铁基粉末触媒的粒度及其均匀性对合成金刚石的影响

本文利用铁基粉末触媒在国产六面顶压机上进行了金刚石单晶的合成。研究了高温高压条件下（5.7GPa，1370～1650℃），筛分的6种不同粒度（140／170，170／200，200／230，230／270，270／325，325／400）以及未经筛分的混合粒度的铁基粉末触媒生长金刚石的形貌特征。同时研究了粉末触媒粒度均匀性对合成金刚石的影响。结果表明，触媒粒度越均匀，合成金刚石单晶的粒度越集中。触媒粒度以及合成的金刚石晶体分别通过扫描电镜和光学显微镜进行了观测。     

用纯铁粉末触媒合成工业金刚石

本文利用纯铁粉末(α—Fe，纯度为99．9％)作触媒在国产六面顶压机上进行了金刚石单晶的合成，研究了高温高压条件下(5．7GPa，1370℃～1650℃)，石墨碳一纯铁体系中金刚石单晶的生长特性。通过光学成像显微镜观测表明，合成出的金刚石单晶呈浅黄色，晶形完整，且多为八面体，粒度约为0．2～0．3mm。通过穆斯堡尔谱对晶体内部的杂质进行了测试分析，发现合成样品中除有少量的α—Fe外，其杂质的主要成分为碳化铁(Fe3C)。我们根据Fe—C相图对碳化铁形成的机理进行了分析。认为：由于Fe—C相互作用较强，在金刚石生长过程中，Fe元素容易以包裹体的形式进入金刚石内部。在降温的过程中，金刚石内部分离形式的Fe和C以碳化铁的形式出现。     

铁基金属包膜内Fe3C的行为与高温高压金刚石单晶生长

利用电子探针、X射线衍射和扫描电镜等手段,表征了包围着高温高压金刚石单晶的铁基合金触媒和铁基金属包膜的组织结构.结果表明随合成时间增加,金属包膜内呈现出越来越少的条状Fe3C组织;金刚石生长较好时,包膜内则未发现条状Fe3C.利用余氏理论分析了Fe3C晶格内C-C键组成晶面和与之对应的金刚石晶面的共价电子密度,发现它们在一级近似下存在连续性,满足程氏理论提出的原子界面边界条件.据此分析认为,高温高压金刚石单晶的生长与铁基金属包膜内的Fe3C分解有关.     

用含添加剂氮化物MxN的粉末触媒合成金刚石

本文分别用铁镍粉末触媒、含添加剂氮化物MxN的铁镍粉末触媒在国产六面顶压机上合成了优质金刚石单晶，利用光学显微镜观察，发现所合成的金刚石多为六八面体，晶形完整；在大多数用含添加剂氮化物的铁镍触媒合成的金刚石的晶面上有凹线出现，而用不含添加剂铁镍触媒合成的金刚石却没有这种现象。用电子显微镜对凹线的形貌进行了细致的观察。还发现用含添加剂的铁镍触媒合成的金刚石中包裹体明显少于用铁镍触媒合成的金刚石中的包裹体。随着铁基粉末触媒中添加剂氮化物含量的增加，合成金刚石的压力和温度条件逐渐增高，金刚石生长的“V形区”上移。     

铁基金属包膜内Fe3C的行为与高温高压金刚石单晶生长

利用电子探针、X射线衍射和扫描电镜等手段,表征了包围着高温高压金刚石单晶的铁基合金触媒和铁基金属包膜的组织结构．结果表明：随合成时间增加,金属包膜内呈现出越来越少的条状Pe3C组织;金刚石生长较好时,包膜内则未发现条状Pe3C．利用余氏理论分析了Pe3C晶格内C-C键组成晶面和与之对应的金刚石晶面的共价电子密度,发现它们在一级近似下存在连续性,满足程氏理论提出的原子界面边界条件．据此分析认为,高温高压金刚石单晶的生长与铁基金属包膜内的Fe3C分解有关．     

球状石墨的粉压成型及以其为原料的金刚石生长

本文研究了球状石墨的粉压成型特性。在国产SPD6×1 200型六面顶高温高压设备上,分别以鳞片石墨和球状石墨（均为400目）为碳源,以铁基粉末触媒为原料,在压力5.5 GPa,温度1 400℃左右,合成时间300 s的条件下合成出了优质金刚石单晶。通过球状石墨与鳞片状石墨生长的金刚石的对比,说明了球状石墨—铁基触媒体系生长金刚石的特点。结果表明球状石墨也可以用来合成优质磨料级金刚石单晶,但合成温度要比用片状石墨时高100℃左右,合成的金刚石粒度较鳞片石墨合成的金刚石粒度稍粗。     

Fe70Ni30合金粉体触媒及合成金刚石中杂质元素的原子发射光谱分析

为了分析合成金刚石中的杂质元素,以粉体Fe70Ni30合金触媒及石墨为原料,用静态高压技术合成出金刚石,分别对触媒和金刚石进行了原子发射光谱分析.测试结果表明:触媒里具有Co、Ca和Mn等22种含量值在0.0001～1.5 wt %之间的杂质元素;合成金刚石中有含量值在0.00005 ～ 0.02 wt %之间的Fe、Ni和Ca等10种杂质元素.这些杂质元素对金刚石质量和性能的影响进行了定性讨论.采用粉末触媒合成金刚石,其合成晶体中含有一定量的杂质元素是很难避免的,除合理采用合成工艺外,还可以通过严格控制原材料纯度等一些措?来降低合成晶体中杂质元素的含量,进而提高合成金刚石的质量.     

合成自锐性金刚石用低成本触媒研究

本文利用气雾化方法制备了Fe100-Χ-Y1MnY1NiΧ,Fe100-Χ-Y2MnY2NiΧ,Fe100-Χ-Y3MnY3NiΧ(Y1Y2Y3)三种触媒,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对粉末的性能进行了检测,分析表明:制备的粉末均为面心立方结构单相固溶体,点阵常数约为0.36nm,接近于金刚石的晶格常数。与石墨不同配比的合成实验表明:Mn含量为Y3时,合成的金刚石呈团粒状结构(CSD),石墨转化率达到70%以上;此种金刚石堆积密度、静压强度、冲击强度和形貌与元素六的PDA产品相当;制备的树脂砂轮磨削效率比普通金刚石磨料砂轮提高了80%,表面粗糙度Ra为0.34μm以下;与现在合成CSD磨料常用的Ni基触媒相比,该触媒成本较低,有较好的应用前景。     

不同金属触媒对金刚石中氮含量的影响

利用高温高压静压触媒法合成金刚石单晶过程中,如果不采取特殊除氮措施,晶体中的氮杂质含量会因为触媒不同而不同,晶体颜色表现出深度不同的黄色。本研究就不同触媒利用温度梯度法合成的宝石级金刚石单晶中的杂质氮进行了显微红外测试,并且发现当触媒中微量与氮有关的添加剂存在时,晶体中氮含量会发生明显变化。例如,使用N i基N iMnCo触媒得到的宝石级金刚石单晶含氮量大约在400×10-6;而采用Fe基FeN iCo触媒得到的晶体含氮量约在150×10-6。然而当触媒中存在微量(1wt‰)NaN3时,无论Fe基还是N i基触媒,晶体中的含氮量均提高到700×10-6左右,这说明触媒中存在微量添加剂时可能会明显影响到触媒和晶体的性质。     

Fe基金属包膜的Mössbauer参量及其在金刚石合成中的催化作用

研究了高温高压下金刚石单晶合成时形成的Fe基金属包膜与触媒合金的Mossbauer参量,并利用它们的差异,讨论了包膜的催化作用.结果表明,虽然Fe基金属包膜与触媒合金中的含Fe相均为γ-(Fe,Ni)和Fe3C,但包膜中的γ-(Fe,Ni)与触媒合金中的γ-(Fe,Ni)相比,同质异能移IS大于后者、超精细场Bhf小于后者.这表明Fe基金属包膜内γ-(Fe,Ni)中Fe原子的3d层电子状态发生了变化,包膜的γ-(Fe,Ni)在高温高压金刚石生长过程中是一催化相.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.