透波层厚度对结构吸波材料吸收峰的影响

采用弓形法测试反射率,研究透波层的厚度对结构吸波复合材料吸收峰的影响。结果显示,在4~18 GHz范围内,厚度对其吸波性能具有显著影响:透波层厚度为0.95 mm时,结构吸波材料的吸收峰值最高,达-22.6 d B;其吸收峰值先随透波层厚度的增加而增强,而后逐渐减弱,透波层厚度对吸收峰值的影响可用二次多项式描述;吸收峰的位置随透波层的厚度增加向低频方向漂移,其漂移位移与透波层厚度线性相关,满足一次线性方程。     

结构吸波复合材料的吸波性能

本文制备了以石墨粉为添加剂的结构吸波复合材料,研究了吸波剂含量和材料厚度对材料吸波性能的影响并分析了其相关机理。结果表明:随着石墨粉含量、材料厚度的增加,复合材料的最大吸收峰均向低频方向移动,实验试样中最大反射率可达-16.8dB,有效带宽约3GHz,具有一定的工程实用价值。复合材料的吸波性能与石墨粉含量、材料厚度密切相关,含量、厚度引起材料的电磁参数发生改变,进而导致吸波性能发生变化,电磁参数与吸波性能的规律有待进一步深入探讨。     

含电路模拟结构吸波复合材料

研究了电路模拟结构材质、电路模拟结构尺寸、介质层电磁参数等对电阻渐变型和"陷阱"式结构吸波复合材料的吸波性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明:通过合理的结构设计,在其它条件相同的情况下含电路模拟结构电阻渐变吸波复合材料的吸波性能在8~18 GHz范围内有3~5 dB的提高;含电路模拟结构"陷阱"式吸波复合材料在厚度≤4 mm条件下,实现了吸波性能在8~18 GHz频率范围内吸收率≥12 dB。在提高吸波复合材料吸波性能的同时,电路模拟结构的引入使复合材料力学性能有一定的提高,有利于实现吸波复合材料的吸波/承载一体化。      

螺旋形碳纤维结构吸波材料的制备及其吸波性能研究

用基板法以乙炔为碳源,镍板为催化剂,PCl3为助催化剂,通过化学气相沉积制备了螺旋形碳纤维手性吸收剂,并研究了其在2～18GHz的微波电磁特性:具有较高的介电损耗,电磁参数随频率的增大有减小的趋势,有利于实现宽频吸波。以螺旋形碳纤维作为吸收剂制备了Nomex蜂窝夹芯结构吸波材料,复合材料的厚度为9.5mm时,在3.76～18GHz反射率R<-10dB,反射率<-10dB的频宽为14.24GHz;最大吸收峰在10.4GHz,反射率R为-21.62dB。探讨了螺旋形碳纤维的吸波机理,螺旋形碳纤维是一种非常有发展前景的手性吸收剂和吸波材料。     

石墨烯-羰基铁粉线材的制备及其吸波性能分析

为了提高单一磁性吸波材料的吸波性能,以聚乳酸(PLA)作为基体材料,将磁性材料羰基铁粉(CIP)与石墨烯(RGO)进行复合,制备RGO-CIP/PLA复合材料。通过TG、XRD等多种测试手段对复合材料的结构、形貌等进行表征。同时使用矢量网络分析仪对复合材料的电磁参数进行测试,计算出不同厚度的吸波性能,研究了RGO的添加量对RGO-CIP/PLA复合材料的吸波性能影响。结果表明：当RGO质量分数为4wt%,CIP质量分数为20wt%时,RGO-CIP/PLA复合材料吸波性能最优;吸收厚度为3 mm时,达到了-27.25 dB最小的R_L值,同时其吸收带宽为2.922 GHz (7.227～10.149 GHz)。同时,随着其吸收厚度的增加,有效吸收带宽(R_L<-10 dB)会移动至较低的频带。     

碳纤维/羰基铁粉复合涂层吸波效果及机理分析

在碳纤维表面化学镀镍,再将其与羰基铁粉混合制备成吸波涂层,对其吸波性能进行了测试.结果表明:在2～18 GHz内,碳纤维/羰基铁粉吸波涂层,最大吸收峰在5.92 GHz,此时反射率为-8.89 dB,反射率小于-5.00 dB的频宽为9.50 GHz;单层羰基铁粉涂层在相同厚度下,最大吸收峰为7.94 GHz,对应的反射率为-10.36 dB,反射率小于-5.00 dB的频宽为6.90 GHz;碳纤维与羰基铁粉混合后,涂层反射率小于-5.00 dB的频宽增大,有利于吸收雷达波.最后,对碳纤维/羰基铁粉吸波涂层的吸波机理进行了初步分析.     

羰基铁/三元乙丙橡胶复合材料的吸波性能

为了探明吸波材料的厚度、吸收剂的含量与吸波性能之间的关系,以羰基铁为吸收剂、三元乙丙橡胶为基体制备了复合橡胶吸波材料,采用矢量网络分析仪研究了在2.6~18 GHz范围内羰基铁含量和吸波材料厚度对吸波性能的影响,并利用电磁理论分析了吸波材料的吸波性能.对于3 mm吸波材料,当羰基铁体积分数为45%时,在3.5 GHz处其反射率的最小值达-21.7 dB;在羰基铁含量一定的条件下,微波吸收性能与吸波材料的厚度并不成正比关系,当厚度<2 mm时,吸波材料的吸波效果较差;当厚度>2 mm时,随着吸波材料厚度的增加,最大吸收峰的位置向低频移动,并且最大吸收峰的峰值和指定反射率的频率带宽也呈减小的趋势.在相同厚度下,随着羰基铁含量的增加,吸波材料在电磁波吸收峰处的反射率不断减小,而且吸波材料吸收峰的位置也向低频移动;输入阻抗与空气阻抗越接近,吸波材料的吸波性能越好.     

双层吸波材料吸波特性研究

依据阻抗匹配原理与电磁波传播规律,设计了具有阻抗渐变结构的双层吸波材料.实验表明,匹配层对提高吸收率起着重要作用;需精确控制其吸波剂含量,以实现吸波效果.经测试:4#试样厚度为6mm,测试频段为8-18GHz,最大吸收峰值在14.1GHz(R=-28.14dB),R＜-10dB的频宽为6.7GHz;7#试样厚度为5.5mm,最大吸收峰值在9.6GHz(R=-27.48dB),R＜10dB的频宽为8.6GHz,R＜-15dB的频宽为7.6GHz;8#试样厚度为6mm,最大吸收峰值在16.8GHz(R=-24.24dB),R＜-10dB的频宽为8.6Hz.该结果具有一定工程应用价值.     

吸波预浸料树脂及其复合材料的综合性能研究

将羰基铁粉(CIP)和乙炔炭黑(CB)作为吸波剂引入到中温固化预浸料树脂体系中,通过测试吸波预浸料树脂的流变性能、凝胶时间、固化特征温度、热失重性能等确定吸波剂的加入对预浸料树脂性能的影响。结果表明,CIP和CB吸波粒子的加入对预浸料树脂的凝胶时间、固化特征温度的影响较小,对预浸料树脂的流变特性影响较大。为满足工艺性能要求,CIP吸波粒子的加入量与树脂的质量比宜控制为0～2.5,CB吸波粒子的加入量与树脂的质量比宜控制为0～0.03。相比于单层结构吸波复合材料,双层结构吸波复合材料的吸波性能更为优异,综合考虑其成型工艺性能和吸波性能等,以C3C为透波层、Fe250C为损耗层的材料组合综合性能最佳,其最大有效吸波带宽为3.85 GHz,对应的透波层和损耗层厚度分别为0.9 mm和1.5 mm,最小电磁波的反射损耗RL值为-35.46 dB,对应的透波层和损耗层厚度分别为0.5 mm和1.4 mm。     

隐晶质石墨/LDPE复合材料的吸波性能

为了研究隐晶质石墨在吸波材料方面的应用,从隐晶质石墨微观形貌、粒径大小、晶体结构、杂质成分入手,深入探讨隐晶质石墨含量对隐晶质石墨/低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)复合材料吸波性能的影响.结果表明,固定碳含量为85.69％的微米级隐晶质石墨可显著提高低频吸波效果,且其含量对吸波材料吸波性能有很大影响;随着隐晶质石墨吸波剂含量的增加,最大吸收峰值均向低频方向移动,在隐晶质石墨含量为60％时的反射率在频段2～18GHz达到最大峰值-25.19 dB,小于-5dB和-10 dB的有效带宽分别为4.31 GHz和2.57 GHz.研究表明,隐晶质石墨/LDPE复合材料具有较好的吸波性能.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...