PIV EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF FLOW STRUCTURE IN RECTANGULAR CHANNEL WITH TRANSVERSELY PLACED SPIRAL COIL INSERT

The flow field in a rectangular channel with a transversely placed spiral coil insert is investigated by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements in both transverse and longitudinal sections. The experimental results show that multi-longitudinal vortices are induced downstream of the spiral coil and are distributed as a symmetrical vortex array along the horizontal central line of the transverse section. Along the mainstream, due to the spiral motion of the longitudinal vortices, the velocity fluctuates in a manner of the damped sinusoidal curve and the velocity component in the wall normal direction is improved in the channel. Compared with the flow field in a smooth channel it is found that the movement of the longitudinal vortices can cause a continuous disturbance near the channel walls and thus enhances the fluid velocity in the near wall region, which consequently leads to the reduction of the velocity gradient and a more uniform velocity distribution. With the increase of the Reynolds number, the induced longitudinal vortices gain strength and become straighter and closer to the channel walls, thus the turbulence intensity is further enhanced in this area.     

基于粒子图像测速技术的明渠圆柱上游行近流特征研究

现有实验测量和数值模拟方法难以准确捕获近水面流动特征,为全面掌握墩柱上游行近来流的内部结构和水面特征,通过明渠圆柱绕流试验,采用粒子图像测速技术对柱体上游的对称垂面进行了测量,获得了行近来流的瞬时二维流场和水面线。在此基础上,对圆柱上游的时均流动和壅水特征进行了研究,得出上游行近来流从水面至床面依次由上升流、近水平流和下降流构成,形成典型的三层结构,其中,上升流厚度随柱体雷诺数增加而变厚,下降流无量纲厚度基本不随柱体雷诺数改变。在靠近柱体的床面附近,边界层与床面分离,分离区内为向上游流动的逆流以及一个马蹄涡和一个次生涡;在靠近柱体的水面附近存在表层逆流以及两个逆向涡。研究结果揭示出边界层分离、表层逆流及柱体本身依次促使行近来流减速,使得沿程水深雍高,壅水末端至圆柱迎水面的水面线符合一元四次函数分布,无量纲壅水长度随着柱体雷诺数的增加而延长。研究成果可作为基于流体体积法等具有自由水面计算能力的明渠墩柱绕流数学模型的验证依据。     

应用PIV进行二维后向台阶流流动特性的研究(2)二维后向台阶流起动流的研究

利用PIV技术，对二维后向台阶起动流的瞬态速度场进行了观测。得到层流至湍流情况下起动流的一些运动规律。本文分析了流动中起动涡等旋涡的运动和发展特征。分析了起动流过程中再附着点的位置、起动涡等旋涡涡心的位置等的变化规律。     

FLUENT软件在圆柱绕流模拟中的应用

使用计算流体力学软件FLUENT，模拟均匀来流绕固定圆柱的流动，模拟雷诺数为20，40，100时的绕流流动，得到流场的流函数等值线图和速度矢量图。计算结果表明：当雷诺数增加时，流动表现出一系列不同的构造。在雷诺数约为40前后流场有明显变化。小于这个数时，存在一对位置固定的旋涡。大于40时，流场开始变得不稳定，旋涡扩大、脱落、又生成，逐渐发展成两排周期性摆动和交错的旋涡。并与实验及数值模拟结果比较，确认FLUENT能够很好地预测流动结构。     

多股多层淹没射流消能水流流态及漩涡特性研究

利用多股多层淹没射流消能时消力池内流态非常复杂,有漩涡产生,可能威胁消力池安全进而危及枢纽工程。引入高速摄像系统,采用大比尺物理模型对消力池水流流态及漩涡特性进行了研究。结果表明:高低坎消力池底部产生较大尺度的回流旋滚,回流旋滚与消力池水体发生强剪切作用并在跌坎与池首的角隅处生成横轴漩涡和立轴漩涡,部分横轴漩涡横向发展会转变为近边墙立轴漩涡;水跃旋滚与消力池水体发生强剪切作用在跌坎与池首的角隅处生成立轴漩涡和纵轴漩涡;横轴漩涡、立轴漩涡和纵轴漩涡是间歇性、随机和游移的。     

基于LES方法圆柱绕流三维数值模拟

该文采用计算流体软件CFX5中Large-eddy simulation(LES)模型计算了均匀流场中三维圆柱绕流的水动力特性。使用有限体积法对三维N-S方程进行求解。数值模拟着重研究了高雷诺数时展向各截面的压力、阻力、升力及涡管特性。数值计算结果表明:展向各截面柱体受力关于中截面对称且小于二维情况,柱体周围流场呈现明显的三维特性。     

Large eddy simulation of turbulent flow structure and characteristics in an annular jet pump

The large eddy simulation(LES) of the flow characteristics in an annular jet pump(AJP) is conducted, and the flow characteristics are systematically analyzed from both time-averaged and instantaneous aspects. The jet expansion, the velocity distribution and the energy are considered to analyze the time-averaged evolution of the flow field in the AJP. The transient flow characteristics can also be acquired from the analysis of the turbulence intensity and the Reynolds stress. The simulation demonstrates that in the time-averaged characteristics, the potential cores increase linearly with the increase of the flow ratio. With the flow development, the jet half-width gradually increases and the residual energy coefficient decreases. Compared with the distribution of the time-averaged axial velocity, that of the instantaneous velocity is more complex and disorderly. The high intensity of the axial turbulence mainly occurs in the mixing layer and the near-wall regions of the diffuser. The annular distribution of the Reynolds stress is mainly in the mixing layer and the recirculation region. There is a low-stress zone between the mixing layer and the high-stress region in the wall-boundary layer. The intensity of the spanwise vortexes is larger than that of the streamwise vortexes, and therefore, the former make greater contribution to the total vorticity. This research provides a better understanding of the flow characteristics in the AJP.     

HIGH ORDER LAGRANGIAN VELOCITY STATISTICS IN A TURBULENT CHANNEL FLOW WITH Re_τ=80

The scaling properties of high-order Lagrangian velocity structure functions are investigated numerically for a turbulent flow with a friction-velocity based Reynolds number Re_τ=80.The Lagrangian particles are released from locations of different distances to the wall.The relative scaling exponents ■ of the longitudinal velocity component are found to increase with the released distance to the wall and to approach asymptotically to theoretical predictions.However,the scaling exponents ■ of the transverse velocity component are smaller than ■,indicating a more intermittent nature.Specifically for the release locations in the center region,the relative scaling exponents ■ agree very well with theoretical predictions.     

复式河槽漫滩水流的三维数值计算

采用紊流模型中的雷诺应力模型(RSM)对非对称复式河槽水流的三维紊流进行了数值模拟。数值模拟计算结果与试验结果的比较表明RSM能够很好地模拟滩槽交互区内的二次流、主流速分布和床面剪切力,此模型模拟复式河槽是可靠的。最后用RSM模拟了对称复式河槽在不同水深下的流速场及床面剪切力分布,得出当水深增加时,滩槽交互区二次流动纵向涡增强,而浅滩主流速及床面剪切力迅速增大的结论。     

孤立波作用下边界层的模拟与分析

孤立波作用下的边界层内的剪切力以及涡量变化对海啸传播和海底地形塑造十分重要。本文基于多区域谱方法,利用直接模拟(DNS)数值模型,对在具有矩形断面的U形水洞内的孤立波下的边界层流动进行了模拟。将数值模拟结果与解析解以及试验结果进行了对比,发现数值结果与后两者吻合得较好。模拟结果显示,在低雷诺数下,扰动不会改变流态,而随着雷诺数的增大,流态会变得十分复杂。中等雷诺数情况下,边界层内会产生正向的涡,并进行稳定的传播。在较高雷诺数情况下,流动进入层流向紊流发展的过渡期,此时边界层内会产生正涡以及负涡,并会在水深方向进行不规则运动。     

浅尾水深水平底板上表面射流水力特性的数值模拟研究

采用VOF(volume of fluid)方法追踪自由液面,辅以Realizable(可实现化)湍流模型封闭两相流时均方程,对浅尾水深水平底板上的表面射流水力特性进行了数值模拟。微分方程的离散采用有限体积法,速度与压力耦合求解使用了压力隐式算子分裂PISO(Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators)算法。研究并分析了入射速度、尾水深和进口宽度等对流场流线分布、速度场及横断面最大流速沿程衰减规律等水力特性的影响。研究发现:流场内存在一个大的漩涡,入射流速越大,漩涡长度越长;横断面上水平流速和纵向流速在漩涡区和明渠流区分布规律不同;横断面最大流速沿程衰减主要受进口流速大小的影响。     

连续微弯弯道水力特性试验及模拟研究

为了研究河流的连续微弯弯道水力特性,通过建立曲折系数为1.07的连续弯道模型进行试验,并利用Reynolds应力模型进行模拟计算,从水面线、流速场、弯道环流及强度等方面研究了小曲折系数连续弯道水力特性。结果表明:Reynolds应力模型能够较好地模拟连续弯道水流;在同一断面,近凸岸的纵向流速垂线分布接近对数流速分布,近凹岸的纵向流速垂线分布呈随相对水深增大而先增大后减小的规律,呈现“凸肚”形;在弯道环流方面,呈现非对称的双环流结构;水面和槽底处的环流强度大于水体中部,凹岸的环流强度大于凸岸的环流强度。成果为研究小曲折系数弯道的河流水力特性提供了借鉴与参考。     

DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENT FLOW IN A STRAIGHT SQUARE DUCT AT REYNOLDS NUMBER 600

This article presents the direct numerical simulation results of the turbulent flow in a straight square duct at a Reynolds number of 600, based on the duct width and the mean wall-shear velocity. The turbulence statistics along the wall bisector is examined with the turbulent flow field properties given by streamwise velocity and vorticity fields in the duct cross section. It was found that the solutions of the turbulent duct flow obtained in a spatial resolution with 1.2×10⁶ grid points are satisfactory as compared to the existing numerical and experimental results. The results indicate that it is reasonable to neglect the sub-grid scale models in this spatial resolution level for the duct flow at the particular friction Reynolds number.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE VORTEX FORMATION AND ENTRAINMENT CHARACTERISTICS FOR A ROUND TRANSVERSE JET IN SHALLOW WATER

The vortex formation and entrainment characteristics for a round transverse jet in shallow water were experimentally investigated by means of a combination of LIF flow visualization and PIV measurement. A scarf vortex wrapped around the main body of the jet is formed in the near-wall region due to the interaction between the resulting wall jet and sufficiently shallow crossflow, with some more or less unsteady flow properties and with spreading ranges as functions of both the velocity ratio and the water depth within the near field. The entrainment of the ambient crossflow fluid into the jet main body is closely associated with the time-evolving features of the shear layer between the jet and surrounding fluid as well as the induced vortical structures near the wall. In the case of slight impingement upon the wall, the interaction between the jet shear layer and the weak, unstable scarf vortex gives rise to an appreciable local entrainment enhancement, confined in the near-wall region in the vicinity of the stagnation point. While in the case of intense impingement upon the wall, the well-organized and stable scarf vortex gives rise to a greatly enhanced entrainment and a greatly increased lateral spreading rate nearly throughout the overall near field as compared to the conventional wall jet. In addition, the entrainment of the ambient crossflow fluid by the scarf vortex in this case occurs largely on the surface of the unique spiral roller structure by itself due to the presence of smaller and unorganized eddies, and accordingly the scarf vortex is likely to keep its spiral roller structure steadily to a relatively great downstream distance within the near field.     

旋流排螺装置内水流特性数值模拟

旋流排螺装置借鉴旋流排沙的原理,通过装置内产生的螺旋流使水和钉螺分离。为了探明装置内水螺分离机理,必须研究其流场全面图景。采用雷诺应力模型(RSM),结合流体体积函数(VOF)方法对旋流排螺装置的水气两相流进行三维数值模拟研究,并分析研究二次流分布特性。计算的自由水面和三维流速分布均与试验结果吻合较好。计算结果表明:切向流速分布呈现强迫涡特征,流速随半径的减小而减小;隔板能够抑制边壁处向上运动的水流、减弱携钉螺溢出的二次环流,对钉螺的有效排除有着关键作用。研究成果可为控制涵闸渠道钉螺扩散,改进旋流排螺装置提供技术技撑。     

3-D numerical investigation of the wall-bounded concentric annulus flow around a cylindrical body with a special array of cylinders

Concentric annulus flow around a combinational cylindrical body with a special array of cylinders at five high Reynolds numbers is investigated numerically using Fluent 6.3.26 in this paper. The numerical results show a good agreement with the experimental data in regard to the axial velocity of the flow. This study focuses on the flow structure and the hydrodynamic characteristics based on the velocity distribution, the pressure distribution, streamlines and vectors under 1-D, 2-D and 3-D conditions. Meanwhile, some global parameters including the pressure coefficient, the drag coefficient and the lift coefficient are analyzed. Numerical results show that the high velocity region and the reverse wake zone with low velocity exist in some spaces due to the disturbance of the cylindrical body. Negative pressures appear in some regions. Neither a wide area vortex nor the vortex shedding appears in the wall-bounded domain. The drag along the axial direction is the main force acting on the cylindrical body in the pipe domain. The annulus flow around the cylindrical body is analyzed to reveal the hydrodynamic characteristics of the complex turbulent concentric annulus flow field due to the multi-effects in the pipeline.     

三岔管内水流流动的数值模拟与实验研究

结合江苏宜兴抽水蓄能电站工程建设中钢岔管的设计要求，对分岔角为64°的三岔管内水流的流动进行数值模拟与实验研究。计算中选择SIMPLE方法求解三维雷诺平均方程和k-ε两方程湍流模型，实验采用数字图像测速(DPIV)系统和在试验段前后断面上安装液体差压计对三岔管中心的水平面内的压强差进行测量。研究结果表明，无论水头损失还是三岔管内水流的流动模式，计算与实验吻合得较好，同时反向双管流动较正向双管流动的能量损失大，在相同的流速情况下，单管流动比双管流动的能量损失大，正向单管比反向单管的能量损失大。     

泵站钟形进水流道吸水室后壁形状的研究

基于三维不可压缩流体的雷诺平均N-S方程和RNGk-ε紊流模型,对矩形、半圆形和"ω"吸水室后壁形状的钟形进水流道泵装置进行了三维紊流数值模拟,并分析了钟形进水流道后壁形状对泵装置水力特性的影响。相同流量下,"ω"形吸水室进水流道流线分布最规则,漩涡比其他形状的进水流道小,"ω"形吸水室进水流道水力损失比矩形吸水室进水流道小1cm;出口断面的流速均匀度达到93%,比矩形和半圆形吸水室进水流道高约2个百分点;出口断面速度加权平均角度达到83.5°,比矩形吸水室进水流道高0.6°,比半圆形吸水室进水流道高0.2°;泵装置运行高效区流量范围比半圆形的拓宽了7.3%,比矩形的拓宽了30%。该研究对于完善泵站钟型进水流道吸水室优化设计具有一定意义。     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THERMAL-HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF A CIRCULAR TUBE WITH EDGEFOLD-TWISTED-TAPE INSERTS

Three-dimensional numerical simulations and experiments were carried out to study the heat transfer characteristics and the pressure drop of air flow in a circular tube with Edgefold-Twisted Tape (ETT) inserts and with classic Spiral-Twisted-Tape (STT) inserts of the same twist ratio. The RNG turbulence model for mildly swirling flows, the enhanced wall treatment for low Reynolds numbers, and the SIMPLE pressure-velocity method were adopted to simulate the flow and heat transfer characteristics. Within the range of Reynolds number from 2 500 to 9 500 and the twist ratio y from 5.4 to 11.4, the Nusselt number of the tube with ETT inserts is found to be 3.9% ? 9.2% higher than that with STT inserts, and the friction factor of the tube with ETT inserts is 8.7% ? 74% higher than that of STT inserts. The heat enhancement is due to higher tangential velocity and asymmetrical velocity profile with the increase and decrease of the periodic velocity within an edgefold length. It is found that main factors affecting the heat transfer of ETT inserts are the twist angle and the gap width between the tube and inserts. A larger twist angle leads to a higher tangential velocity, and larger Nusselt number and friction factor. The thermal-hydraulic performance slowly decreases as the twist angle increases. The gap width between tube and inserts has a significant influence on the heat transfer, while little influence on pressure drops. The thermal-hydraulic performance increases in average by 124% and 140% when the gap width reduces from 1.5 mm to 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm. The larger the gap width, the higher velocity through the gap will be, which would reduce the main flow velocity and tangential velocity. So a small gap is desirable. Comparing experimental and numerical results at variable air flow and tube wall temperature, the numerical results are found to be in a reasonable agreement with the experiment results, with difference of the Nusselt number in a range of 1.6% ? 3.6%, and that of the friction factor in a range of 8.2% ? 13.6%.     

明渠大扩散角过渡段水流特性及偏流机理研究

明渠大扩散角过渡段水流偏流特性是影响输水工程设计的重要问题。在室内水槽试验中采用旋桨流速仪和PIV两种手段,在不同缓流条件下对明渠大扩散角过渡段开展了流速场测量,并对扩散段边界层分离、主流偏移和回流区水流运动特性等问题进行了分析研究。结果表明：水流经过扩散段后发生边界层分离、主流挤压在小范围弱回流区一侧,而另一侧则形成大范围强势回流区,随机形成偏流,流速横向分布不均匀,动量不能均衡扩散;水流特性沿垂向分布具有差异性,明渠扩散段水流的底层和中层受侧壁和底部边界影响较大,水流流向产生偏移,而上层水流边界层分离不明显,水流产生的偏流程度较小。