世行贷款节灌项目助推吕梁山区精准扶贫的实践及思考

正2012年,世行贷款节水灌溉二期项目在山西、河北和宁夏3省(自治区)启动,综合设计和实施了水利工程、农业节水以及管理节水三大措施,目的是改善农业用水管理,提高灌溉水分生产率,促进经济可持续增长和减少贫困人口。山西省吕梁市交城、临县、离石区作为项目实施的3个子项目区,在项目实施过程中重点结合党和国家关于小康社会建设的战略规划,通过田间农业设施建设、灌溉输水     

河北省利用世行贷款发展节水灌溉二期项目实施工作回顾

为加快我省节水灌溉事业的发展,积极利用外资增加对农业节水灌溉的投入,学习和借鉴国外节水灌溉技术及先进管理经验,我省启动了利用世行贷款发展节水灌溉二期项目。我省将邯郸市的馆陶、肥乡等8县和唐山市的滦南、乐亭两县确定为河北省世行贷款发展节水灌溉二期项目县,项目区共涉及46个乡镇、326个行政村,总人口32.2万人,总投资27211.4万元,其中利用世行贷款2000万美元,执行期为2012～2016年,到目前已实施两年。此项目将按照资源型节水理念,采取水利工程措施、农业措施和管理措施相结合的综合节水技术进行项目设计与建设,通过项目实施,将进一步提高项目区农业用水效率,增加农民经济收入,实现资源型节水,改善生态环境,促进当地经济社会的可持续发展。     

节水农业技术研究、示范与产业化

为开展农业节水关键技术创新、关键设备与重大产品研发以及技术体系与示范,水利部依托国家科技攻关计划组织实施了“节水农业技术研究与示范”和“农业高效用水科技产业示范工程”等项目。项目研究与示范取得重大进展,为我国大规模发展节水农业提供了成套新技术和设备。理论研究:提出了引黄高含沙水滴灌成套技术、波涌灌和激光控制平地水平畦灌技术、主要农作物节水高效灌溉制度和大田作物调亏灌溉综合技术、节水灌溉与农业综合技术、人工汇集雨水利用技术、灌溉系统配水关键技术。技术集成:集成了井灌区地下水采补平衡水资源高效利用综合技…     

世行贷款节水灌溉二期项目实施创新与管理探索

为加快我国节水灌溉事业的发展,利用外资增加对农业节水灌溉的投入,学习和借鉴国外节水灌溉技术及先进管理经验,经国家发改委、财政部报请国务院同意,由水利部组织实施利用世行贷款发展节水灌溉二期项目,项目涉及三省(区)的24个县(市、区),总投资     

ET管理是农业节水灌溉水资源管理的方向

ET是蒸发蒸腾耗水量的代号。ET管理即采取工程的、农业的和管理的综合节水措施,把节水灌溉项目区的耗水量控制在包括降水在内的水资源许可的范围内,实现水资源供耗平衡,可持续利用的目标。介绍了世行贷款项目农业节水灌溉一期项目实施ET管理概况及取得的主要成果。     

山东省临沂市农业节水灌溉建设的思考与研究

发展农业节水、提高水资源利用率，既是解决水资源供需矛盾，促进水资源可持续利用的重要手段，也是转变农业发展方式，促进农业可持续发展的必由之路。通过调研分析，客观指出了部分已建工程使用率不高；项目工程缺乏有效的管护机制；农田建设的碎片化与地理特点，限制了连片大规模开发；农业节水灌溉项目国家配套资金仅保障项目主体建设，不涉及清表补偿，影响项目顺利实施；在国家投资政策上重建设轻管护；部分农户节水意识不强等六方面问题。同时，提出了加大对农业节水工作的组织领导；广泛征求民意，搞好项目规划；创新工程管护模式，建立长远有效的工程管护机制；扎实推进土地规模化经营；出台专门的农业水利设施用电办法和农业灌溉补贴机制；放宽农业节水灌溉项目建设的实施条件；广泛宣传，提高全民节水意识等七项政策措施建议，以促进农业节水灌溉事业健康发展。     

景电高扬程电力提灌灌区水价的探讨

正景电高扬程电力提灌灌区是以农业灌溉为主的大型灌区,灌区灌溉基础设施薄弱,节水技术落后,人均可利用的水资源量低。水资源短缺不仅使灌区供水成本不断增大,而且严重制约了灌区经济社会的发展。从1998年开始实施景电一期灌区节水改造项目,2011年开始实施景电大型泵站更新改造项目,2013年开始实施景电二期灌区节水改造支渠工程,这些工程项目的实施从根本上改善了     

云南省高效节水灌溉现状及发展建议

发展高效节水灌溉技术,改善农业基础设施,提高农业灌溉水利用效率是解决我国水资源短缺问题的重要途径之一。珠江流域农村水利管理项目组基于实地调研结果及收集的相关数据资料,在评估云南省高效节水灌溉实施条件及现状、总结云南省实施高效节水灌溉项目过程中的成功经验和分析目前影响高效节水灌溉发展主要问题的基础上,对以后云南发展高效节水灌溉提出建议。     

对节水灌溉措施的思考

农业始终是用水大户,国家在农业节水灌溉方面的投入是相当大的.农业节水灌溉所包含的内容非常广泛,是一项系统工程.而目前一般的节水灌溉工程只是停留在降低输水工程的输水损失(如渠道衬砌、管道输水等)、改革灌水方式(如微灌、喷灌等)这2个方面.最近在北京、河北、沈阳、青岛等4省市开展的利用世界银行贷款发展节水灌溉项目已有很大改进,明确提出了节水灌溉项目的三大目标(真实节水、农民增产增收、水资源可持续利用)和三大措施(工程节水措施、农业节水措施、管理节水措施).     

西班牙、法国水资源与节水技术管理的启示

2004年4月19日至5月6日,由水利部世行贷款节水灌溉项目办公室组织,有关人员参加的赴西班牙、法国节水灌溉项目技术管理培训考察团,在上述两地进行了培训考察.接受了西班牙、法国的水资源综合管理和节水灌溉技术与管理培训,并与国外有关专家、技术人员,以及农民用水者协会和灌溉技术咨询公司的有关人员进行了交流讨论.笔者结合世行节水灌溉项目实施情况,实地考察,初步掌握了西班牙、法国农业节水灌溉技术和管理的成功经验和主要措施.现将考察的主要情况及体会总结如下.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。