碱土金属元素Mg对Cu~+-13X分子筛吸附脱硫性能的影响

以13X分子筛为载体,采用液相离子交换法制备了Cu+-13X吸附剂和负载碱土金属元素Mg的Mg2+/Cu+-13X吸附剂,并利用XRD,XRF,ESEM和激光拉曼光谱仪(HR-800)等手段对所制备的吸附剂进行了表征。以含有噻吩和2-乙基噻吩的正己烷溶液为模拟燃料油,分别从静态吸附、吸附动力学两方面研究了两种吸附剂的脱硫性能,采用Langmuir模型和竞争吸附的Langmuir模型对单、双组分硫化物的静态吸附平衡数据进行拟合;采用Crank单孔扩散模型对吸附动力学数据进行拟合。结果表明,当Mg2+/Cu+-13X吸附剂中Mg的质量分数为3.35%时,吸附性能最佳;实验数据与模型吻合均很好,计算得到了Mg2+/Cu+-13X吸附剂对噻吩和2-乙基噻吩单组分的最大吸附量分别为140.7mg?g?1和183.8 mg?g?1,较Cu+-13X吸附剂对噻吩和2-乙基噻吩单组分的最大吸附量(130.2 mg?g?1和173.6 mg?g?1)分别提高了8.1%和5.9%,Mg2+/Cu+-13X双金属吸附剂的脱硫效果明显好于Cu+-13X吸附剂;负载的Mg2+作为一种助剂,使分子筛形貌分布更加均匀规整,并且增加了吸附剂的Lewis酸含量,使其还原性增强,吸附性能提高。     

载金属离子的13X分子筛对噻吩的吸附性能研究

采用Zn2+,Cu2+,N i2+,Ag+分别负载到13X分子筛制得吸附剂,考察了它们对噻吩的吸附能力,发现Ag+-13X吸附效果最好,与软硬酸碱理论解释的结果一致。测定了噻吩在Ag+-13X上的吸附动力学数据,并测定了其不同温度下的吸附平衡数据,采用Langmu ir模型进行拟合,与平衡数据吻合得很好,说明Langmu ir模型能够描述本体系的特征,从微观上探讨了其吸附机理,是分子尺寸和化学键的共同作用;考察了Ag+-13X对真实汽油的脱硫性能,结果表明对汽油中的噻吩类硫化物都有脱除效果,为其工业设计提供基础数据。     

Cu~+-13X上噻吩与苯并噻吩的竞争吸附

以噻吩(TP)、苯并噻吩(BT)和正己烷配制模拟汽油,就如何提高Cu+-13X分子筛对噻吩的选择性进行了一系列的静态吸附及动力学吸附研究。结果表明:增加模拟汽油中噻吩的初始质量分数,可以增大Cu+-13X对噻吩的吸附量,提高噻吩对苯并噻吩的竞争吸附性能。当模拟汽油中苯并噻吩、噻吩的初始质量分数分别为500,700μg/g时,Cu+-13X对噻吩的吸附量就大于苯并噻吩;当模拟汽油中苯并噻吩、噻吩的初始质量分数分别为350,850μg/g时,Cu+-13X对噻吩的选择性大于苯并噻吩,噻吩在竞争吸附中占优势。     

Ag~+-13X分子筛吸附汽油中苯并噻吩的性能

以液相离子交换法制备了负载不同金属离子的13X分子筛吸附剂,考察了它们对汽油中苯并噻吩的吸附能力.结果表明负载Ag 的分子筛吸附幕并噻吩的效果最好.应用络合吸附原理分析和讨论了这些吸附剂对苯并噻吩吸附能力的差异.测定了常温下Ag -13X分子筛对苯并噻吩的吸附平衡数据并采用Langmiur、Freundlich模型进行拟合,与平衡数据吻合的较好.在固定床实验中,考察了床层高度、停留时间和进样料中苯并噻吩浓度等操作条件对床层净化效果的影响,为吸附工艺设计提供了一定的基础数据.     

载铜13X的制备及其对噻吩的吸附动力学

研究了载铜13X的制备以及吸附噻吩的动力学性能.实验考察了负载溶液、还原时间、还原温度以及预处理等方面对吸附剂制备的影响,得到了制备载铜13X吸附剂所需要的最优化条件.采用Crank单孔模型对测定的吸附动力学数据进行拟合,确定了不同温度下的噻吩在载铜13X上的扩散系数.实验结果表明,Crank单孔模型可很好地描述噻吩在载铜13X分子筛上的吸附过程.     

稀土元素Ce对硫化物在Cu~+-13X上动态竞争吸附的影响

采用液相离子交换法制备了Cu+-13X及负载稀土元素Ce的Ce/Cu+-13X分子筛吸附剂。采用固定床动态吸附实验考察了Ce/Cu+-13X对2,5-二甲基噻吩、苯并噻吩动态吸附性能。研究结果表明,稀土元素Ce的引入可以促进Cu+-13X对2,5-二甲基噻吩和苯并噻吩的吸附性能,同时减弱竞争吸附。在床层高度为16 cm、进样速度为16 mL/h、停留时间为30 min时,效果最佳。     

Ni离子改性分子筛模拟柴油吸附脱硫的性能与机理

研究镍改性分子筛吸附剂在模拟柴油中脱除苯并噻吩类硫化物的性能.实验表明:采用液相离子交换法是优选的分子筛改性方法,过渡金属Ni离子改性的Ni-Y吸附剂具有较佳的脱硫性能,室温(20℃)下采用静态吸附法测得的静态吸附平衡硫容量为17.16 mg S·(g吸附剂)-1;采用固定床动态吸附,测得每克吸附剂饱和硫容量达到33.6 mg S·(g吸附剂)-1,并能将初始硫含量为840×10-4%(wt)的模拟柴油处理至硫含量低于5×10-4%(wt).实验还发现,吸附剂对模拟柴油中二苯并噻吩的脱除能力优于苯并噻吩,吸附剂的硫容量与金属离子交换率成正比.由金属离子交换和不同孔径的分子筛吸附实验研究结果可以推断,吸附剂的吸附脱硫是分子尺寸选择机理和(配位机理共同作用的结果.     

载金属离子的13X分子筛吸附噻吩的动态特性

采用13X分子筛及负载Cu2 、Zn2 、Ni2 、Ag 的13X分子筛等五种吸附剂,对噻吩进行动态吸附特性研究.在φ10.5 mm×200 mm的吸附柱测定了五种吸附剂吸附正己烷溶液中的噻吩的穿透曲线.采用加热法对Zn2 -13X、Ni2 -13X、Ag -13X三种吸附剂进行再生,测定了再生后吸附剂的穿透曲线,对吸附剂再生前后的吸附性能进行了比较.结果表明Ag -13X吸附性能优于其它吸附剂,其对噻吩的吸附容量为60.20 mg·g-1.再生后的Ag -13X对噻吩仍有很好的吸附能力,吸附容量相比新鲜吸附剂的仅下降了5%.穿透点以前出口噻吩含量为0.这些结果为工业吸附装置的设计提供了必要的吸附数据.     

AgCo13X改性分子筛的制备与吸附脱硫性能

采用液相离子交换法制备了以金属离子Co2+和Ag+共同改性的AgCo13X分子筛吸附剂,并用XRD、NH3-TPD、BET和TG等技术对其结构进行表征。在模拟柴油中考察了吸附剂对二苯并噻吩(DBT)的脱硫性能。结果表明:AgCo13X分子筛的脱硫性能优于单一离子改性的Co13X和Ag13X分子筛;而Co13X和Ag13X分子筛的脱硫性能又明显高于未改性的13X分子筛。当Ag+离子交换浓度为0.1 mol/L时制备的Co2+和Ag+共同改性的AgCo13X分子筛具有最好的脱硫性能,其脱硫率为99.91%。剂油比为0.02 g/mL,当吸附时间为1 h即可达到吸附平衡;吸附剂具有良好的稳定性和再生性,再生后的脱硫率达到98.21%。     

13X分子筛静态脱除含硫模型化合物的吸附研究

采用噻吩/正己烷配制出含硫模型化合物,以13X分子筛为吸附剂,在常压条件下,用静态吸附法评测了吸附时间、吸附温度、含硫模型化合物浓度等吸附条件对吸附剂脱硫性能的影响。实验结果表明:13X型分子筛在6 h时吸附基本达到饱和,并对其吸附动力学、热力学及吸附等温曲线的研究,发现此吸附反应为放热反应,并求出吸附焓变及熵变,确定吸附反应为二级反应。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。