电石水解制备复合钙基吸附剂及其循环吸附CO2的特性

利用电石水解制乙炔工艺制备新型电石渣CaO/Ca12Al14O33复合钙基吸附剂,考察了Ca12Al14O33含量、碳酸化和煅烧再生温度对CaO转化率和多循环吸附CO2的影响,并与分析纯CaCO3和传统电石渣进行了比较,对其表面形貌、比表面积和孔结构进行了分析. 结果表明,新型复合钙基吸附剂在多循环煅烧/碳酸化过程中具有较好的多循环吸附CO2的性能. Ca12Al14O33有效减缓了吸附剂烧结现象. 20次循环后,自制电石渣吸附剂的CaO转化率仍保持在48%以上.     

包覆改性纳米CaO基CO_2吸附剂的反应吸附性能

对包覆改性纳米CaO基CO_2吸附剂的反应吸附性能进行研究,分别采用惰性材料MgO和TiO_2对纳米CaCO_3表面进行包覆改性,并以铝溶胶为黏结剂,通过混合造粒的方法制备改性纳米CaO基CO_2吸附剂。在相同的吸附温度(600℃)、CO_2分压(0.015 MPa)、再生温度(750℃)以及N_2气氛的条件下,采用热重分析仪(TGA)分别考察了吸附剂的分解温度、吸附速率、吸附容量及循环吸附容量的稳定性。结果表明:MgO和TiO_2包覆改性吸附剂的分解温度较未包覆改性的吸附剂分解温度分别提高了20和35℃:经过30次循环后,包覆改性的吸附剂的吸附速率和吸附容量均明显大于未改性的吸附剂,其中包覆TiO_2改性的吸附剂具有较好的吸附容量稳定性,30次循环后,吸附容量衰减率为34.85%,包覆MgO改性的吸附剂吸附容量衰减率为38.89%,而未经过包覆改性的吸附剂吸附容量衰减率为54.87%。     

纳米钙基CO2吸附剂反应吸附与分解动力学

采用TGA测定纳米钙基CO₂吸附剂在500～650℃温度范围内,CO₂分压0.015～0.025 MPa氮气气氛中的吸附反应动力学。针对纳米钙基CO₂吸附剂吸附CO₂反应特征,提出以两倍最大吸附速率对应的时间点前后分别为快速反应段与慢速反应段。分别采用Boltzmann方程与Avrami-Erofeev方程拟合快速反应段与慢速反应段吸附反应动力学方程,得到纳米钙基CO₂吸附剂在快速反应段与慢速反应段的活化能分别为27.52、70.25 kJ·mol^-1。吸附率拟合与实验值平均相对误差分别为10.29％、4. 17%。研究测试了纳米钙基CO₂吸附剂在650～800℃温度范围内,N₂,0.02、0.04 MPa CO₂分压氮气气氛中的分解反应动力学。忽略反应过程中传热、传质影响,采用收缩核模型,分别求得吸附剂在N₂,0.02、0.04 MPa CO₂分压氮气气氛中的活化能为141.9、34.7、113.2 kJ·mol^-1。碳酸钙分解率与实验值比较平均相对误差分别小于5.66% 、7.82%、5.01%。     

纳米钙基CO2吸附剂反应吸附与分解动力学

采用TGA测定纳米钙基CO₂吸附剂在500～650℃温度范围内,CO₂分压0.015～0.025 MPa氮气气氛中的吸附反应动力学。针对纳米钙基CO₂吸附剂吸附CO₂反应特征,提出以两倍最大吸附速率对应的时间点前后分别为快速反应段与慢速反应段。分别采用Boltzmann方程与Avrami-Erofeev方程拟合快速反应段与慢速反应段吸附反应动力学方程,得到纳米钙基CO₂吸附剂在快速反应段与慢速反应段的活化能分别为27.52、70.25 kJ·mol^-1。吸附率拟合与实验值平均相对误差分别为10.29％、4. 17%。研究测试了纳米钙基CO₂吸附剂在650～800℃温度范围内,N₂,0.02、0.04 MPa CO₂分压氮气气氛中的分解反应动力学。忽略反应过程中传热、传质影响,采用收缩核模型,分别求得吸附剂在N₂,0.02、0.04 MPa CO₂分压氮气气氛中的活化能为141.9、34.7、113.2 kJ·mol^-1。碳酸钙分解率与实验值比较平均相对误差分别小于5.66% 、7.82%、5.01%。     

不同钙基吸附剂捕集CO2后的硫酸化反应特性研究

钙基吸附剂进行多次CO₂捕集后,碳酸化效率会大幅衰减,此时的吸附剂能否高效脱硫利用是值得重点关注的问题。鉴于此,筛选了高性能合成钙基吸附剂和天然石灰石吸附剂,通过热重分析仪分析对比其在多循环CO₂捕集后的碳酸化和硫酸化反应性能,采用微粒模型研究其硫酸化反应动力学特征。结果发现,高性能合成钙基吸附剂的碳酸化反应速率和CO₂吸附能力明显高于石灰石吸附剂。在长达500循环的CO₂捕集试验后,高性能合成钙基吸附剂的CO₂吸附能力比石灰石高10倍以上,其SO₂吸附能力相较于石灰石提升约40%。经历多次CO₂捕集反应循环后,2种吸附剂的硫酸化能力均有提升:其中,石灰石吸附剂的提升幅度更大,硫酸化转化率从26%提升到35%,而高性能合成钙基吸附剂的硫酸化转化率则从38%提升到43%。通过微粒模型计算发现,2种吸附剂的硫酸化反应均是与SO₂浓度相关的一级反应,多循环捕集CO₂反应后,石灰石吸附剂的硫酸化反应活化能下降接近30%,而高性能合成钙基吸附剂的硫酸化反应活化能只下降了5%。研究结果说明2种不同钙基吸附剂在进行循环CO₂捕集后,脱硫能力得到了不同程度的提高,且均可以较好地应用于SO₂的脱除。     

碳纳米复合吸附材料中添加氧化钙在CO2捕获中的应用研究进展

随着全球变暖日益严重,降低大气中的CO2浓度已成为全世界关注的问题.碱金属(钠和钾等)碳酸盐因吸附温度低被视为有前途的吸附材料并常用作再生干燥吸附剂.但是基于Na2CO3和K2CO3的吸附剂具有反应速率慢或吸附剂再生温度高等问题,因此制备了Na2CO3-碳纳米复合材料,其得出结论是分解-再生反应温度低于碳酸氢钠的温度....     

磷石膏制备纳米氧化钙基 二氧化碳吸附剂工艺的优化

以磷石膏作为钙源,优化了磷石膏制备氧化钙基二氧化碳吸附剂的工艺参数（反应时间、反应温度、二氧化碳通量、搅拌速度和杂质含量）,并考察了纳米氧化钙基二氧化碳吸附剂粒径对吸附性能的影响。得到的最佳工艺条件为：反应时间为50 min,温度为30 ℃,二氧化碳通量为251 mL/min,搅拌速率越慢越好,杂质含量越少越好。纳米氧化钙基二氧化碳吸附剂的粒径越小,其吸附量就越大,吸附速率也越快,其稳定性也就越高。     

笼状纳米CaO基吸附剂碳酸化反应动力学研究

为了研究笼状纳米CaO基吸附剂快速段碳酸化反应特性,采用热重分析仪(TGA)考察了该吸附剂在反应温度813~933 K、CO_2分压0.01~0.02 MPa条件下的碳酸化反应。根据笼状纳米CaO基吸附剂碳酸化反应速率曲线的特点,提出了适合笼状吸附剂的划分快速段和慢速段的新判据,并用Boltzmann方程拟合了笼状纳米CaO在快速反应段的动力学方程,其计算结果与实验数据吻合较好,平均相对偏差小于5.78%。自制的笼状纳米CaO吸附剂下碳酸化反应活化能为26.66 kJ/mol,较商用纳米CaO低3.54 kJ/mol,体现了笼状纳米钙基吸附剂碳酸化反应速率优于商用纳米氧化钙的反应速率。     

纳米腐植酸对镉离子的吸附热力学及动力学

研究了采用碱溶酸析法配加高剪切技术制备的纳米腐植酸对重金属镉离子的吸附性能,用原子力显微镜(AFM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、比表面积测试仪(BET)等对纳米腐植酸进行表征,绘制了静态平衡吸附等温线及吸附动力学曲线。实验结果表明:吸附剂纳米腐植酸对镉离子的吸附较符合Freundlich模型,在288~308 K温度下,吸附焓变?H=24.22 k J?mol?1,表明吸附是吸热过程,吸附动力学符合HO二级吸附速率方程,反应的表观活化能Ea=25.58 k J?mol?1,表明纳米腐植酸对重金属离子的吸附是化学反应控制,而非扩散所控。吸附剂纳米腐植酸解吸再生循环使用5次后,Cd2+的吸附容量仅减少18.9%,说明该吸附剂具有较好的解吸再生性能。     

Li2O-CaO吸附剂吸附CO2的性能

采用机械混合法制备了Li2O-CaO吸附剂,在固定床管式反应器中研究了Li2O-CaO吸附剂的吸附性能,考察了吸附温度、空速及吸附剂粒径对静吸附容量的影响,确定了适宜的工艺条件,采用XRD和SEM对改进的钙基吸附剂进行了表征。结果表明,Li2O-CaO吸附剂对CO2有较好的吸附能力,在吸附温度600℃、空速8min-1、吸附剂粒径60～80目(0.18～0.28 mm)的条件下,静吸附容量达到了17.3891 mol/kg。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。