要内容。从明渠均质不可压缩液体恒定总流出发,以流体力学中黏性流体运动数学模型为基础,本质上揭示了机械能损失的构成和相互转化关系。成果表明矩形明渠均匀流紊流的机械能损失由时均流速梯度引起的损失与紊动能耗散引起的损失组成,当雷诺数较小时,时均流速梯度引起的损失是机械能损失的主要来源,而雷诺数较大时,紊动能耗散引起的损失是机械能损失的主要来源。在宽浅明渠中,雷诺数约为9.5×10³时,均流速梯度引起的损失和紊动能耗散引起的损失相等。     

管流与明渠层流的总流机械能方程及机械能损失计算

管流与明渠流同属流体力学中的内流,其总流机械能方程在水力学中称为总流能量方程。现有水力学中的总流能量方程是以理想不可压缩液体的伯努利方程为基础得到的,无法得到总流机械能损失的表达式。该文作者曾直接从黏性不可压缩流体运动的控制方程出发分别得到了管流及明渠流的总流机械能方程,解决了以上问题。考虑到层流条件下明渠流自由表面的变形特点,该文在前述工作基础上,将管流及明渠流在层流条件下的总流机械能方程进行了统一,同时还分别计算了管流(圆管、不同长短半轴比的椭圆管、不同宽高比的矩形管和不同内外径比圆环管)及明渠流(不同宽深比的矩形明渠)在层流条件下的总流机械能损失系数。结果表明:在同一雷诺数条件下,圆管层流的总流机械能损失系数比椭圆管层流、矩形管层流、圆环管层流及较大宽深比的矩形明渠层流的机械能损失系数要小。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND NUMERICAL CALCULATION ON TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER OF WATER FLOW ALONG CURVED SURFACE

This paper will introduce experimental studies and numerical calculation onturbulent boundary layer of water flow along curved surface in our country in recent years.Onthe basis of the experimental studies,the effects of curvature and roughness on velocitydistribution and pressure distribution and the change of turbulent flow boundary layer onoverflow bucket concave surface is discussed.We proposed the empirical formula of velocity,pressure and the change of turbulent flow boundary layer on outlet bucket concave.According tothe momentum principle,we have deduced the momentum integral equation full water depthboundary layer and using the element as control unit inside the boundary layer on concavesurface of bucket.Combining with continuity equation,we have computed the boundary layerdevelopment on the bucket of a spillway.Compared with the field experimental data,thecalculation results are available.Under polar coordinates,a mathematical model for simulatingtime-averaged flow characteristics in concave surface of bucket is established.The turbulent flowfield on concave surface of bucket is calculated by SIMPLE method and this mathematicalmodel.The flow velocity field,pressure field,distribution of turbulent kinetic energy,distribution of turbulent energy dissipating rate and distribution of shear stress are available.Thecalculation value is consistent with measured test data.     

基于Fluent的直管式旋桨反应器三维流场的数值模拟

运用计算流体力学（CFD）软件对新型直管式旋桨反应器进行流场模拟。用Gambit建立三维实体模型,采用多重参考系法（MRF）和标准κ-ε双方程模型对反应器内液相流场进行模拟,运用Tecplot对计算结果进行后处理。结果表明：计算所选模型能较准确地模拟反应器内的流场分布,反应器内最大流速和湍动能分布在桨叶端部附近,流体的整体流动趋势以环流为主,有利于不同区域内物料的均匀混合;相比于单一桨叶反应器,该多组合桨叶反应器能提供更大范围的紊动流场。在模拟物为水体的情况下,本反应器对应的最佳转速是40 r/min,并提出反应器在水环境中的应用方法。     

鱼道进口补水消能数值模拟研究

鱼道设计中常采用进口段开挖设置补水消能池的方式提高鱼道进口流速,强化其诱鱼、集鱼、进鱼能力。而补水水体与消能池水体掺混,会对鱼道内水体产生明显扰动,导致鱼道内(消能池部位)流态紊乱。为了能够完整捕捉尺度小、变化复杂的紊动流场结构,获得适合鱼类洄游的紊动能分布,采用三维数学模型对某电站鱼道进口补水消能复杂三维流场进行模拟研究,求解紊动能参数,优化了盖板补水消能方案。研究结果表明：在消能池顶部设置盖板,补水水流自盖板间的缝隙进入鱼道,可强制将大尺度紊流涡团变成小尺度涡团,涡团尺度变小后,黏性切应力易于将紊动能转化成内能而耗散掉,使鱼道内紊动能降低;另外,通过调整盖板缝宽,使补水出流相对均匀,也可降低紊动能;缝宽首尾窄、中间宽的布置型式使各缝隙垂向流速分布较为均匀,有利于鱼类洄游。研究成果可为此类工程过鱼设施进口段设计提供科学理论依据,以获得稳定、均匀的补水水流,提高鱼道进鱼能力。     

管壁均匀密集加糙圆管流的新总流机械能方程及流动数值模拟

能量(机械能)方程是水力学的理论基础;能量损失(机械能损失)的计算既是水力学乃至工程流体力学的主要研究内容之一,也是工程实际中颇为关注的问题。以往水力学中的能量方程系以重力场中理想不可压缩流体的伯努利方程为基础而得到,其既不能直接反映紊动对流动的作用,能量损失也无明确的表达式。本文在我们现有研究工作基础上,通过理论分析与数值模拟,得到如下成果:(1)构建了管壁均匀密集加糙圆管流的新总流机械能方程;(2)通过数值模拟,对管壁均匀密集加糙圆管流的机械能损失及其构成进行了研究。构建的方程包含了紊动的作用;研究成果表明,均匀密集加糙圆管流总流机械能损失与雷诺数及管壁光滑度有关,且可分解为与时均流速梯度相关的损失及与紊动耗散相关的损失两部分。     

幂律流体在圆管内湍流流动剪切率的近似计算

根据剪切率和能量耗散率的定义，建立了幂律流体湍流剪切率与能量耗散率的关系式。参照文献上对不可压缩牛顿流体湍流能量耗散率的近似算法，提出了一种幂律流体管内湍流能量耗散率的近似算法，从而得到了幂律流体管内湍流剪切率的实用近似算式，再利用湍流剪切率与脉动流剪切率的关系即可得到脉动流剪切率。计算得到的湍流剪切率分布及其随流动特性指数变化的特征与已知规律相符。     

明渠自掺气水流掺气浓度分布Wood模型的改进研究

本文对明渠自掺气水流均匀流区掺气浓度分布的Wood计算模型建立中的两条基本假设进行了改进,在考虑掺气水流水气二相间相互作用的条件下,建立了气泡上浮速度和紊动扩散系数的计算式,并运用紊动扩散方程,导出了掺气均匀流掺气浓度分布的计算公式。计算值与实测值吻合良好。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 3-D TURBULENT FLOWS IN A CUT-OFF VALVE AND ANALYSIS OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN PIPE

1 .　INTRODUCTIONThevalvehasbeenplayinganimportantroleinthe pipeengineeringandisalsooneofmaincomponentsgeneratingtheheadloss .Becauseofthecomplexgeometry ,thedesignwasusuallyeval uatedempiricallyinthepast,whichcausesmuchenergyloss .Toreducetheenergyloss ,itisessen tialforadesignertoknowthedetailsofflowfieldinthevalvepipe .Recently ,withtheremarkableprogressintheComputationalFluidDynamics(CFD)andcomputerhardware ,itisexpectedthatCFDwillbecomeapowerfultoolinthedesignofvalve .Intheactual…     

基于能量比系数的圆柱栅绕流LES方法研究

圆柱阵列流场不但是工程上常见的流动换热结构,而且绕流问题与湍流涡发展研究密切相关。该文采用数值模拟算法研究了不同雷诺数下的单列圆柱栅绕流的不可压缩流动。比较了非定常RANS方程计算得到的湍动能和耗散率,引入湍流能量比系数对初始计算网格进行重新划分和局部加密,进而建立适宜于大涡模拟网格尺度,其结果与PIV和RANS结果进行对比。结果表明,在湍流流场区域能量比系数达到30%-40%的情况下,就可得到工程实际需要的精确计算结果,这大大减少LES算法所需要的计算网格总数和时间。     

结点局部能量损失对管网水力计算的影响

对于管径较大、管段长度较短的管网,结点处的动量交换和局部能量损失显著影响管网中管段通过流量的计算结果。进行管网水力计算时,忽略结点处的局部能量损失或采用不变的局部能量损失系数均是不合适的。文中分别应用三种计算方法,即忽略结点处局部能量损失、采用恒定不变的结点局部能量损失系数,以及根据试验成果所得的与水流条件有关的半经验公式,针对短管段构成的管网系统进行了计算比较,管段流量的计算结果相差很大。研究结果还表明,与同一结点相接的各管段间存在显著的能量交换,因此,忽略或采用恒定不变的能量损失系数均不能正确地反映这些水流现象。     

圆管流转捩过程中交替系数及紊动强度分布的实验研究

运用四川联合大学高速大力国家重点实验室所属的丹麦ＤＡＮＴＥＣ公司生产的二维激光光纤测速及动态粒子分析系统，测量了圆管流转捩过程中的速度分布，所测雷诺数范围为２０００～３７５０。文中分析了圆管流转捩过程中，交替系统与紊动强度随雷诺数的变化规律及圆管同紊动强度随径向位置的变化规律。     

高压喷嘴流场及熵产数值研究

为解决喷嘴高压射流过程中的综合性能问题,探索高压水流动物理场,利用计算流体力学理论,改变主动流体的压强,对高压嘴进行数值计算。结果表明:内部产生的熵产值占全部熵产总和的2.64%,熵产产生一种"壁面现象";内部产生的湍流动能值占全部湍流动能总和的13.9%;湍流动能在渐缩段2、3的表面加大,在渐缩段1的增加值较大;且湍流动能随入口压力的增大而增大。在喷口直径范围内,水流动压、出口速度基本都在一个恒定值。轴向动压、速度在渐缩段1、渐缩段2梯度较大,渐缩段3梯度较小,在稳流段1、2梯度最小。     

光滑壁面明渠陡坡流速分布特性

在分析激光测速试验资料基础上,对比了光滑壁面明渠陡坡中均匀流和非均匀流垂向流速分布在不同水力条件下的规律。陡坡均匀流中κ值比非均匀流条件下为小,非均匀流中S2型非均匀流的黏性底层厚度和过渡层范围均小于S1型非均匀流,并且拟合出适合陡坡均匀流和非均匀流的统一流速分布公式。     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF LEAKAGE FLOW THROUGH TWO LABYRINTH SEALS

The leakage flow through two labyrinth seals, e.g the interlocking seal and the stepped seal, was numerically investigated. Preliminary calculation of the seal-cavity averaged pressure by using the one-dimensional control volume method showed favorable agreement with the experimental measurements. Subsequently, in-depth understanding of the fluid flow through the labyrinth seals was obtained by employing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and k ?ε turbulence model, which resulted in a potential wealth of information like the streamline pattern, velocity vector field, and distribution of turbulent kinetic energy and static pressure. At the clearance of the seal the turbulent kinetic energy reached the peak value, while in the bulk region of the cavities it decayed fast. The static pressure rapidly dropped as the fluid flow went through the clearance; no distinct difference of the static pressure was inspected in the cavities. Also noted from the numerical results was that the stepped seal showed better sealing performance than the interlocking seal.     

辐流式沉淀池液固两相流力学特性三维数值模拟

采用两相流混合模型,选取RNG k-ε湍流模型封闭两相流时均方程,对辐流式二次沉淀池液固两相流力学特性进行三维数值模拟。采用有限体积法求解微分方程;紊动能、紊流耗散均采用Quick离散格式;速度与压力耦合求解时使用了压力隐式算子分裂PISO(Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators)算法。通过模拟获得了速度场、紊动能和污泥质量浓度等参量在空间的分布规律,对沉淀池的设计有一定的参考价值。     

任意平面流场中的湍流临界准则数

作者应用涡量对流及扩散(传输)的概念和理论建立了对任意平面流场中发生湍流流动的湍流临界准则数。这个准则数不同于熟知的雷诺数。如果应用此准则数在接近直管壁和平板边界层固壁处表明流动会诱发“猝发”现象;对毛细管内的流动而言它也会指出无论管中平均流速多大、它总不会发生湍流;而对多孔介质中的流动,湍流会出现。所有这些预示颇令人感兴趣和关注。     

底流消能的跌坎型消力池再附长度的试验研究

再附长度是衡量坎后底滚回流区水流特征的一个重要参数,再附长度随水流入射角度、跌坎深度的变化而变化。根据平面紊动射流理论,建立淹没紊动射流的扩散方程,推导出再附长度计算的半经验公式,并结合水力学试验,对公式进行验证。结果表明,通过试验观测所得观测值与通过半经验公式计算所得理论值吻合较好。